                ਮ. 㪮⢮ ணࠬ

                               - 2 -

1. .......................................................9

2. ଠ ணࠬ  ஢..................................10
2.1. ଠ ।...........................................10
2.2. ଠ ஢............................................10
2.3.  ...............................................11
2.4. ࢨ㥬 (㦥) ᫮..............................11
2.5. 樠 ᨬ..........................................11
2.6. ஢ Clarion-ணࠬ.............................12
2.7.  PROGRAM.............................................13
2.8.  EMBER..............................................13
2.9.  ................................................14
2.9.1.  PROC..............................................14
2.9.2.  FUNC..............................................14
2.9.3.  MODULE...........................................15
2.9.4. ਡ BINARY.............................................15
2.9.5.  AREA.............................................15
2.9.6.  OVERLAY..........................................15
2.10.  PROCEDURE..........................................16
2.11.  FUNCTION...........................................16
2.12. ࠬ ஢ PROCEDURE  FUNCTION...................16
2.12.1.  ࠬ.......................................16
2.12.2. 譨 ࠬ.........................................17
2.13.  CODE...............................................17
2.14.  ROUTINE............................................17
2.15.  END................................................17
2.16. ४⨢ .......................................17
2.16.1. ४⨢ TITLE...........................................17
2.16.2. ४⨢ SUBTITLE........................................18
2.16.3. ४⨢ EJECT...........................................18
2.16.4. ४⨢ OMIT............................................18
2.16.5. ४⨢ SOURCE..........................................18
2.16.6. ४⨢ INCLUDE.........................................18
2.16.7. ਡ LIST..............................................19

3.  ६..........................................20
3.1.  ஢........................................20
3.1.1.  BYTE..............................................20
3.1.2.  SHORT.............................................20
3.1.3.  LONG..............................................20
3.1.4.  REAL..............................................21
3.1.5.  DECIMAL...........................................21
3.1.6.  STRING............................................21
3.2. 祭 蠡..........................................22
3.2.1. ᫮   蠡................................22
3.2.2. 筮 ।⠢ 蠡.............................24
3.2.3.  ................................................24
3.2.4.  ६............................................25
3.2.5. ଠ஢ 蠡....................................26
3.2.6.  蠡.........................................26
3.3.  EXTERNAL............................................26
3.4. ਡ EXTERNAL............................................27
3.5.  GROUP..............................................27
3.6.  ६...........................................27
3.7. ਡ  ६.........................................28
3.7.1. ਡ PRE................................................28
3.7.2. ਡ OVER...............................................28
3.7.3. ਡ DIM................................................28
3.8. ᨢ  ࠬ 楤  㭪権.....................29

                               - 3 -
3.9. ४⨢ a........................................29
3.9.1. ४⨢ EQUATE...........................................29
3.9.2. ४⨢ SIZE.............................................29
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
4. ࠦ......................................................31
4.1. 㭪樨......................................................31
4.2. ᫮ ⠭...........................................31
4.3. ᫮ ...........................................32
4.4. ᫮ ࠦ...........................................32
4.5.  ⠭.........................................32
4.6. ᫥ ᫮  ᨬ ࠦ...................33
4.7.  ⥭樨.......................................33
4.8.  ࠦ.........................................34
4.9. ᪨ .........................................34
4.10. ᪨ ࠦ........................................34
4.11. ﭭ ࠦ........................................35
4.12. 㭪樨  ࠦ........................................35

5. O ᢠ.........................................36
5.1.  ᢠ.......................................36
5.2. epaop pcaa  ⢨............................36
5.3.  CLEAR...............................................37
5.4. paa peopaoa ax................................37

6. O ࠢ...........................................39
6.1. Oepaop oa poeyp....................................39
6.2. Oepaop GOTO................................................39
6.3. Oepaop DO..................................................39
6.4. Oepaop EXIT................................................40
6.5.  IF..................................................40
6.6. Cpyypa CASE...............................................41
6.7. Cpyypa EXECUTE............................................41
6.8. Cpyypa LOOP...............................................42
6.9. Oepaop CYCLE...............................................43
6.10. Oepaop BREAK..............................................43
6.11. Oepaop RETURN.............................................43
6.12. Oepaop RESTART............................................43
6.13. Oepaop STOP...............................................44
6.14. Oepaop CALL...............................................44
6.15. Oepaop CHAIN..............................................44
6.16. Oepaop RUN................................................45

7.     .................................46
7.1. epaop aayp  oopa..............................46
7.1.1. epaop SHOW..............................................46
7.1.2. Oepaop LOOK..............................................46
7.1.3. Oepaop BLANK.............................................47
7.1.4. Oepaop SCROLL............................................47
7.1.5. Oepaop ASK...............................................47
7.1.6. Oepaop ALERT.............................................48
7.1.7. Oepaop ALIAS.............................................48
7.1.8. Oepaop HELP..............................................49
7.1.9. Oepaop IDLE..............................................49
7.1.10. Oepaop SETCURSOR........................................50
7.1.11. Oepaop TYPE.............................................50
7.2. Beo-apye oepaop...................................50
7.2.1. Oepaop SETHUE............................................50
7.2.2. epaop BLINK.............................................51
7.2.3. Oepaop ENHANCE...........................................51

                               - 4 -
7.2.4. Oepaop REVERSE...........................................51
7.2.5. epaop NORMAL............................................51
7.2.6. Oepaop COLOR.............................................52
7.2.7. Ko eoapyo........................................52
7.2.8. Oepaop PALETTE...........................................52
7.3. y樨 a/oopa..................................53
7.3.1. y REFER..............................................53
7.3.2. y KEYCODE............................................53
7.3.3. y KEYBOARD...........................................53
7.3.4. y FOREHUE............................................53
7.3.5. y BACKHUE............................................53
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
8. Oࠡ⪠ ࠭..............................................54
8.1. Cpyypa paa.............................................55
8.1.1. Oepaop SCREEN............................................55
8.1.2. Apy WINDOW.............................................55
8.1.3. Apy AT.................................................56
8.1.4. ooe apy.......................................56
8.1.5. oo apy ROW....................................57
8.1.6. oo apy COL....................................57
8.1.7. Oepaop STRING............................................58
8.1.8. Oepaop PAINT.............................................58
8.2. Oepaop ENTRY...............................................58
8.3. ਡ  .........................................59
8.3.1. Apy LFT................................................59
8.3.2. Apy UPR................................................59
8.3.3. Apy OVR................................................59
8.3.4. Apy INS................................................59
8.3.5. Apy NUM................................................60
8.4. Oepaop TEXT................................................60
8.5. Oepaop MENU................................................61
8.6.  PAUSE...............................................62
8.7. ਡ ................................................62
8.7.1. ਡ USE................................................62
8.7.2. ਡ REQ................................................63
8.7.3. ਡ ESC................................................63
8.7.4. ਡ DESC...............................................64
8.7.5. ਡ HLP................................................64
8.7.6. ਡ IMM................................................64
8.7.7. ਡ KEY................................................64
8.8. ਡ................................................65
8.8.1. ਡ HUE................................................65
8.8.2. ਡ BLK................................................65
8.8.3. ਡ ENH................................................65
8.8.4. ਡ REV................................................66
8.8.5. ਡ SEL................................................66
8.8.6. ਡ TRN................................................66
8.9.  REPEAT..............................................66
8.9.1. ਡ EVERY..............................................67
8.9.2. ਡ INDEX..............................................67
8.9.3.  POINT.............................................68
8.10. ⨥  ⨥ ࠭.................................69
8.10.1.  OPEN.............................................69
8.10.2.  CLOSE............................................69
8.11. ࠡ⪠  ࠭......................................69
8.11.1.    SCREEN...................................69
8.11.2.  DISPLAY..........................................70
8.11.3.  UPDATE...........................................70
8.11.4.  ERASE............................................71

                               - 5 -
8.11.5.  SELECT...........................................71
8.11.6.  ACCEPT...........................................71
8.12. y樨, peee  paa..............................72
8.12.1. 㭪 ROW...............................................72
8.12.2. 㭪 COL...............................................72
8.12.3. 㭪 FIELD.............................................73
8.12.4. 㭪 CONTENTS..........................................73
8.12.5. 㭪 ROWS..............................................73
8.12.6. 㭪 COLS..............................................73
8.12.7. 㭪 FIELDS............................................74
8.12.8. 㭪 CHOICE............................................74
8.13.    ..........................................74
8.13.1. ப ............................................74
8.13.2. ᫮ .............................................75
8.13.3. -  -㪠⥫................................76
8.14. Paeee cpyyp paa..................................77
8.15. ४஢ ࠧ塞 䠩............................77

9. ࠡ⪠ ⮢..............................................78
9.1.  .............................................78
9.1.1.  Report............................................78
9.1.2. ਡ WIDTH..............................................79
9.1.3. ਡ LENGTH.............................................79
9.1.4. ਡ PAGE...............................................79
9.1.5. ਡ LINE...............................................80
9.1.6. ਡ DEVICE.............................................80
9.2. 樮 ਡ.........................................81
9.2.1. 樮 ਡ ROW....................................81
9.2.2. 樮 ਡ COL....................................82
9.2.3. 樮 ਡ CTL....................................82
9.2.4.  ࠢ ਭ஬...............................82
9.3.  ப  ..................................82
9.3.1.  HEADER...........................................82
9.3.2.  FOOTER...........................................83
9.3.3. C DETAIL...........................................83
9.3.4.  STRING............................................84
9.3.5.  CONTROL...........................................84
9.3.6. ਡ USE................................................84
9.4. ⨥  ⨥ ᮮ饭................................84
9.4.1.  OPEN..............................................84
9.4.2.  CLOSE.............................................85
9.5.  ᮮ饭.............................................85
9.5.1.  PRINT.............................................85
9.5.2. ९ ࠭......................................85
9.5.3. 㭪 NAME...............................................86
9.6. 訡 ⮢...............................................86

10. ࠡ⪠ 䠩 DOS..........................................87
10.1. ࣠ 䠩 DOS.......................................87
10.2.  DOS...............................................87
10.2.1.  DOS..............................................87
10.2.2. ਡ NAME..............................................87
10.2.3. ਡ ASCII.............................................88
10.2.4. ਡ COMMA.............................................88
10.2.5.  RECORD..........................................88
10.3. ࠡ⪠ 䠩 DOS........................................89
10.3.1.  COPY.............................................89
10.3.2.  RENAME...........................................89
10.3.3.  REMOVE...........................................89
10.3.4.  SETPATH..........................................89

                               - 6 -
10.3.5.  CREATE...........................................90
10.3.6.  EMPTY............................................90
10.3.7.  OPEN.............................................90
10.3.8.  CLOSE............................................90
10.3.9.  FLUSH............................................91
10.4. 롮ઠ ᥩ DOS.........................................91
10.4.1.  SET..............................................91
10.4.2.  NEXT.............................................91
10.4.3.  GET..............................................92
10.4.4.  PUT..............................................92
10.4.5.  ADD..............................................93
10.5. 㭪樨 䠩 DOS...........................................93
10.5.1. 㭪 EOF...............................................93
10.5.2. 㭪 POINTER...........................................94
10.5.3. 㭪 BYTES.............................................94
10.5.4. 㭪 NAME..............................................94
10.5.5. 㭪 PATH..............................................94
10.6. 訡 䠩 DOS............................................94

11. ࠡ⪠ 䠩 Clarion......................................96
11.1. ࣠  䠩 Clarion.................................96
11.2.  䠩.............................................97
11.2.1.  FILE.............................................97
11.2.2. ਡ NAME..............................................97
11.2.3. ਡ CREATE............................................98
11.2.4. ਡ RECLAIM...........................................98
11.2.5. ਡ PROTECT...........................................98
11.3.   䠩...................................98
11.3.1.  OWNER............................................98
11.3.2. ਡ ENCRYPT...........................................99
11.3.3.  KEY..............................................99
11.3.4. ਡ DUP...............................................100
11.3.5.  INDEX............................................100
11.3.6. ਡ OPT...............................................100
11.3.7. ਡ NOCASE............................................100
11.3.8.  MEMO.............................................101
11.3.9.  RECORD..........................................101
11.4. ࠡ⪠ 䠩 Clarion....................................102
11.4.1.  COPY.............................................102
11.4.2.  RENAME...........................................102
11.4.3.  REMOVE...........................................102
11.4.4.  SETPATH..........................................103
11.4.5.  CREATE...........................................103
11.4.6.  EMPTY............................................103
11.4.7.  BUILD............................................103
11.4.8.  PACK.............................................104
11.4.9.  OPEN.............................................104
11.4.10.  CLOSE...........................................105
11.5.    CLARION....................................105
11.5.1.  SET..............................................105
11.5.2. Oepaop NEXT.............................................106
11.5.3. Oepaop PREVIOUS.........................................106
11.5.4. Oepaop SKIP.............................................106
11.5.5. Oepaop GET..............................................107
11.5.6. Oepaop PUT..............................................107
11.5.7. O ADD..............................................107
11.5.8. Oepaop APPEND...........................................108
11.5.9.  DELETE...........................................108
11.6. y樨 ࠡ⪨ a CLARION............................108

                               - 7 -
11.6.1. y EOF...............................................108
11.6.2. y BOF...............................................109
11.6.3. y POINTER...........................................109
11.6.4. y RECORDS...........................................109
11.6.5. y NAME..............................................109
11.6.6. y PATH..............................................110
11.7. 祭 ந⥫쭮  ࠡ⪥ 䠩..........110
11.7.1. Oepaop CACHE............................................110
11.7.2. Oepaop BUFFER...........................................112
11.7.3. Oepaop FREE.............................................113
11.8. ⭮-ᯮ㥬 䠩 Clarion........................113
11.8.1.  SHARE............................................114
11.8.2.  LOCK.............................................114
11.8.3.  UNLOCK...........................................115
11.8.4.  HOLD.............................................115
11.8.5.  RELEASE..........................................116
11.8.6.   "㯨 樨".........................116
11.9. ࠡ⪠ ࠭権........................................116
11.9.1.  LOGOUT...........................................117
11.9.2.  COMMIT...........................................117
11.9.3.  ROLLBACK.........................................117
11.10. ⠭ ᯮ祭 䠩..........................118
11.10.1.  RECOVER.........................................118
11.11. ࠡ⪠ 訡 䠩 Clarion............................118
11.12. ࠡ⪠ 䠩 ᫥⥫쭮 㯠.................119
11.13. ࠡ⪠ 䠩 אַ 㯠...........................119
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
12. ࠡ⪠ ⠡ .......................................120
12.1.  TABLE.............................................120
12.1.1.  TABLE............................................120
12.2.   ⠬ ⠡ ...........................121
12.2.1.  GET..............................................121
12.2.2.  PUT..............................................121
12.2.3.  DELETE...........................................121
12.2.4.  ADD..............................................122
12.3. ࠡ⪠ ⠡ .....................................122
12.3.1.  SORT.............................................122
12.3.2.  FREE.............................................122
12.4. 㭪樨 ⠡ .......................................123
12.4.1. 㭪 POINTER...........................................123
12.4.2. 㭪 RECORDS...........................................123
12.5. 訡 ⠡ ........................................123

13. 㭪樨 몠 Clarion.........................................124
13.1. ⥬᪨ 㭪樨......................................124
13.1.1. 㭪 S...............................................124
13.1.2. 㭪 INRANGE...........................................124
13.1.3. 㭪 INT...............................................124
13.1.4. 㭪 LOGE..............................................124
13.1.5. 㭪 LOG10.............................................125
13.1.6. 㭪 RANDOM............................................125
13.1.7. 㭪 ROUND.............................................125
13.1.8. 㭪 SQRT..............................................125
13.2. pp᪨ 㭪樨..................................125
13.2.1. 㭪 SIN...............................................126
13.2.2. 㭪 COS...............................................126
13.2.3. 㭪 TAN...............................................126
13.2.4. 㭪 ASIN..............................................126
13.2.5. 㭪 ACOS..............................................126
13.2.6. 㭪 AAN..............................................127

                               - 8 -
13.3. Cp 㭪樨...........................................127
13.3.1. 㭪 ALL...............................................127
13.3.2. 㭪 CENTER............................................127
13.3.3. 㭪 CHR...............................................127
13.3.4. 㭪 CLIP..............................................127
13.3.5. 㭪 DEFORMAT..........................................128
13.3.6. 㭪 FORMAT............................................128
13.3.7. 㭪 INSNRING..........................................128
13.3.8. 㭪 LEFT..............................................128
13.3.9. 㭪 LEN...............................................129
13.3.10. 㭪 LOWER............................................129
13.3.11. 㭪 NUMERIC..........................................129
13.3.12. 㭪 RIGHT............................................129
13.3.13. 㭪 SUB..............................................130
13.3.14. 㭪 UPPER............................................130
13.3.15. 㭪 VAL..............................................130
13.4. 㭪樨 権  ⠬................................130
13.4.1. 㭪 BAND..............................................130
13.4.2. 㭪 BOR...............................................131
13.4.3. 㭪 BXOR..............................................131
13.4.4. 㭪 BSHIFT............................................131
13.5. pp  㭪樨   p..........................131
13.5.1. pp SETTODAY.........................................132
13.5.2. 㭪 TODAY.............................................132
13.5.3. pp SETCLOCK.........................................132
13.5.4. 㭪 CLOCK.............................................132
13.5.5. 㭪 DATE..............................................132
13.5.6. 㭪 DAY...............................................133
13.5.7. 㭪 MONTH.............................................133
13.5.8. 㭪 YEAR..............................................133
13.5.9. 㭪 AGE...............................................133
13.6. p㣨 pp  㭪樨..................................134
13.6.1. pp BEEP.............................................134
13.6.2. pp IN...............................................134
13.6.3. 㭪 MAXIMUM...........................................134
13.6.4. 㭪 MEMORY............................................135
13.6.5. 㭪 OMITTED...........................................135
13.6.6. pp OUT..............................................135
13.6.7. pp PEEK.............................................135
13.6.8. pp POKE.............................................136
13.6.9. 㭪 RUNCODE...........................................136
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
B.    䠩 १ࢨ஢  ..........137
B.1.  ..............................................137
B.2. १ࢨ஢  ...............................138
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
.  㫨 CLARION........................................143
.1. ଠ 筮 ......................................143
C.2. ᠭ 筮 ,  ᯥ稢 䥩
      ணࠬ, ᠭ  C.............................144
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
D.  ।  訡..................................146


                               - 9 -
1. .
       ணࠬ஢ Clarion ।祭   ᮪-
⢥ ᪨  ணࠬ ਬ⥫쭮  ࠬ.
  ਢ,     ᢮⢠  ।
몮  묨 ᢥ 묨 ﬨ.  ⠪   ᮢ-
६, ਢ騩  ⠪  ᨮ쭮 ணࠬ஢.
      Clarion p    ।뫪,    室
 ᪨ ਬ.   讥 ਬ      -
஢ -    ணࠬ,  ᠭ  ( 筮 ।-
⢮) ,    ᯮ .     ᪨
ਬ    襭  ⮫  -  ஭ ⠡,
⥪⮢ , ࠢ騥 ணࠬ   .
           ணࠬ     業.
ப  ⠪ 業  筮   襭 -
 ணࠬ.    稭,   ன ⠪   ਫ 
⮫   ⮬,  ᮪⢥ ணࠬ 㤭 ,
 ணࠬ,    筮 .
       Clarion   ७ ࠬ  㭪ﬨ, -
ᠭ묨    㣨  몠 ணࠬ஢.  㫨 ७ -
 (language extension module (LEM))  㤮⢮ ॡ
  ࠡ⠭ ⨫⮩ DOS EXE2BIN.  ⥪ ᥣ -
  ᯮ짮  㫨 ⨯ LEM.

      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      

                               - 10 -
2. ଠ ணࠬ  ஢.
      室     Clarion    䠩  ࠬ  몥
Clarion. 訥 ணࠬ 筮 ᮤঠ ᪮쪮 㫥, 
 ।஢, ஢  ⠢. ணࠬ .. -
 ⠭ 㯯 ஢,    뢠  楤  
㭪樨, ࠭騥  㣨 .
      楤 ᯮ    ஢,     믮
, 祬  ࠧ   ஢,   ⮥ -
祭  .. ᭮ ᠭ.  楤 ⠭  ஬;
 믮,  ᫨  맢  .  㭪樨 ᯮ 
⢥ত,   ࠡ뢠 ᨬ  ᫮  祭.
㭪 믮, ᫨    ࠦ,   ᫨ 
뫠 ६.  Clarion - ணࠬ ﭭ 室  ணࠬ-
 㫥.  楤  㭪樨  ⠪ 室  ணࠬ
㫥.     ணࠬ 㫥  PROGRAM.  -
⥫ 楤      㭪樨    室    MEMBER-㫥.
MEMBER - 室   ᠭ 䠩 MEMBER.
      ணࠬ, 楤   㭪樨,  ᮤঠ騥  -
,    ᫥⥫쭮 CODE -  ஢,   믮塞
஢,  ணࠬ.
      ४⨢ ,   樨 , -
  .   ⠢, ⮬  -
ঠ 㣨 . ⠢   ,  
㦠, 뢠 ࠬ. ⥫ । ।
⠭, ६,  ࠭, 䠩,   ⠡ . -
塞  ।⠢ ணࠬ ⢨, 樨, 㪠-
  ⥫ .
       ணࠬ  楤,     ࠬ஢.
 ணࠬ  ᮤঠ ⥫ ஢     
뢠  ணࠬ, 楤  㭪権.
           
2.1. ଠ ।.
      । ᮤঠ 祢 ᫮,  , ⪨, -
⥫     ᯥ樠 ᨬ ( 뢠 㭪-
). 祢 ᫮  ᫮६ 몠.  ⪨ -
    ⭮⥫쭮 㣨 ஢; ⥫
 ᯮ  蠡  ஫ ,  ᯥ樠 ᨬ-
, ࠦ  㣨 ⮢ ।.
      ணࠬ ᮤন 易⥫ ࠬ P,   ஬ -
 㫨,  楤  㭪樨, ᯮ㥬 ணࠬ. ,
  ணࠬ,  묨, ⮬ .. ᯮ짮-
 ᥬ 楤ࠬ  㭪ﬨ.  ,    楤
 㭪樨   ᯮ짮  ⮩ 楤    㭪樨.
MEMBER-,   ᯮ  ,   
ணࠬ ,  ᮤন  .

2.2. ଠ ஢.
      Clarion-    稭  ࢮ 樨 ப,
 १ࢨ  ஢ ⮪. । ࠭稢-
 殬   ப  ";".  ᫨  ப ᮤন  祬 
।, ।  ⤥ ";". ᫥ ।
࠭稢 殬 ப.   窮  ⮩ -
.
       ।   , 祬  ப; -
 ࠭稢   த  ப  ⨪쭮  ⮩.
த । ..  ࠭祭 ᫥  ⪨, -
樠, ନ,  뢠饣 ࠭⥫   (-
 ᨬ   ન,   砥  ।
⪨). த ।    ࠭祭  ᨬ-

                               - 11 -
쭮 ப.  ᨬ쭠 ப .. ࠧࢠ   -
⪨  ⥭樨  த ।    -
⥭樨.
        (⠢   ।,  
 㦠, ࠭稢 窮  END ।).  襩
⠡쭮, ।   .. ⤥.
     ਨ  ᪫⥫    -
   ப. ਨ  ᮤঠ .-. ᨬ,  -
 ஬  ࠭稢 殬 ப.  ப
.. ⠢   ⠪ .

2.3.  .
      ⪠  室  ணࠬ, 楤  㭪-
樨. ⪠   ⥫쭮 । 뢠  .  
 .. ६, 楤ன, ࠭  .. ⪠ 믮塞
 ᯮ  㪠⥫  G-.
      ⪠  稭     1  뫠  ᫥饬
 ⮩  ᠬ ப   ᫥饬   ணࠬ,
楤  㭪樨.     ⪨   -
稭  ⮫ 1.
      ⪨ ᮤঠ  12 ᨬ,    㪢  
 Z,   0  9  ᨬ ન.  ᨬ -
-⪨   㪢.  ⪨  ⢨⥫-
      砥.   ਬ,       ..   
Printline, ⥬ 㯮  PRINTLINE  Printline. ।
() ⪨  .. १ࢨ㥬 ᫮.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
2.4. ࢨ㥬 (㦥) ᫮.
     㦥 ᫮ ⠢ ᭮ 몠  ᮧ  ७
 ᨭ⠪  . ࢭ ᫮ ᯮ , ᫨
  ᯮ짮  -⪠.   ᯨ᮪ १ࢭ
᫮ Clariona:
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
AND     DO      EXECUTIVE   INCLUDE   OMIT        RETURN    TIMES
BREAK   EJECT   EXIT        LOOP      OR          ROUTINE   TO
BY      ELSE    FUNCTION    MEMBER    OROF        SIZE      UNTIL
CASE    ELSIF   GOTO        NOT       PROCEDURE   SOURCE    WHILE
CYCLE   END     IF          OF        PROGRAM     THEN      XOR
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
     ⨬,  襥 ᫮ 祢 ᫮ Clariona,   ᮡ
ᯮ㥬  । ,  .. १ࢨ㥬묨  ..
ᯮ짮  -⪠.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
2.5. 樠 ᨬ.
     樠 ᨬ 樠樨,  ࠭祭, ࠧ  ᮥ-
⥫ 祢 ᫮,  -⪨    ⥫  
㦠  ଫ ।.   Clarion   ⮣
ᯥ樠묨 ᨬ.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
Initiators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
!    樨 ਩
?    樨  pp 
@    樨 ⥫ 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
Terminators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
;    ࠭稢 ।
CR   ࠭稢 । ( ⪨)

                               - 12 -
.    ࠭稢 
|    ࠭稢 த ப
#    ࠭稢    ६
$    ࠭稢 ᫮   ६
"    ࠭稢 ᨬ쭮  ६
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
Delimitors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
()  砥 ࠬ  ࠬ ᯨ᪠
[]  砥   ᯨ᮪ ᮢ
''  砥 ᨬ ⠭
{}  砥 ७   ᨬ.⠭
<>  砥   ASCII  ᨬ쭮 ⠭
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
Connectors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
.    ᮥ 楫  ஡ ᫮ ⠭
,    ᮥ ࠬ  ᯨ᪥
:    ᮥ ⠢   
-    ᮥ    ⪨
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
,  ⠪  ᮥ⥫묨:
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
+     ᫮
-     ⠭  㭨 
*     㬭
/     
%     樥⮢
.    ᯮ樠 
<     祬
>     祬
=     ࠢ⢠   ᢠ
<>    ࠢ
&     ⥭樨
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
2.6. ஢ Clarion-ணࠬ.
     Clarion  ⠥ 室      த  䠩
.      ᮤন ᥢ Clariona,  
।⠢ 室   ⭮ ଥ.  Clarion - ᥢ
- 設   "ࠦ" Clarion - ,  
।祭  Clariona.   "ࠦ"   ᯮ
樮   ࠭,   ᮮ⢥ ࠬ Clariona.
      Clarion  - ⨫,  믮 ()
䠩 .
      Clarion ࠭ - ⨫,  ⠥ 䠩  
ᮧ ⠭   ꥪ  䠩 DOS ( ७ .OBJ).  
 䠩 ⥬ 뢠 (ᯮ DOS LINK  㣨  -
騪 ணࠬ)    Clarion-⥪,  ⮡ ந DOS -
믮塞 䠩 ( ७ .EXE).  Clarion-⥪ ⠪ -
  ᮧ ⨫ , ࠭,  ணࠬ,
믮塞 ஬,  ࠡ⠥ ⠪,  ࠭᫨஢ ண-
ࠬ  DOS.
      ᮧ 䠩      ணࠬ-
.   ᮡࠥ   䠩, ⮡ 믮 ண-
ࠬ. ࠭ த  䠩   ୮
䠩    ணࠬ.  ꥪ 䠩 ⥬  ꥤ  
Clarion - ⥪, ⮡ ᮧ 믮塞 䠩.
     ,   ࠭ ᮧ 㯯 䠩,  -
 ᯮ  ணࠬ   䠩  ࠧ묨 ७-

                               - 13 -
ﬨ.
       ,     㦠  ணࠬ
ᨬ᪨ 䠩  ॢ    .  孨-
 ࠧ蠥  믮 ணࠬ    ᫥  ⮣,
      ⪮஢.  ⮬,  ᫨   
ணࠬ 㫥 ,  ४ ࠢ    -
 .
      ⮣,  ⮡ 믮 ୮ ,  ।-
 "⮪ 樨"  樨 ணࠬ .   ⮬
砥, ⮪  樨 .. ᤥ , ⮬   
ணࠬ ᨬ᪠ 䠩 㦥 室  .  ⮪ -
樨 த 㬬 䠩 訡 ( ७ .SUM), 
।⠢ ⥪⮢ 䠩,  ᮤঠ騩 訡 樨, 
  㫥.

Ŀ
 室     (.CLA) 

              V 
Ŀ
  䠩  (.PRO) 
  ᨬ      (.SYM)           Ŀ
 ⨭ 䠩   (.LST) >        
  訡        (.ERR)                    
                            ^
              V ࠭                               
Ŀ                            
 ꥪ 䠩 DOS (.OBJ)                             
                            
               騪              Ŀ
              > ᯫ塞 䠩 (.EXE) 
               (DOS LINK)               
Ŀ
 ⥪ Clarion        

     
2.7.  PROGRAM.
       PROGRAM ..    ணࠬ 㫥.   
PROGRAM  ।⢮ TITLE  SUBTITLE.
      ⪠  PROGRAM ..  ⨬ ஬ ⪨  (.
 ⪨  ⮩ ).   ᥬ ᨬ ⪨ ᯮ-
   䠩  ᨬ᪮ 䠩 (.SYM)  䠩 
(.PRO), ᮧ  ஬.  ᫨ ⪠ ய᪠, 室
 䠩 ᯮ   䠩. ⮬, ᫨ ⪠ ᪠-
, 室  䠩  ᯮᠡ  ࠢ ⨬
஢ ⪨.
      ணࠬ  -  室 䠩  ࠬ, 騩
 ணࠬ,  ⨬쭮  -   ⨬  楤  
㭪権.     ணࠬ 騥   楤  㭪権 
ணࠬ 㫥  童 .  ணࠬ  童, 楤ࠬ
 㭪ﬨ  ᮤঠ  - .
      ᫨    ணࠬ 㫥 ,  
童-㫨 .. ⪮஢ .  । -
 "⮪ 樨"  樨 ணࠬ  ﬨ.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
2.8.  EMBER.
      MEMBER- ..   ஬  MEMBER-㫥.  
, MEMBER-   ।⢮ TITLE  SUBTITLE  -
४⨢ .

                               - 14 -
      ࠬ஬ MEMBER-   ணࠬ,    ன
ਭ MEMBER-㫨.  ᯮ  ணࠬ  -
७ .SYM  䠩 ᯥ䨪権   ணࠬ  ᨬ᪮
䠩.
      ணࠬ ᨬ᪨ 䠩 ᮤন   ⪨,
  ᯮ    ࠧ襭    뫮  
MEMBER-㫥.
      ᫨ ࠬ  MEMBER- ᪠, MEMBER- -
 "㭨ᠫ MEMBER-㫥",      -
 ணࠬ.
         த  㭨ᠫ쭮 MEMBER-
⮫쪮  ⮪ 樨.
      MEMBER-   室 䠩 ஢,  ᮤঠ騬
楤  㭪樨  ணࠬ.   ⮣, ⮡  祭 
ணࠬ, MEMBER-           MODULE 
 .

2.9.  .
       -  ।ᬠਢ ࠧ饭 ணࠬ   -
.   砥 -  , ᫥騥  , ࠭-
祭 窮  END-஬.  - ᯮ  ண-
ࠬ 㫥   㫥,  楤  㭪権.
      -   室  MEMBER-㫥.
      -   ᮤद  PROC,   FUNC,  MODULE,  AREA 
OVERLAY .

2.9.1.  PROC.
           
      PROC( )
           
      PROC  뢠   楤 ணࠬ.
      ࠬ  楤   ஬ ⪨ -
 PROCEDURE.  楤  묨    뢠  
ணࠬ,  㭪権   楤.
      PROC-,  뢠 楤,  ਭ ண-
ࠬ ,          ,   । ࢮ
MODULE.
      PROC-,  뢠 楤, ਭ MEMBER
- ,    MODULE-, 뢠饩  MEMBER
-. 楤  .. 맢, ᫨     PROC--
.

2.9.2.  FUNC.
           
      FUNC( 㭪樨), ⨯ 
           
      FUNC  뢠 㭪樨 ணࠬ. ࠬ  㭪-
樨 ..  ஬ ⪨   FUNCTION. ਡ "⨯ "
⠢ ⨯  頥 稭. ࠬ "⨯ " .
. LONG, REAL  STRING.
      㭪樨   묨    뢠  ணࠬ,
.-. 楤  .-.  㭪樨.   FUNC,   뢠
㭪, ਭ  MEMBER-       MODULE  -
, 뢠饩   memder-.  㭪  ..  맢,
᫨     FUNC-.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               

                               - 15 -
2.9.3.  MODULE.
      MODULE( )

      MODULE- 뢠 MEMBER-      楤ࠬ  
㭪ﬨ.    砥  MODULE  ।,  ᫥騥 
   ,   㤥 ࠭祭   (.)  END--
.
      ࠬ   ..  ᨬ쭮 ⠭⮩, ।塞
  䠩 ( ७) 室 .  ᯮ-
 ࠬ    ७ .CLA     㫥  
⮪ 樨.  ᯮ ࠬ    -
७ .PRO  㧪 㫥  믮.
       MODULE   ⮫쪮  -.
 MODULE ᮤঠ PROC  FUNG , 뢠騥 楤
 㭪樨, ᯮ騥  㫥. ⮡  㦥 -
஬,  ..   ணࠬ  -.
       頥 ணࠬ  ᫥ ࠡ⪨  -
஬  ⮬  ᠬ ४ਨ,   室 䠩. 
頥 MEMBER- ᫥ ࠡ⪨  ஬  ⮬  ᠬ
४ਨ,   ணࠬ .       㦠
.PRO  .LEMS,    ..   ⮬  ᠬ ४ਨ,   ண-
ࠬ .

2.9.4. ਡ BINARY.
      ਡ BINARY     ࠦ   -
, ᠭ   몥 ᥬ  㣮 饬 몥.
ࠦ     ⮢  㧪,  ࠨ
 , த EXE2BIN DOS .
       ᯮ  ࠬ     MODULE 
७ .BIN,  ⮡ 㧨      ।⠢  .
           
2.9.5.  AREA.

      AREA
         OVERLAY - 
      .
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      AREA- । ࠭⢮ ૥.     砥
 AREA  , ᫥騥    ⮣,    
࠭祭 END-஬  窮.  AREA   ࠬ-
஢  ਡ⮢.
       AREA  ᮤন  OVERLAY-,    ᮤঠ
PROC  FUNC .
       ࠭⢠  ૥,  ।塞 AREA-ன ⠪
  ᠬ 让 ૥  AREA-.
      頤 ૥ - ࠭⢮  ,  ૥ 㦠-
. ૥    ᮤন        㫥      
OVERLAY-. 쪮   ૥ .. १ (㦥
 )  頤 ૥   ६.  ૥-楤 
㭪 (楤  㭪, 뢠 ।⢮ PROC  FUNC
  OVERLAY- ) 뢠, ૥ 㦠  -
 (᫨    १⭠).  ૥- 楤  㭪 
 뢠 楤  㭪  㣮 ૥,   -
     ᠬ 頤 ૥,   ,  室 
ࠧ ૥    ⮬  ࠭⢥.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
2.9.6.  OVERLAY.
      OVERLAY- ।  ૥.     砥 
OVERLAY  ,  ᫥騥     END  (.). -
 OVERLAY   ࠬ஢  ਡ⮢.

                               - 16 -
       OVERLAY ᮤন     MODULE, -
   ᮤন    ஢ PROC  FUNC. ᫨
૥ - 楤  㭪 뢠,   ૥,   -஬
 室,  㦠   (᫨   ⠬ ).  ૥,
 㦠,  ᮤন  楤  㭪樨   -
,     ૥ ( 类 砥  뢠  PROC 
FYNC-).   ૥ 㦥,  ६  
砫 祭.   ।⠢ 㫥   ( 
MODULE-  ਡ⮬ BINARY)    ࣠  
૥.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
2.10.  PROCEDURE.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
⪠ PROCEDURE(ᯨ᮪ ࠬ஢)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
       PROCEDURE -   楤.
        -  楤   ᫥ ࠢ -
஢ ⮪. (. " "  ⮩ ). 楤 -
 ⥪ 楤  ⥬  ,   騬  ᮮ饭  
訡.
      ᮪ ࠬ஢ ।⠢  ६, ⤥ -
묨  祭  㣫 ᪮.  ६  ᯨ᪥ -
஢ ..   楤.
         ࠬ஢ .  "ࠬ PROCEDURE  FUNCTION
஢"  ⮩ ).
      楤 믮, ᫨  맢  ᯨ᪮ ࠬ஢.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
2.11.  FUNCTION.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
⪠ FUNCTION(ᯨ᮪ ࠬ஢)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
       FUNCTION   ஬ 㭪樨.
          㭪樨   ᫥  -
 ⮪ .  (.  " "  ⮩ ). 㭪
頥 㭪  ⥪  ⠪  ,   ᫨  
ᮮ饭  訡.
      ᮪ ࠬ஢ ।⠢  ६, ⤥ -
묨  祭  㣫 ᪮.  ६  ᯨ᪥ ..
  㭪樨.  ( ᭥ ࠬ஢ .  "ࠬ
஢ PROCEDURE  FUNCTION ").
      㭪樨 믮,   ᫨ 맢   ᯨ᪠ ࠬ஢ 
ࠦ. 㭪  ⥬ 頥  祭  ࠦ.   
 頥 稭 - LONG,  REAL  STRTNG   -
 FUNC  -.  㭪  ..  믮, ᫨  
     ࠬ  FUNC .  믮 稭 
ࢮ  ᫥ CODE  (. "㭪樨"  . 4).
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
2.12. ࠬ ஢ PROCEDURE  FUNCTION.
       POCEDURE    FUNCTION ᮯ஢ ᯨ᪮ ࠬ-
஢,     ६, ⤥ 묨  祭
 㣫 ᪮.   ६  ᯨ᪥ ࠬ஢ 
PROCEDURE  FUNCTION ..    楤  㭪樨. -
,   ஬ EXTERNAL 뢠 譨 ࠬ-
ࠬ. 㣨 ࠬ 뢠 묨 ࠬࠬ.

2.12.1.  ࠬ.
       ࠬ  "室騬  稭",  -
⮬,    ६  ࠦ    ᠬ 
ᯨ᪠ ࠬ஢ 뢠 ணࠬ. ⮬,   -
ࠬ ,  뢠   .

                               - 17 -
       ࠬ    㦤   室饬 ⨯  
뢠饩 .  ८ࠧ   뢠騬  뢠-
묨 ࠬࠬ ᠭ  .3.

2.12.2. 譨 ࠬ.
      譨 ࠬ  "室騬  ᮢ"  -
묨   묨  ணࠬ,  뢠饩 楤  㭪樨.
 譥 ࠬ   뢠 ,  ..  
⮫쪮   ࠬ.  㭪樨  ࠦ  ᯨ᪥ ࠬ-
஢ 뢠饩 ணࠬ  ஬묨 稭. -
 ஬ 稭 ..塞,     -
⢮.
      ⪨ RECORD,  HEADER, FOOTER, DETAIL  TABLE  .. -
짮  ᯨ᪥ ࠬ஢ 뢠饩 ணࠬ ,    ࠪ-
   GROUP, 뢠 楤ன  㭪樥.
      ⪨ SCREEN, REPORT, DOS, FILE, KEY, INDEX, TABLE, ᯮ-
  ᯨ᪥ ࠬ஢ 뢠饩 ணࠬ,   .. ᠭ  -
ਡ  EXTERNAL - ,  ⠪  EXTERNAL, FILE  EXTERNAL,
KEY. ࠬ   TABLE ࠪ  GROUP,  ᫨  ᮮ⢥騩
 EXTERNAL   ਡ⮢.  ,   TABLE ਡ⮬,  
ࠪ    TABLE.  EXTERNAL-ਡ,    室 ⨯
  뢠饩 ,  ந ⠭   ६  ண
ணࠬ.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
2.13.  CODE.
       CODE - ४⨢ ,   ⤥ -
   믮塞 ஢  ணࠬ, 楤
 㭪樨.  , ।騥 CODE-,  -
ࠬ   뢠 "data section". , ᫥騥
 CODE-஬,   믮塞묨 ࠬ    뢠
"code section".  , ᫥騩  CODE-஬  -
 믮塞 ஬,   ணࠬ,  楤   㭪
뢠.

2.14.  ROUTINE.
       ROUTINE -   ⭮(쭮)  ணࠬ-
.     ணࠬ   ᯮ   "Code section"
ணࠬ, 楤  㭪樨.    뢠  
ணࠬ   ᯮ  DO ஬  믮 ணࠬ.
 ணࠬ ࠭稢 殬 室 䠩  ஢
 ᫮ ROUTINE,  PROCEDURE  FUNCTION.  EXIT  -
짮  ⭮ ணࠬ  饭 ࠢ -
, ᫥饬   ஬ DO. EXIT- - 易⥫,
⠪  ணࠬ ⮬᪨ 稢 ᫥ ᫥  ।-
.

2.15.  END.
      END-  ࠭祭  ஢ .

2.16. ४⨢ .

2.16.1. ४⨢ TITLE.

      TITLE(' ')

       ⠥    1-  ⮫  1-  ப   ⨭
Clariona .  TITLE-४⨢   ,  ४-
⨢ ᠬ  ⠥  ᯥ⪥.  TITLE      砫
室 䠩 । SOURCE, PROGRAM  MEMBER ஢.
       ⠥  ⮬  ᠬ   ࠭ ᯥ-

                               - 18 -
⪨. TITLE-४⨢  । SOURCE-  砥 䠩
(뢠 INCLUDE-ࠬ) .

2.16.2. ४⨢ SUBTITLE.

      SUBTITLE ('')
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      ⠥  ࢮ ⮫  3-  ப  ⨭
Clarion-. ४⨢  SUBTITLE   -
,   ᠬ  ⠥  ⨭. SUBTITLE    砫
室 䠩 । SOURCE,  PROGRFM  MEMBER-. -
 ..  ⠭ ELECT ஬,     稭  
࠭  ᯥ⪥. SUBTITLE ४⨢ । SOURCE  
祭 䠩 (뢠 INCLUDE- ࠬ) .

2.16.3. ४⨢ EJECT.

ଠ 1 : EJECT('')
ଠ 2 : EJECT

     EJECT ४⨢ 稭  ࠭  Clarion-ᯥ⪥.
     ଠ 1 EJECT ⠭   稭   -
    ᯥ⪥.   ଠ 2 稭  ࠭  ⥬  ᠬ
   諮 ࠭.  ELECT ४⨢ ᠬ  -
⠥  ᯥ⪥.

2.16.4. ४⨢ OMIT.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      OMIT('࠭⥫')
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      OMIT - ४⨢ ᯥ  室 ப, ⮡ ᢮-
   樨.   室 ப  ᮤঠ -
ਨ  ணࠬ ,    .  OMIT
  ப OMIT  ப, 㥬 "terminator"- (࠭-
⥫). OMIT    ᯮ짮  ⪨  ..  -
஬ ப .  OMIT- 砥 ࠭稢 ப.
       OMIT -  ᯮ   ਩  (END-࠭-
⥫).
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
   OMIT ('**END**')
   *************************
   *                       *
   *   MAIN PROGRAM LOOP   *
   *                       *
   *************************
   ** END ** ⮪ ⮩  ᪠
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
2.16.5. ४⨢ SOURCE.
      ४⨢ SOURCE   室 䠩,  -
砥    ணࠬ   MEMBER- (ᯮ  INCLUDE).
   ,   SOURCE  ४⨢    ।⢮  TITLE  
SUBTITLE .  室 䠩, ।⠢ SOURCE
४⨢, 뤠 ⨭ 樨,   䠩 .
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
2.16.6. ४⨢ INCLUDE.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
ଠ 1 : INCLUDE (' 䠩')
ଠ 2 : INCLUDE (' 䠩',  )
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               

                               - 19 -
      INCLUDE-४⨢ ᯥ 室 䠩 ஢, 
砥  ணࠬ   童 . ࠬ  䠩
- ᨬ쭠   ⠭,  ᯥ  䠩  易⥫
⥬  ७. ᫨  ய᪠ ( 㪠), ᯮ
 ⥪饣 ४.  ᫨ ७ ய᪠, .LA -
. SOURCE  ४⨢  砥 䠩 . TITLE 
SUBTITLE ४⨢  । SOURCE-४⨢  砥 䠩 -
.
      ଥ 2,  ࠬ   ᯥ稢 祭 -
 ⪨  室 䠩 ஢.  쪮   -
 ⪨ ࠭稢饣 ਮ 㤥   .
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
2.16.7. ਡ LIST.
     ਡ LIST ४⨢ INCLUDE   ⠢  ᯨ-
᮪ 室 ஢ ⠪,    .  ᫨ LIST ਡ
ய᪠, 砥 室     ᯥ-
.

 
                               - 20 -
3.  ६.
       뢠  ,    ᯮ
 ।   ६.  ६ ।⠢ 祩 ,
 ᮤঠ ᫮  ᨬ 稭. , -
騩 ६, ন  , ଠ, , 砫쭮 -
.
     , 騩  ६,   ⮨    ⪨
( ६),   祢 ᫮ (⨯ )   易-
⥫ ࠬ஬  易⥫ ਡ 祢 ᫮  易-
⥫묨 ࠬࠬ.   ⥫    ।⢮-
 CODE -  ணࠬ, 楤  㭪樨.

3.1.  ஢.
           
3.1.1.  BYTE.

⪠ BYTE(砫쭮 祭)

Format:   BYTE  ६
Bits  :   7              0
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      BYTE   ⮢  楫 ᫮  
  0  255.  砫쭮 祭 ࠬࠠ ..  -
 ᨬ쭮 ⠭  ᫮ ⠭  . -
 ࠬ  ᨬ쭮 ⠭⮩,  砫쭮 祭 -
 ࠢ  祭 ASC.   (ਬ,   ''  ⠭  
砫쭮 祭= 65). ᫨ ࠬ ᪠, 砫쭮 祭
 ࠢ .
       BYTE  ᯮ짮 DIM  OVER ਡ.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
3.1.2.  SHORT.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
⪠ SHORT(砫쭮 祭)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
Format:   S    SHORT ६
Bits  :   15                  0
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      SHORT     ଠ 塠⮢ 楫 ᫠ 
. 訩   ଠ   (0 - ⥫  1- -
⥫). ⥫    稭 ।⠢ ⠭⭮ 
⥫묨 .
       SHORT  - ६  -32,768  32,767.  SHORT--
  ᯮ  ࠦ 稪,   ᯮ-
  楫 ᥫ ࠭祭 .
      砫쭮 祭 ࠬ ..  ᫮  ⠭⮩  
. ᫨   ࠬ ᪠,  砫쭮 祭 
ࠢ . DIM  OVER ਡ  ᯮ짮  SHORT.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
3.1.3.  LONG.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
⪠ LONG(砫쭮 祭)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
Format:   S    LONG  ६
Bits  :   31                  0
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      LONG -    4- ⮢  楫 ६-
  ⪮ 楫 ଠ. 訩   ଠ -  ( - -
⥫  1 - ⥫). ⥫ 稭 ।⠢
⠭⭮  ⥫묨 .   LONG -  - 2 147
483 648    2 147 483 647,  ࠦ  騬 묨

                               - 21 -
ࠬ.
      砫쭮 祭  ࠬ  ..  ᫮ ⠭⮩ 
. ᫨  ࠬ ᪠,  砫쭮 祭  
ࠢ .
      DIM  OVER ਡ .. ᯮ짮  LONG-஬.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
3.1.4.  REAL.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
⪠ REAL(砫쭮 祭)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
Format:   S    ⥫ (⥯)   
Bits  :   63                     52          0
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      REAL-  8-⮢ ६  饩  -
   lond real (  筮)  ଠ.   ᮫⭮
稭 ⨯ REAL  4.19*10**-307  1.67*10**308,  15 
 .
      砫쭮 祭 ࠬ ..  ᫮  ⠭⮩  
. ᫨   ࠬ ᪠,  砫쭮 祭 
ࠢ . DIM  OVER ਡ .. ᯮ짮  REAL.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
3.1.5.  DECIMAL.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
ଠ 1:    DECIMAL()
ଠ 2:    DECIMAL(, ࠧ)
ଠ 3:    DECIMAL(, ࠧ, 砫쭮 祭)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
       DECIMAL  㯠  ६.
        DECIMAL ६      ,
ᯮ 4   .      -
 DECIMAL ६ (0 - ⥫  ஡ -  ⥫).
ᨬ ࠧ   㯠  筮 ६ - ⭠
 ,   8 ⮢.
      ଠ 1   楫 ६.
      ࠬ "" - ᫮ ⠭,  ᮤঠ 饥  -
⢮      ६.  砫쭮 祭 
ࠢ .
      ଠ 2    ⢨⥫ ६.  -
 "" - ᫮ ⠭,  ᮤঠ 饥 ᫮ 
  楫  ஡  ६.  ࠬ "ࠧ" - ᫮-
 ⠭,   ᯥ ⢮      
஡  (ࠢ  筮 窨).  ࠬ "ࠧ" ..
<  = ࠬ "". 砫쭮 祭 = 0.
      ଠ 3    楫  ⢨⥫ ६-
  砫 祭.  ⮣, ⮡  楫 ६,
ࠬ "ࠧ"   ᮤঠ 0.  砫쭮 祭 ࠬ
.. ᫮  ⠭⮩.   ᠬ   ᮤন  -
 ,   㣨  ᮤঠ   , -
筠 ६  ᥣ  ᮤন  ⭮  ⢮  
. ⮬  ஢ DECIMAL (10)  DECIMAL (11) -
. DIM  OVER ਡ   ᯮ짮  DECIMAL.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
3.1.6.  STRING.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
ଠ 1:   ⪠ STRING()
ଠ 2:   ⪠ STRING(砫쭮 祭)
ଠ 3:   ⪠ STRING(蠡)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      STRING -      ᨬ  ப 䨪஢

                               - 22 -
. ࠬ STRING- ᯥ  ப, 砫-
 祭  蠡.
      ᨬ쭠  ப 255 .
       ଥ  1,   ""  - ᫮ ⠭    1 
255. 砫쭮 祭  ஡.
       ଥ 2 ࠬ "砫쭮 祭" - ᨬ쭠 ⠭,
 ᮤন 砫쭮 祭  ப.   ப -
 ࠢ     ⮢,  室  ᮤঠ ,
ᯥ㥬  ࠬ "砫쭮 祭".
       ଥ 3 ࠬ "蠡" - 祭 蠡.( .  "-
祭 蠡  ⮩ ").
       ப    ࠢ  ⮢,  室 
ᮤঠ ଠ஢ ப,  ந  蠡. -
砫쭮 祭  ஡.
      祭 () 蠡 ⠢ "ଠ",  ᯮ-
  ᫮ 祭 뫠  蠡 ப.
      ᫮ 祭 ..  뤠 ।⢮ ஢  ⠭,
६, ࠦ  㣨 蠡 ப.
      祭 ப   ଠ,     砥  蠡
STRING.
      ப 蠡,    "N"  "E"  ⨯ 蠡
 㣫  ᫮ 稭,  室  ଠ-
஢.
      "ଠ஢" -    뤥 ᫮ ப  -
ଠ஢  蠡 ப.  ᫮  蠡 ப
ࠪ  ᫠  ⮬᪨ ଠ.
       ப  蠡 ப ࠪ  ப   
ଠ.
      ⪠ ப  ஡  뫪  ࠢ-
    ப.  㬮砭, 砫쭮 祭 - ஡.
 STRING .. ᯮ짮 DIM  OVER ਡ.

3.2. 祭 蠡.
       蠡 ।⠢ ଠ,   ᯮ, 
᫮ 稭 뫠  蠡 ப.  ᫨ ଠ  ᫨誮
, ⮡    ᮤঠ ᫮ 稭,  蠡 ப 
窠.    蠡 稭   ("@"). 饭
""  ᫥ 樨 蠡 砥 "஡,   ". -
⮬ "" த ᨬ 蠡  ᥬ ﬨ.
      蠡  ᯮ  ࠬ STRING,  ENTRY  MENU
஢   ࠬ 㣨 楤  㭪権.    -
  蠡:  ஢,  筮 ।⠢,  ,  ६,
ଠ஢  ᨬ.
           
3.2.1. ᫮   蠡.
       ஢ 蠡  ந ப ⢮ 䨪-
஢- ଠ⮢.   ᫠ .. 㯯஢ 
 묨,  窠, ஡   㯯஢ ᮢᥬ. 
 ஡  ᫠ .. ⤥ 窮 (筮 窮), -
⮩  ஡.  ᯮ㥬 訩 ࠧ ᫠ ..   
஡, ﬨ  窠.
      ⥫ ᫠ ..  ଠ஢  騬  
 몠騬     ..  祭  ᪮.  -
  㣮  ᨬ  室 ।   -
. ,   ,  ᫮ .. ଠ஢  饥  
஡,   祭  .
       ᫮ 蠡  @N,  ᮯ஢ 㪠⥫ﬨ 
ࠧ, ,    饭.
      :  㪠⥫ 㪠뢠  ( ᨬ)  筮

                               - 23 -
ப 蠡  ଠ 楫  ᫠.   .. 楫  -
  1  255.
      ⢨ ଠ ࠧ ⤥ 㯯  楫   
砬 묨.    饭  ન ᫥  
㯯஢   ᯮ 訥 樨 ஡.  -
饭    ᫥   㯯஢   ᯮ-
 訥 樨 (ࠧ) ﬨ.
      饭 窨  ᫥    ᯮ 訥
ࠧ 窠.
      ਬ:
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
@N9                  4,550,000
@N_9                   4550000
@N09                 004550000
@N*09                **4550000
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      ᫨ 㯯஢    (  ન    㫥
᫥), ᨬ  㯯஢ (⫨  ⮩) .. ᯥ஢
ࠢ . ન 㯯 ஡,  窠 㯯-
  窠.
      ਬ:
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
@N9_                 4 550 000
@N9.                 4.550.000
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      樨: ⥫  "樨" ᯥ  欨
᫠  ᨬ,  ᯮ㥬  ⤥ 楫   ஡  ⥩.
⢮ 筮  樨 ..  ,  祬 ,  㪠 
ࠧ 㪠⥫    砥  ..  15.
      窠 ᫥ 権 ᯥ    ࠧ-
⥫   㤠७(.)  ᯥ .  窠  ⠭
   㤠७ ⠭   ⢨ 㯯-
饣 ᨬ  楫 .
      ਬ:
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
@N_9.2                 4550.75
@N_9'2                 4550,75
@N9'.2                4,550.75
@N9.2                 4,550.75 (⠪  )
@N9.'2                4.550,75
@N9'2                 4.550,75 (⠪  )
@N9_'2                 4550.75
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
     : ⥫  ᯥ ଠ ⥫쭮 ᫠.
  ᫥ ࠧ 㪠⥫ த  騩    .
  ࠢ 㪠⥫ த 몠騩  .  -
祭 ࠧ  権 㪠⥫  㣫 ᪮ த -
祭  㣫 ᪮ ⥫쭮 ᫮.
      ਬ:
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
@N-9.2               -4,550.75
@N9.2-               4,550.75-
@N(10.2)            (4,550.75)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      죨: ⥫  ⠪    ($)  ᨬ-
 ப 砥  ⨫줠 (~).
      ⥫  .. ⠪   ᫥ 㪠⥫ (-
  "" 㪠⥫ - ஡,  )  ஢ 蠡.
      ᫨  㪠⥫ ,   ᨬ "뢥"  -

                               - 24 -
  襣 浪 ᫠.
      ਬ:

@N$9.2               $4,550,75
@N~DM~10.2          DM4.500,75
@N11.2~KR~         4.500,75 KR
@N$(11.2)          $(4,550.75)
           
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      ਬ  蠡, ᯮ㥬  ᥬ   -
 饭.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
                 @N$12.2                $24,500.00
࠭             @N~F~12_'2             F 24.500,00
⠫              @N~Lit.~15'2           Lit.540.000,00
ꥤ.-        @N~&~12'2              & 24,500.00
ࢥ            @N~KR~12'2             KR 24.500,00
ଠ            @N~DM~12'2             DM 24.500,00
ﭤ           @N~MK~12'_2            MK 24.500,00
              @N~KR~19'2             KR 24.500,00
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
3.2.2. 筮 ।⠢ 蠡.
      筠 ⥬ ᫥  孨  ࠦ 祭
  祭  ᥫ.
      ଠ  筮 ⥬ ᫥  @ Em.n,  m - 饥
᫮ ᨬ  筮 蠡 ப, n - ⢮ ᫥ -
筮 窨.
      ""  ᫥ ᨬ 蠡 砥 "஡  ".
      ਬ:
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
@ E9.0             1,967, 865             .20e + 007
@ E12.1            1,967, 865            1.9679e + 006
@ E12.1           -1,967, 865           -1.9679e + 006
@ E12.1             000000032            3.2000e - 008
@ E12.1B                    0
           
3.2.3.  .
         ।⠢   ᫮ ६ (筮
LONG)   ப 蠡. , ।⠢  ᫮ ६-
, 뢠  ⠭⭮ ⮩,   ।⠢ ⢮  
 28,1800.   ᫮ ६  뫠    蠡
ப , ,  ⠭⭠  ଠ  ᮮ⢥-
⢨   蠡.   ப 蠡  뫠  ᫮-
 ६,   ଠ   ᮮ⢥⢨   蠡 
८ࠧ  ⠭ .
       蠡  ⮨  @D,  ᫥㥬   ଠ -
, ᫥㥬  易⥫ 㪠⥫ ࠧ⥫.
      ଠ  :
1.    mm/dd/yy                3/16/88
2.    mm/dd/yyyy              3/16/1988
3.   *mmm dd,yyyy             MAR 16,1988
4.   *mmmm dd,yyyy            MARCH 16,1988
5.    dd/mm/yy                16/03/88
6.    dd/mm/yyyyy             16/03/1988
7.   *dd mmm yy               16 MAR 88
8.   *dd mmm yyyy             16 MAR 1988
9.    yy/mm/dd                88/03/16
10.   yyyy/mm/dd              1988/03/16
11.   yymmdd                  880316

                               - 25 -
12.   yyyymmdd                19880316
 
      * ଠ     ..  ᯮ짮  ࠬ ASK 
ENTRY ஢. (᫮ ᨬ   室  ᫮ -
). ⥫ ࠧ⥫  ᯮ짮  ᯥ䨪樨 ᨬ-
,㣮, 祬  (/)   ࠧ⥫  ଠ⮢    ᫮
. ᫮     11  12   ࠧ⥫.  (ଠ 
᫮    ન 窮).
      ⥫ ࠧ⥫:
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
. த 
- த 
_ த ஡
' த 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      ਬ  蠡  16  1988 .:
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
@D1          3/16/88          @D1.        3.16.88
@D2        3/16/1988          @D2-      3-16-1988
@D3      MAR 16,1988          @D1_      3 16  88
@D4      MARCH 16,1988        @D2,      3,16,1988
@D5           16/03/88        @D5.       16.03.88
@D6         16/03/1988        @D6-     16-03-1988
@D7          16 MAR 88        @D5_       16 03 88
@D8        16 MAR 1988        @D6_     16 03 1988
@D9         88/03/16          @D9.       88.03.16
@D10      1988/03/16          @D9-       88-03-16
@D11          880316
@D12        19880316
           
3.2.4.  ६.
      ६ ..  饭  ᫮ ६ (筮  LONG)   
蠡 ப.६,頥     ᫮  ६,  뢠
⠭ ६  ।⠢  ᥪ㭤   .   
᫮ ६   頥  蠡 ப ६,  稭
 ⠭⭮ ६   ଠ  ᮮ⢥⢨   
蠡.   蠡 ப 頥  ᫮ ६,  
ଠ  ᮮ⢥⢨   蠡  ८ࠧ  ⠭-
⭮ ६.
       ६ ⮨  @,  ᫥㥬   ଠ ६-
, ᫥㥬  易⥫ 㪠⥫ ࠧ⥫.
       ଠ ६:
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
1.    hh:mm        14:30
2.    hh mm        1430
3.   *hh:mm      2:30P
4.    hh:mm:ss     14:30:00
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      *  ଠ ६  ..  ᯮ짮  ࠬ ASK 
ENTRY - ஢. (᫮    室  ᫮ -
).
      ⥫ ࠧ⥫    ᯮ짮    ᯥ䨪樨
ᨬ, ⫨筮   :   ࠧ⥫  ଠ⮢  1, 3  4
(ଠ  2  ᯮ  ࠧ⥫).
      ⥫ ࠧ⥫:
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
. த 窨
- த  
_ த ஡

                               - 26 -
' த 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      ਬ  蠡 ६,  ᯮ㥬 ६ 2:15:
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
@1    14:15                @1.    14.15
@2    1415                 @1_    1415
@3    2:15               @.    2.15
@4    14:15:30             @4.    14.15.30
           
3.2.5. ଠ஢ 蠡.
      ଠ஢ 蠡 뢠 蠡    楫  ᥫ
"ᤥ ᠬ".  蠡  ଠ஢ 蠡 ᮤন @;
ଠ 蠡  ᨬ쭠 ப,  ᮤন <  #  -
,  ᯮ 楫.
      , ⫨  <  # ᬠਢ    ।騩
ᨬ     筮 ப 蠡.  < 砥 " 
 ࠧ鸞 ஡  㫥"  # 砥 "    
ࠧ鸞 㫨  㫨".
        ..  祭  蠡  ଠ    ᯮ짮
ࠧ⥫  ॣ ( ਬ, @<#:##).  -
 p ..  祭  蠡  ᯮ짮  ࠧ⥫  
ॣ (ਬ @ << # pounds P).
      ""  ᫥ ᨬ  蠡 砥  "஡  
".
      ਬ ଠ஢ 蠡:
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
  @P<#/##/##P           20,987             2/09/87
  @P<#/##/##P           120,987            12/09/87
  @P<#:## AMP           146                1:46 AM
  @P<#:## PMp           1,146              11 : 46  PM
  @P###-##-#### P       246,732,453        246-73-2453
  @P###/###-#### P      3,059,417,665      305/941-7665
  @P###/###-#### P      9,417,665          000/941-7665
  @ P4##A-#P            112                411A-2
  @ P#' <#"P            511                5' 11"
  @ P<# 1 <# ozP       902                9 1b 2oz

3.2.6.  蠡.
        ப 砥  @Sn,   n । -
⢮ ᨬ   ப.   ப ᯮ  ࠡ⪥
࠭  ENTRY  MENU ﬨ ஢   㯥     
  ASK, LOOK  SHOW ࠬ.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
3.3.  EXTERNAL.
           
⪠ EXTERNAL
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
       EXTERNAL  ᯥ ࠬ 楤  㭪樨
 "室  ᮢ".
      ࠬ,  室  ,  뢠 譨 -
ࠬ஬  ਭ 뢠饩 ணࠬ, 楤  㭪樨.
      ⪠ EXTERNAL -     ᯨ᪥ ࠬ஢
 ஢ PROCEDURE  FUNCTION.  ணࠬ    ᮤঠ
EXTERNAL -    ,      ࠬ஢.  -
뢠 , ࠬ ..  ६  ஬筮
稭 (१ ࠦ  㭪樨). ᫨ 뢠 ࠬ
- ⪠ RECORD,  HEADER, FOOTER, DETAIL  TABLE-,  ࠪ-
  GROUP-.  稭 譥 ६ -
  稭  뢠 ணࠬ, 楤  㭪樨.

                               - 27 -
      ஬ 稭,   㭪, 
१⮬ ࠦ  ६묨.  ஬筠 稭 -
室 १ EXTERNAL,  ࠡ⠥  ६  祭 ᥩ -
楤. ᫨  ६ ,  祭  ஬筮
 ,  祭 ६,   楤 -
稢, ஬筠  稭 ᢮.  ⮬, ,
ᤥ   譨 ஬ 稭, 㦨 -
饩 ணࠬ  楤ன.

3.4. ਡ EXTERNAL.
      ਡ 譨 ⨬ ᨢ ࠭,  ⮢, 䠩,
祩  ⠡ 室  ࠬ 楤  㭪権.  騥
祢 ᫮ .. ᯮ㥬  ਡ EXTERNAL-:
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
DIM         FILE            KEY             SCREEN
DOS         INDE            REPORT          TABLE
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      EXTERNAL-ਡ ᪠  EXTERNAL-  ᯮ-
    ࠭祭  ࠬ.
        ਡ EXTERNAL 㤮  饭 楤 ࠡ-
  䠩,     ⠪ ⪨. ᫨ ⨯  뢠
ࠬ  室 ᮮ⢥饬 EXTERNAL - ਡ, ணࠬ
⠭  訡.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
3.5.  GROUP.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
⪠ GROUP
         
      .
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      GROUP -     ⭮  ࠬ
뫠  ⮥  ६. GROUP-  , ᫥-
騥  ,뢠 GROUP-ன. GROUP- ࠭祭
窮  END-஬. GROUP-  ᯮ짮, -
 ⠢  ࠧ  拉   ࠢ ⠢ -
. 㯯 ⠪  ࣠ ᫮ ணࠬ ࠭-
 易  . CLEAR 楤  ᯮ짮 
 ஡    GROUP-.  GROUP-६ ࠪ-
  ப  ࠦ.
       GROUP ..  㯨஢ (  ).
      -   ७ ଠ SHORT,  LONG  REAL ६ 
ᮯ⠢ 筮,      ࠢ      ப.    ⮬
GROUP-, ᮤঠ騥     ⨯    ࠢ
 ᯮ짮    䠩  ⠡筮 . DIM, OVER
 PRE-ਡ  ᯮ짮  GROUP.

3.6.  ६.
       ६  ॡ । .   Clarion
 ᯥ稢     3   ⨯    ६  (LONG,   REAL  
STRING(32)),  ᮧ ஬   ࢮ 뫪  -
樠  ᮮ⢥⢨   ⨯. (#)  ᫥ -
樨 ६  ६  LONG;   ($)
砥 REAL;     (")   砥  32-ᨬ ப
STRING.
      LONG  REAL  ६ 樠  ,  -
 ப   樠  ஡.     ६,
 ᨬ ࠭祭,   ॢ 12 ᨬ.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               

                               - 28 -
3.7. ਡ  ६.

3.7.1. ਡ PRE.
      PRE ਡ ᯥ稢 ⠢,   ..  ᯮ짮
 ࠧ    ६,     ࠧ-
 . PRE .. ᯮ짮  ᫥騬 ࠬ:
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
DETAIL       FOOTER          MENU            REPORT
DOS          GROUP           RECORD          SCREEN
FILE         HEADER          REPEAT          TABLE
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      ࠬ-䨪 ᮤন   ᨬ, ᮤঠ 㪢 
A  Z, ᫠  0  9  ન騩 ᨬ. 䨪  -
  㪢.  ᯮ짮, 䨪 ᮥ   -
 稥.     ६  䨪᭮   -
  䨪, ᫨  ६ 㭨쭮.
           
3.7.2. ਡ OVER.
      OVER ਡ     ᠬ   ᯮ짮
, 祬     .  OVER ..  ᯮ짮 
᫥騬 ࠬ,   SCREEN  REPORT ࠬ:
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
BYTE         GROUP          MEMO            SHORT
DECIMAL      HEADER         REAL            STRING
DETAIL       LONG           RECORD          TABLE
FOOTER
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
       ६  ..   १  ६-
,   ६  GROUP-  ..  १ ६-
  GROUP- .
      ६  ..   १ ⪨ ६. ,
६  OVER-ਡ    砫쭮 祭.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
3.7.3. ਡ DIM.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      DIM (ࠧ୮,...,ࠧ୮)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      DIM-ਡ  ᨢ.  DIM  ᯮ짮  ᫥-
騬 ࠬ,   SCREEN  REPORT-ࠬ:
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
BYTE           LONG          DECIMAL          GROUP
SHORT          REAL          STRING           EXTERNAL
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      DIM(10)-ਡ   ।  ᠭ  砥 ७
⮣ । 10 ࠧ ( ⮫쪮   ᯨ᪥). ࠬ ࠧ-
 - ᫮ ⠭,   ᯥ ᫮ ७ 
⮩ ࠧ୮.    㯯 ᮥ    -
, 뢠,   ७ (ᨢ) ᯮ.
       X[i] 㪠뢠 i- ७  X-ᨢ.  X[1] 㪠뢠
1-   X[10] 㪠뢠 10-  ୮ ᨢ.
      ᨢ  ⭮ ࠧ୮ 뢠 "묨".  
㬥୮ ᨢ  ᯮ    ᫥饬 浪:
[1,1], [1,2]... [1,m], [2,1], [2,2], [2,m],... [n,1], [n,2]... [n,m].
      DIM-ਡ    4 ࠧ୮⥩.  ୮ GROUP -
  ᮡ 砩.   ஢   ਡ
 (᫥ ࠢ)   GROUP   童. -
   ᨢ த ६,   㦤  
 .  ७ ᨢ  -ࠧ୮ ᨢ
ॡ  ᮢ  .. ⢮ ࠧ୮⥩ GROUP- 
뢠 筮 ⠪   GROUP-. 㬬 ᮢ  -

                               - 29 -
 ॢ .
       ᨢ     ॢ 65520 ⮢.   ..
⠭⠬, ६묨, 㭪ﬨ  ࠦﬨ.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
3.8. ᨢ  ࠬ 楤  㭪権.
      ᨢ  ..  ࠬ஬ PROCEDURE  FUNCTION -
஬   ,    "譨 ࠬ஬ ᨢ".
      DIM ਡ ᯮ  ஬ EXTERNAL    
譥 ࠬ   ᨢ.   室 ࠧ ᨢ ..
ᯥ஢  DIM-ਡ,  ࠬ "ࠧ"  㦤  
祬 㣮,  ஬ 1,  ਬ:  label EXTERNAL,  DIM(1,1) 
ࠧ 譨 ᨢ.
      ࠬ "ࠧ"    ࠧ,  ..  ᨢ
"譨"  㣨 ᫮, "ᠭ ".
      ⪠ ᨢ (ᠬ)   .. ᯮ짮  믮塞 -
.  ,    ᯥ஢.  -
ᨢ     楤,      譨 ࠬ஬
ࠧ୮. ᨢ  室  譨 ࠬ஬ ࠧ୮,   
ᮥ  㯯 ([])   ᨢ.
           
3.9. ४⨢ a.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
3.9.1. ४⨢ EQUATE.

ଠ 1:   ⪠ EQUATE(⪠)
ଠ 2:   ⪠ EQUATE(⠭)
ଠ 3:   ⪠ EQUATE(蠡)
ଠ 4:   ⪠ EQUATE()

      ४⨢ EQUATE 砥  㣮 ⪥,   ᫮  
ᨬ쭮 祭, 祭 蠡  ᨬ쭮 ᫮. -
 EQUATE -४⨢  ..  १ࢭ ᫮   祢  ᫮,
ᯮ㥬  DATA section. ⪠ EQUATE-४⨢  .. ⠪ 
 ࠬ.
       ଥ 1 EQUATE, ࠬ (⪠) ..  ⨬ -
஬ ⪨.  ଠ EQUATE .. ᯮ짮   -
⥫ ⪨ ( 뢠 ).
       ଥ 2,  ࠬ (⠭)  ..   ᫮  ᨬ-
쭮 ⠭⮩.   ଠ .. ᯮ짮   ⪨
 ᮪饭    long ⠭ (⠪  Pi)   ᤥ
⠭   ।  .
       ଥ 3,  ࠬ (蠡)  ..   蠡.   ଠ
.. ᯮ짮    ⪨  ⥭䨨  -
 蠡 (ਬ, SS_PIC .. ᯮ짮  (@P ### - ##- ##
##P).
       ଥ 4, ࠬ "" .. 祢 ᫮ Clarion, ⫨-
  EQUATE, TITLE  SUBTITLE.  ଠ EQUATE .. ᯮ짮
 䨪樨 Clarion-몠.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
3.9.2. ४⨢ SIZE.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
ଠ 1:   SIZE(⪠)
ଠ 2:   SIZE(⠭)
ଠ 3:   SIZE(蠡)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      SIZE-४⨢  ࠧ ,  ᯮ㥬  ࠬ஬.
 頥  SIZE-४⨢   ᮮ⢥饩 稭
। 樥 .  SIZE  ᯮ짮   ணࠬ,
  ⨬ ᫮ 祭.

                               - 30 -
       ଥ 1 ࠬ (⪠)  .. ⪮ ६, 
।⥫쭮.  ६  .
       ଥ 2 ࠬ (⠭)  ..  ᫮    ᨬ쭮
⠭⮩.     ᨬ쭮 ⠭   ப.  
᫮ ⠭  ࠧ ᠬ 쪮 ⨯  (ᯮ-
 BYTE, SHORT, LONG  REAL),    ᮤঠ.
       ଥ 3 ࠬ (蠡)   ⨬ 祭  蠡.
 祭 蠡   ଠ஢ ப, த-
㥬 祭 蠡.

                               - 31 -
4. ࠦ.
      ࠦ -  㫠,  ன  祭  -
 Clarion.  Bࠦ    筨 ᢠ -
, ࠬ 楤  㭪樨,  ࠧ୮ 稭
   IF, CASE, EXECUTE  LOOP - ।.
      ࠦ ᮤঠ ⠭, ६  㭪樨, ᮥ
ࠬ. ࠦ   믮  ஢   -
浪 ਮ.   த ஬筮 祭,
஥ ⥬ ᯮ  ᫥ .
      冷 ਮ  ஢ ࠭稢 ஬ ⨯ 
㣫묨 ᪮ ( 㯯 ࠦ  ࠦ).  -
筠 ஬筠 稭  稭 ࠦ. ᫮, ᨬ-
쭮  ᫮ ࠦ த ᫮ 稭,  ᨬ-
 稭           稭   ("ࠢ"     "")
ᮮ⢥⢥.
       ⠭,  ६  㭪 ⠪ ⠢ -
ࠦ.  뢠  ,  ᯥ ࠦ-
   .  ⠭,  ६  㭪 ..
ᯮ짮   ⥪, ࠧ蠥 ࠦ.
           
4.1. 㭪樨.
      㭪   ணࠬ,     頥 ஬筮
祭 ࠦ.  㭪 ᯮ  ⮬   ᠬ  ⥪,
 ६; ⥬  , 㭪  ᫥  ᯨ᪮ -
ࠬ஢ 㭪,   ன  ࠬ஢, ᫥   ᯨ᪮
ࠬ஢, ਬ: ERROR().
        த 㭪権. 짮⥫᪨ 㭪樨 稭 -
஬ FUNCTION           ࠬ  FUNC    
MAP-. ਡ  FUNC  (LONG,  REAL  STRING)  
⨯  頥 稭.
       㭪樨  ஥묨   Clarion    
  -.   頥 稭 -
筮 㭪樨 뢠  .13.
      ᮪  㭪権:
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
ABS       BSHIFT   CONTENTS    FOREHUE    LOGE      RANDOM    SUB
ACOS      BXOR     COS         FORMAT     LOWER     RECORDS   TAN
AGE       BYTES    DATE        INRANGE    MAXIMUM   REFER     TODAY
ALL       CENTER   DAY         INSTRING   MEMORY    RIGHT     UPPER
ASIN      CHOICE   DEFORMAT    INT        MONTH     ROUND     VAL
ATAN      CHR      EOF         KEYBOARD   NAME      ROW       YEAR
BACKHUE   CLIP     ERROR       KEYCODE    NUMERIC   ROWS
BAND      CLOCK    ERRORCODE   LEFT       OMITTED   RUNCODE
BOF       COL      FIELD       LEN        PATH      SIN
BOR       COLS     FIELDS      LOG10      POINTER   SQRT
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
4.2. ᫮ ⠭.
      ᫮ ⠭  䨪஢묨 稭,  
室  ।  ਡ⮢,   ࠦ.
      ਬ,  ࠦ I+1,  1 - ᫮ ⠭.  筠
᫮ ⠭ ᮤন 易⥫  "" ।  -
   易⥫    ஡.  ଠ஢
ᨬ, ⠪        ࠧ蠥   ᫮
⠭,     ᫮ ⠭   稢 筮
窮.
           (᭮ 10),  ᫮ ⠭
.. 묨  (᭮ 2),  쬥묨 (᭮ 8)  -
묨 (᭮ 16).
       ⠭ ᮤঠ । 易⥫   ,

                               - 32 -
 0  1,  ࠭稢   .
      쬥 ⠭ ᮤঠ । 易⥫  -
,   0  7,  ࠭祭 0.
      ⭠ ⠭  ᮤঠ  ।   易⥫
 ,       0  9  㪢    F ( 
᫠  10  15),   ࠭稢 H  h.       ᨬ
⭠o ⠭  ..   F.
      祭 訥  祭 쪨 ⠭  ࠦ  
筮 樨 (⥯ ). 筠  ᯮ ଠ:
      - #. ##### + ### ,  - #.##### -  筠 稭
                             - + ###   -  ⥯ 10.
      ஢ ⠭   ࠭  ப.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
4.3. ᫮ .
      ᫮      䬥᪨ ࠭ 
ᮧ ஬筮 稭. ᫮묨 ࠬ :
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
+ ᫮  (A +   A plus B)
- ⠭ (A - B   minus B)
* 㬭 (A * B  A times B)
/    (A / B  A divided B)
^   ⥯ (A . B  A to the Bth power)
%  㫥 (A % B  the remainder of A divided by B).
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      ᫮  த  LONG,  ⠪  REAL ஬-
 稭,   ⨯  ࠭.   -
  ⥯,  , ᥣ த REAL ஬ -
稭.
       ⠡ 뢠 ⨯ ஬ 稭,  த-
 ࠭ ࠧ ⨯ :
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
O          BYTE   SHORT  LONG   REAL  DECIMAL   STRING
-------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
P BYTE   | LONG*  LONG*  LONG*  REAL    REAL     REAL
E SHORT  |  -"--   -"-     -"-  -"-     -"-       -"-
R LONG   |  -"-    -"-     -"-  -"-     -"-       -"-
A REAL   | REAL   REAL   REAL   -"-     -"-       -"-
N DECIMAL|  -"-    -"-     -"-  -"-     -"-       -"-
D STRING |  -"-    -"-     -"-  -"-     -"-       -"-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
         ᯮ ᥣ த REAL.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
4.4. ᫮ ࠦ.
      ᫮ ࠦ          ࠬ    CASE,
EXECUTE, IF  LOOP ,  ⠪    ᢠ. -
஢ ࠦ    ᮤঠ  ⥭樨,    
ᮤঠ ᪨ .  ᫨  ⥭樨   -
    ᫮  ࠦ,    ᫮ ࠦ 
ᨬ쭠 ⠭  ६,  筠 ஬筠 稭
८ࠧ  ᨬ쭮  ᫮.  (. "ࠢ ८ࠧ
  .5)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
4.5.  ⠭.
       ⠭  ᯮ    ᨬ,  ࠦ
᫮, ।,   , 室  ࠬ    ।
  ਡ,   ࠦ.  ⠭ -
  . ᯮ  ᫥⥫   -
   ப ⠭.

                               - 33 -
      ⠥ ᨬ ..  祭  ப ⠭, -
    ASCII   㣫 ᪮( <祬  >祬).  ,
 ,  쬥  ⭠ ⠭ ..  -
짮  㣫 ᪮,   ।⠢ . ᯮ-
   (< 祬)  祭  (< 祬)  ப -
⠭.
       室 㡫஢  (> 祬)  ப ⠭-
, ..   (< 祬) 樨   (> 祬). -
 ଠ  祭 ⠥ ᨬ  ப  ⠭:
<,yyy,zzz> , xxx,yyy  zzz ࠢ ASCII ᨬ .
      ப ⠭,ᮤঠ騥 ᫥⥫쭮   ᨬ-
, ..    㪮祭  ᯮ짮 稪 ஢.  稪
஢ ᯥ,  ᪮쪮 ࠧ ᨬ .. ७  ப
⠭. 稪   ஢ ⮨  ᨬ,   -
, 䨣 ᪮, 稪 ஢  ࠢ 䨣 ᪮.
稪 ஢ - 饥 ᫮ ᫥⥫ ஢ ᨬ.
           (<祬), ᯮ   䨣
᪮    祭  ᪮  ப ⠭.  ப
⠭ " ( ) । 㫥 ப,   -
ন ᨬ.  ᫥ ⮣,  ⪠ ப  ஡-
, ப  ⠭ .. ᯮ짮  ।⠢ ஡-
 ப  .
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
4.6. ᫥ ᫮  ᨬ ࠦ.
      ᫮  ᨬ쭮 ࠦ  믮  -
 .᫥⥫쭮   ஢  ࠢ ࠢ
।⢮ ஢.  㣫 ᪮ ᯮ   ࠦ
 㯯஢ 権  ࠦ.
      ࠦ 믮  ७  譨 ᪮.-
樨  ७(- ⢨ ᪮)  ᪮ 믮 ᫥
ࠢ   ।饣 ஢.  ⮬     
।饣 ஢ 1 믮 ᫥ ࠢ,  ⮬  -
  ண ஢ 믮 ᫥ ࠢ  ..
       ।騥 ஢ ᫮  ᨬ ࠦ:
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
஢ 1   ( )           祭  ᪮ 㯯
஢ 2    -             ᨭ
஢ 3   맮 㭪樨 ࠬ 㯯, 
                          ࠦ
஢ 4   ^             ᯮ
஢ 5   *   /   %     㬭, ,   
஢ 6   +   -         ᫮, ⠭
஢ 7   &             ⥭
           
4.7.  ⥭樨.
       ⥭樨 ࠧ頥  ப  .   -
饩 ப  㬬      ࠭.   
ப ᥣ   த  ப  ஬筮 稭; ⥬ 
,     ࠭   ᫮ ⨯ .  ᫨
࠭  ᫮ ⨯ ,   ८ࠧ  ஡  -
⥫  ,  ।⠢ ப    易⥫쭮
筮 窮.
      騩   ᠬ  訡   ᯮ-
  ⥭樨:
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
BOOK_TITLE = BOOK_TITLE & '_OUT'
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      ,  BOOK_TITLE ---> string(40).  ⥭樨
த ப    48  ᨬ  (    BOOK_TITLE   +   

                               - 34 -
'_OUT').    ᢠ ७ 48 ᨬ ஬-
筮 稭  BOOK_TITLE,  ᥪ ᫥ ᥬ ᨬ,
ᯮ⨢  ⥭樨. ࠢ쭮 ᯮ짮:
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
BOOK_TITLE = SUB(BOOK_TITLE,1,SIZE(BOOK_TITLE)-8) & '_OUT'
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
4.8.  ࠦ.
       ࠦ   ࠬ     筨
᢮ ஢,     ᨬ쭮 ६.
 ࠦ  ᮤঠ ᫮ ,      
 ᮤঠ  .-.  ᪨ .  ᫨ ᫮ 
 筮 樥,  塞  ᨬ쭮 ࠦ, 
᫨ ⮫쪮  ப ࠦ  ஢ ⠭⮩
 ६, 筠 ஬筠 稭 ८ࠧ  -
  ᨬ 稭.
           
4.9. ᪨ .
      ᪨  ஢  ࠭  த  ᫮-
 "true"  "false".     ᪨ ஢:᫮
 裡.  ᫮ ( < 祬,  >祬,  =   樨) ࠢ 
稭.  裡 (, ,    ) ࠡ뢠
᫮ "false"  "true".
       稭 ᯮ  ࠭ 裡, ᪮ -
   "true"  㫥  "false"  .  (-
ਬ, 0  AND 1 ࠡ뢠 "false").
      ᪨ ࠬ :
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
᫮:
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
=                          ! ࠢ, ᫨ ࠢ
<                          ! ࠢ, ᫨  祬
>                          ! ࠢ, ᫨  祬
<>  =  NOT=         ! ࠢ, ᫨  ࠢ
~<  =>  >=  NOT<  ! ࠢ, ᫨   祬
~>  =<  <=  NOT>  ! ࠢ, ᫨   祬
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
裡:
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
~  NOT      ! ࠢ,᫨ ;,᫨ ࠢ
AND            ! ࠢ,᫨    ࠢ
OR             ! ࠢ,᫨    砥    ࠢ
XOR            ! ࠢ,᫨    砥,
               !     ࠢ
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
4.10. ᪨ ࠦ.
      ᪨ ࠦ ᯮ  IF, LOOP WHILE  LOOP UNTIL
. 筮  ᫮ ࠦ ("ࠢ" " ") ᯮ-
  ࠭祭 믮 ᫥⥫쭮 ஢,  -
 ᫥.
      ᫮   ᠬ ᮪ ।⢮   -
᪨ ࠦ.   ᫮    ।-
   ᫥ ࠢ. ।⢮ ஢ 裡
࠭稢 㯯஢ ᫮ ࠦ.   -
⠢ ࠦ   ᭥  ᯮ짮  㣫  ᪮.
।⢮  ᪨ ࠦ ᫥饥:
           
஢ 1        ᫮
஢ 2        NOT  ~
஢ 3        AND

                               - 35 -
஢ 4        OR  XOR
      
4.11. ﭭ ࠦ.
      ࠦ ⠭    ஬    ࠭ 
⠭; ⮬ ࠦ ⠭    ᯮ짮  ,
 ⨬ ⠭.  ࠦ ⠭ ନ  ᯮ짮-
 ⮫쪮 ⠭  ஢.  ࠦ ப ⠭  -
ন ப   ⠭,  ப ࠢ   ⥭-
樨(&).
      ࠦ ஢  ⠭  ⮨    ஢ ⠭ 
᫮ ஢.
      ࠦ ⠭    ᮤঠ ᪮,    ᨬ
ࠦ ⠭  ..  ᪮.
           
4.12. 㭪樨  ࠦ.
       ࠦ 㭪 뢠   .  -
  ᫥ ࠢ,    ᮮ⢥⢨  ⥬ ࠢ-
   ᫮  ᨬ ࠦ,   ᠭ ࠭ 
⮩ .
       ᪮ ࠦ  ᫮ ஢ । 殬 -
.   㪠뢠  ,    ᪮ ࠦ  ᮤন
᪮쪮 맮 㭪権,   맮 㭪権 믮.  㭪樨,
  ⮫쪮  稭,  ..  ᠭ; ਬ, 
    ᮤঠ 쭮 ६.  ᫨  -
쭠 ६    ࠦ,    -
  १ ࠦ  ࠧ.   ⢨ 뢠-
 㭪ﬨ  ࠦ  뢠 " 䥪⮬".
      ਬ:
      A = X()+Y(B)
       襯ਢ ਬ ,  B - 쭠 ६-
   㭪   稭 .
         ࠧ  १,᫨  ࠦ  
⠪:
      A = Y(B)+X()

      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
                                  
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      

                               - 36 -
      
5. O ᢠ.
      Oepaop pcaa    祩  a 祭,   
epoo a     popapoa,    epeca   aee   
epeeo. Oepaop    pcaa,   oao  e  poco epecae
coepoe oo e a  pyo  ee.   opa  epeeo
ac o   ⨯a ee ax.  (C.  ay 3  oca ⨯o ax
epeex).
      aee ooo ⨯a ax oo  peopaoao  oo,
o epeca eo  epeeo c py ⨯o ax. B CLARION -
 epee  o epeca  o pyo epeeo.   o
o樨 ⨯a   ax  cyecye  pao  peopaoa  ax
(opeeeoe  ao ae).
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
5.1.  ᢠ.
      Oepaop pcaa   oo   ca   ⮩   oepaop   
popae. B      ao   oepaope   peec   a  paeca,
ooaa騩 "ycaaaec pa".  Ta opao,  oepaop  A=B
oaae "A ycaaaec pa B",   poe, "epeca B  A".
      oyae oe  ee epeeo,   a  co筨  oe
 paee. Ta a paee oo  oeo o oo, a
eo aee o 뫮 epeca,   oepaop  pcaa  ec
ep  ce  cpyeo popa. Hapep, oepaop
A=B+C ycaaae A pa cye B c C.
      Ec co筨    oyae  c pa묨 ⨯a ax
( oa   c  ao묨  cpoa),   oepaop   pcaa
poo peopaoae ax.
      B ae 4 oca ⨯ ax  pae.  T ax ao
oeo y樨 a ece c ee ocae,  a ⨯ ax y樨
ooae a  cpyype MAP.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
5.2. epaop pcaa  ⢨.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
ea oyae  +=  co筨
ea ⥫  -=  co筨
a ⥫  *=  co筨
ea ⥫  /=  co筨
ea ⥫  ^=  co筨
ea ⥫  %=  co筨
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      Pae oepaop   pcaa   poo  apeece
ec⢨  epee묨.  B ao  opaex oepaopo pe
oe    ee  epeeo,  a co筨 oe  paee.
Haoee aco oepaop pcaa peec  pae  
a epeeo.  Ceye oepaop pa   -
a   epee A:
           
A = A + 1       A = A - 1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      peaaec copaea  opa  oepaopa   pcaa   
oe oox  ec⢨.   oepaop ae oa ey
,  a ey  epeeo A:
           
A += 1          A -= 1
           
      Oepaop oaa "pa 1  A"  "    1    A".   Bo
pep cex oepa⨢x oepaopo pcaa, oaae c x -
aeo eo opo:
           

                               - 37 -
A += 1          A = A + 1
A -= B          A = A - B
A *= -5         A = A * 5
A /= 100        A = A / 100
A ^= 1+1        A = A ^ (1+1)
A %= 7          A = A % 7
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
5.3.  CLEAR.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
ea CLEAR(ea)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      Oepaop CLEAR  ycaaae   cxooe cocoﭨe epeey,
cpyyp GROUP,  RECORD,  HEADER,  DETAIL,  FOOTER,   acc. 
ceo epeeo (BYTE,  SHORT,  LONG,  REAL  DECIMAL)  cxo
cocoﭨe ec y, a  STRING  MEMO - poe.
      Cpyypa ycaaaec        cxooe    cocoﭨe   ye
ycaoe  cxooe cocoﭨe ao  cox  epeex.   Bec
acc ycaaa-  ec  cxooe cocoﭨe ye pee e
acca c yc묨 coa,  CLEAR ycaaae  cxooe cocoﭨe
oo acc     ex   ce.   CLEAR  e  oe  pec  
ycaoe  cxooe cocoﭨe ooo eea acca.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
5.4. paa peopaoa ax.
      Oepaop pcaa   e  cea  ae  peye  peya.
Paccop oepaop:  I = 1.1.  Ec I ocaec a LONG, oepaop
ycaaae aee   I  pa  1,   a  e 1.1,  a peoaoc.
epeee ⨯a LONG  yca  pae  a  po묨  ca,
ceoaeo, LONG = REAL ae yceee poo ac REAL.
      B ae peopaoa ⨯o  ax,   pecaeo  e,
oaa paa   peopaoa  ao oa樨 ⨯o ax,
oope oa  cyae ecoae ⨯o co筨a  oyae.
Koa樨, oope  e pey peopaoa ax (apep, BYTE
k BYTE,     SHORT  k  LONG)   cea  coa  pae  co筨  
oyae. Koa樨,       oaae  c  oopa묨  paa
peopaoa, (apep,   REAL k SHORT,    STRING  k  DECIMAL),
pey oee ooo aa  peopaoa.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
                        
           
  BYTE   SHORT  LONG REAL DECIMAL STRING PICTURE
_ ____________________________________________________
  BYTE     !                                  8     10
  SHORT    !  1                               8     10
  LONG     !  1      2                        8     10
  REAL     ! 3.1    3.2    3                  9     10
  DECIMAL  !4.3.1  4.3.2  4.3   4            4.9    10
  STRING   !5.3.1  5.3.2  5.3   5    5.7     11     11
  PICTURE  !6.3.1  6.3.2  6.3   6    6.7      11   6.10

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      pao 1: SHORT  LONG  BYTE.
      ao pap  co筨a oppyec.  oyae oyae 8
ax o co筨a.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      pao 2: LONG  SHORT.
      ao pap  oyae oyae ao pap co筨a.
oyae oyae ax 15 o co筨a.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      pao 3: REAL  LONG.

                               - 38 -
      ao pap  oyae oyae ao pap co筨a.
oyae oyae a訥 31  co筨a.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      pao 4: DECIMAL  REAL.
      ⥫ ᫥ ,  楫   ஡  -
.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      pao 5: STRING  REAL.
      ଠ 筨    ᫠, 楫 , -
 ,  ஡ . 騥 ஡ . -
,       㣮  ᨬ  筨 뢠 oyae 
.
      pao 6: PICTURE  REAL.
      筨 ଠ  ᮮ⢥⢨   ᪮.   
室騩 ᨬ 뢠 ⥫  .
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      pao 7: REAL  DECIMAL.
       DECIMAL(m,n) ⥫ ᯮ , m-n   -
   n   ஡ .
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      pao 8: BYTE, SHORT  LONG   STRING.
      ⥫ -     ,  ᫨ ᫮ ⥫쭮 
᫥饥 ᫮ 祭.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      pao 9: REAL  STRING.
      ⥫ -   , 楫 ,-
 窠   ஡  ᫠.  祭 訥  祭 -
 ᫠ 뤠  筮 ଠ.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      pao 10:  BYTE,  SHORT,  LONG,  REAL, DECIMAL,  PICTURE 
PICTURE.
      oyae opapyec   coaco  coey  aoy.   ao
pee  a peoaa caape ooae pee    a.
Bce pye   ao  peoaa  oe  ceoe aee.  ( C.
"Ocae aoo"     ae  3    oca   opapoa   
cooec⢨ c ocae 蠡oo).
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      pao 11:   STRING   STRING,  STRING  PICTURE  PICTURE 
STRING.
      Ec oyae  opoe  co筨a,   co筨 yceaec.  Ec
oyae ee co筨a, co筨 ooec poea.
           

                               - 39 -
6. O ࠢ.
      B paee CODE popa CLARION  oepaop  oc    o
oceoaeoc,  oopo o oc  cxoo ae. ep
oepaop oce oepaopa CODE ec ep oe  oepaopo
 popae,    poeype    y樨.   ae  oec  opo
oepaop, ae pe⨩  ..
      Oepaop ypae  e  oceoaeoc  oe.
Heoope oepaop ypae (apep,   GOTO,   RETURN    CYCLE)
poco epea   ypaee  pyoy  oepaopy,   c  oopoo ae
pooaec oee.  pye oepaop ypae (ae a  IF,
CASE    LOOP)   c  cpyyp묨,  o aa paeee
oepaop  py  ycooo ce.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
6.1. Oepaop oa poeyp.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
⪠  楤(ᯨ᮪ ࠬ஢)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      Oepaop oa  poeyp  ae   poeypy.    poeyp,
acae ooaee,    o   aa a e a apaep
oepaopa PROC  cpyype MAP; o ocac oepaopo PROCEDURE.
Cco apaepo oepaopa oa poeyp ec eoae,
o oe   cooecoa  opay  cca  apaepo   aeo
poeyp oepaopa   PROCEDURE.   poeyp  x apaep oca 
ae 2  "Oepaop PROCEDURE".
      Cyecy a   a   poeyp:    Hacae   ooaee
poeyp a稭ac c oepaopa PROCEDURE  oc a  apaep
oepaopa PROC  cpyype MAP.
      oee poeyp cpoe   CLARION  e  aac
 cpyype MAP.
      co oex poeyp:
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
ACCEPT  BUFFER  COPY     GET     NEXT      PRINT     RUN        SHARE
ADD     BUILD   CREATE   HELP    NORMAL    PUT       SCROLL     SHOW
ALERT   CACHE   DELETE   HOLD    OPEN      RECOVER   SELECT     SKIP
ALIAS   CALL    DISPLAY  IDLE    OUT       RELEASE   SET        SQRT
APPEND  CHAIN   EMPTY    IN      PACK      REMOVE    SETCLOCK   STOP
ASK     CLEAR   ENHANCE  LOCK    PALETTE   RENAME    SETCURSOR  STREAM
BEEP    CLOSE   ERASE    LOGOUT  PEEK      RESTART   SETHUE     TYPE
BLANK   COLOR   FLUSH    LOOK    POKE      REVERSE   SETPATH    UNLOCK
BLINK           FREE             PREVIOUS  ROLLBACK  SETTODAY   UPDATE
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
6.2. Oepaop GOTO.
           
ea1 GOTO ea2

      Oepaop GOTO epeae ypaee c ooo oepaopa a pyo.
Oepaop c   eo  2 oec oce GOTO,  oeeoo eo 1.
Mea 1 ec eoaeo oepaopo  eo  oepaopa  GOTO,
ea 2   oa   oepaopo eo pyoo oepaopa  paee
CODE o e popa,  poeyp,  y樨  oao popa.
Oepaop GOTO  e o e epeaa ypaee  oao popa
(o eae EXIT)   popa, poeyp  y樨 (o ea
RETURN  RESTART).
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
6.3. Oepaop DO.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
ea 1 DO ea2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      Oepaop DO  peec    oe  oao poeyp.
oaa poeypa oc oepaopo ROUTINE  oeaec   oe

                               - 40 -
popa, poeyp     y樨.  Oepaop DO epeae ypaee
oepaopy ROUTINE,    oeeoo  eo  2.    Mea   1   ec
易⥫쭮 ୮ ⪮  DO,  ⪠ 2  
୮ ⪮    ROUTINE  ⮩  ணࠬ,  楤
 㭪樨.
      oaa poeypa aepaec p oe  oepaopa  EXIT
 oc⨦e    oa  oao  poeyp.   oaa  poeypa
aepaec py oepaopo ROUTINE, oepaopo FUNCTION  oo
cxooo aa.  Koa popaa aepaec, ypaee opaaec
oepaopy, ceyey   oce  aeo  oepaopa  DO.   Oepaop
ROUTINE oe  oe oo oepaopo DO.
      "aee "  popay  po    opay      popa,
poeyp, y樨. Oepaope e⪨  popae c "e-
"  oepaopo GOTO e popa.  Ta e opao, oepaope
e⪨ e   cpyyp  poeyp c "e묨"  oepaopo
GOTO yp poeyp.  Oao popaa oe a (DO)   pyy
oay poeypy (ROUTINE).
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
6.4. Oepaop EXIT.
      Oepaop EXIT oe oc oo    oao  poeype.
EXIT opaae   ypaee oepaopy,  ceyey oce aeo
oepaopa DO.  EXIT ec e oae,  ..  o aoaec
coae oopo  oe poeyp.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
6.5.  IF.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
ea IF oecoe paee 1
      THEN
         epaop (oc, ec paee 1 c⨭o)
      ELSIF oecoe paee 2
      THEN
         Oepaop (oc, ec paee 2 c⨭o)
      ELSE
         e (믮,᫨  ࠦ )
      END
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      Oepaop IF   oe  pyy  oepaopo    acoc  o
yco ooo     oee  oecx  pae.   Oepaop  IF  
oceye oepaop     aac  cpyypo  IF.   Cpyypa  IF
aa稢aec oo  oepaopo END. ELSIF (oaa騩 " ae
ec ELSIF"),  THEN  ELSE c paeeﬨ oepaopo, oope
e cpyypy IF a py oepaopo.
      Cpyypa IF   coco  :   oepaopa  IF  c  eo  oec
paee   oepaopo  py  THEN;  oceyx  eoaex
ELSIF c    oec  paeﬨ    oepaop묨  pya  THEN;
oceye eoaeo  oepaopo  pyo  ELSE.   Oepaopa
pya THEN   oec,  ec c⨭o caoe c e IF  ELSIF
oecoe paee-"ࠢ".
      Oepaopa pya  ELSE  oec,   ec e a oea
oepaopa pya THEN.
      Cpyypa IF  oe  e oe oeco ELSIF,  o acy
oo ELSE.  oce oe oo   oepaopx  py  ypae
epeaec  cpyyp IF,  a opao oec e oee oo
oepaopo py.  Paee THEN eoaee,  ec  oecoe
paee    oepaopa  pya  THEN paec oo cpo 
oo c ao.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               

                               - 41 -
6.6. Cpyypa CASE.
  
ea CASE paee 1
      OF paee 2
         epaop (oc, ec pae 2 pao 1)
      OROF <paee 3>
         epaop (oc, ec pae 2  3 pa 1)
      ELSE
         epop (oc, ec e pae pax 1)
      .
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      Oepaop CASE  oe  pyy  oepaopo,   acoc o
ae pae.    Oepaop  CASE  c   ocey騬   oepaopa
aac cpyypo   CASE.   Cpyypa CASE aepaec oo 
oepaopo END.  OF,  OROF (ooaa騩 " p")   ELSE  c
paeeﬨ oepaopa,   oope pae cpyypy CASE a py
oepaopo.
      Cpyypa CASE  coco  oepaopa CASE c CASE-paee; a
oop묨 cey oepaope py OF  ELSE,   caaa  oec
paee CASE,   ae oec aoe paee OF  OROF.  Ec
aee pae   OF     OROF   pao   pae   CASE,    o
cooecya oepaopa   pya  oec.   Ec   oa 
oepaopx py OF  OR e  oec,   o  cec  (ec
peyec) oepaopa      pya  ELSE.   Boec  oo  oa
oepaopa pya - OF  ELSE.  OF oe  ep paeee
oepaopo, a     ELSE  (ec  peec)   oe    oce
oepaop paeee  cpyype CASE.
      Oepaope py   OF      OROF   aepac   cpyyp묨
paeeﬨ OF    ELSE    oo  cpyyp  CASE.   Ta  a
paee OROF    e  aepae  peecyy  pyy  oepaopa,
ypaee "aae"   a  oepaopy  pyy   OROF.    OROF   aco
peec     oye  ooex  coae    py
oepaopa OF,  a opao oepaopa pya "OF 1 OROF 2 OROF  3"
oac ,  ec  aee CASE 뫨 1,2  3.  Oepaop OF c
OROF oy  aca a o e cpoe  oa o pyo.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
6.7. Cpyypa EXECUTE.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
ea EXECUTE paee
         oepaop 1
         oepaop 2
         oepaop ...
         oepaop n
      .
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      Oepaop EXECUTE  oe ece oepaop  acoc
o ae pae.   Oepaop  EXECUTE    oceye  oepaop
aac cpyypo  EXECUTE.  Cpyypa EXECUTE aepaec oo
 oepaopo END.
      Oepaop, ceye  a  oepaopo  EXECUTE,   yepyc  o
ooo o "n".  Ec aee pae pao ee, o oec
oepaop 1.    Ec  aee  pae  pao y,  o oec
oepaop a  a aee.  Ec aee pae ee e 
oee "n", o oepaop  cpyype e oec.
      B cpyype EXECUTE oe pec o oepaop,   oao,
aoee aco  yopec GOTO,  DO  oepaop oa poeyp.
Cpyypa EXECUTE    GOTO   oxoa   a   ON...GOTO   a   ec,
GOTO...DEPENDING ON  Kooa  ceoo GOTO oppa.  Cpyypa
EXECUTE, cocoa   oepaopo DO,  oxoa a ON...GOSUB  eca.
Ec cpyypa (CASE, EXECUTE, IF  LOOP) ec ac cpyyp
EXECUTE, oa paccapaec a ece oepaop.

                               - 42 -
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
6.8. Cpyypa LOOP.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
opa 1:   ea LOOP
                    epaop
                 .
           
opa 2:   ea LOOP e稪 TIMES
                    epaop
                 .
           
opa 3:   ea LOOP I = cxooe aee TO pee BY a
                    epaop
                 .
           
opa 4:   ea LOOP UNTIL oecoe paee
                    epaop
                 .
           
opa 5:   ea LOOP WHILE oecoe paee
                    epaop
                 .
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      Oepaop LOOP peec  oopeoc oe  py
oepaopo. Oepaop    LOOP   ceye a  oepaop aac
cpyypo LOOP.  Cpyypa LOOP aepaec  oo    oepaopo
END. B    cpyype  LOOP  oepaop  CYCLE  epeae ypaee aa
oepaopy LOOP,    a  oepaop  BREAK  epeae  ypaee    LOOP
cpyyp. Ka    poxo  epe  cpyypy  LOOP aaec ee
横a.
      opa 1  oepaopa  LOOP  pecae caoe pocoe pee
横a. a 横 ecye o ex op, oa e pepec oepaopo
BREAK  eaeco oepaopa.
      opa 2  LOOP  peaaea    opaa樨   横a,    oa
ype ce稪 横o e pec paee .  Ce稪 -
cec epe a xoee  横  oe    opoa
oepaopa yp  横a.  Ec paee pao  ee y 横
aepaec.
      opa 3  ycaaae  a  epeeo 横a ocpeco cep
ae. I    aaec  epeeo  横a    oa    eo
ceo epeeo.    Cpyypa  LOOP  oe  横  p ao
ae epeeo 横a,  a稭a c pae    ,
ye稢a eo  a paee  o ex op,  oa  e ye oe,
e paee peea ( ooeoo pae )  ee,
e pee ( opaeoo ).  epeeo 横a pcaaec
cxooe aee o epoo poxoa o  横y;  oo  cpaaec  c
pee aee  o aoo 横a; ppaee a  oec
oce aoo 横a.  Bpae  cxooe  aee,   pee    a
oc a pa,  oa a x ccac. Ec a oycaec,
o caec, o o pae ee.
     op 4  5 c yco묨 横a. oecoe paee -
cec o aoo 横a,   a  cpyypa  LOOP  oec,   ec
aee oecoo pae p LOOP WHILE (c⨭o)   LOOP UNTIL
(oo). B ope 3 paee ,  a  opax  4    5  oece
pae poepc   a  ep設e  横a.   o apapye ,  o
oepaop  cpyype  横a  e  yy  oc,   ec  yco
aepe ye c⨭.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               

                               - 43 -
6.9. Oepaop CYCLE.

ea CYCLE

      Oepaop CYCLE oe pec oo  cpyype LOOP. CYCLE
aepae eyee oopee 横a    epeae  ypaee  aa  
ep設e 横a. B o oe ce稪 (ec o ec) ye稢ac a
aee aa   poepc  yco  aepe  (ec  peyec).
Oepaop CYCLE pocppoa  peyx pepax LOOP.

6.10. Oepaop BREAK.

ea BREAK

      Oepaop BREAK oe pec oo  LOOP cpyype. BREAK
aepae eyee oopee  横a    epeae  ypaee  epoy
oepaopy oce   cpyyp  LOOP.  Oepaop BREAK pocppoa 
peyx pepax LOOP.


6.11. Oepaop RETURN.

ea RETURN(paee)

      Oepaop RETURN   epeae   ypaee   aa     popay,
poeypy    y    oy  opaa.   Bopa    "ocoo
poeyp" aepae popay. Ocoa poeypa popa coep
ep oe   oepaop  popa.    epoaao   ocoo
poeypo ec CODE ce popa PROGRAM, o a poeypa
oe  ooaea a ocoa poeypa oepaopo RESTART.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
6.12. Oepaop RESTART.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
ea RESTART(poeypa)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      Oepaop RESTART   epeaycae   popay      poeyp,
aao apaepo poeypa.
      poecc epeayca ae epeopeeee ocoo poeyp
popa, a  ae epeay ypae epoy oepaopy ce樨 CODE
oo ocoo  poeyp.   Ocoa  poeypa  popa  ec
poeypo, oopa   coep ep oe oepaop popa.
popaa aepaec   oee  oepaopa  RETURN      ocoo
poeype. B    cxoo  ooe  CODE  ce  PROGRAM ec
ocoo poeypo.
      apaep    opeee   oy   ocoy   poeypy.
apaep    oe    eo  oepaopa  PROCEDURE   
PROGRAM. Ec    apaep    oye,   ocoa poeypa e
eec,   popaa oopo aycaec opeeeo    a
oe ocoo poeyp.
      popaa epeayca e  apyae  oop  popay    e
occaaae coepa   epeex.  RESTART oece稢ae 
xo oex poeypx oo.
      apaep e  oy    epea   RESTART poeypy.  Ec
poeypa ee ae-o apaep, o oeac a epeae 
oy  poepe p oo y樨 OMITTED.
       epeayca popa oce  oa  RESTART  c  poeypo
oe RESTART  c eo oepaopa PROGRAM (ec ea oyea,  o
epec ya稢aeoe  cxooo aa).
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               

                               - 44 -
6.13. Oepaop STOP.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
ea STOP (cooee)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      Oepaop STOP   pocaaae   oee   popa   
oa. B    popaax,   oex  poeccopo,   oepaop STOP
oopaae oo oa稪a (DEBUGGER)  poeccopa.  apaep 
ec eoae   cpoo  paee,  oopoe oc 
oe oa稪a.
     Oo oa稪a  coye  䠩  .SYM,oop  coep ay
coo oopa  oecee coecx  cco  o  pe
oa. Ec    a  .SYM  e  ae,   o oepaop STOP aepae
popay  o apaep   oe ocaoa (HALT).
     B popaax, oex cceo c peee pooa (CRUN) 
pacp㥬  popa,  oex  DOS, oepaop  STOP  o
  oe aepe <STOP>.
     Ec apaep  oyeo,  o oo ocaoa  oa稪a
ycaaae "NO REASON GIVEN" (e yaaa p稭a).
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
6.14. Oepaop CALL.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
ea CALL(popaa)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      Oepaop CALL oe pyy CLARION popay. B popaax,
pooex poeccopo    cceo  c  peee  pooa  (CRUN),
oepaop CALL   apae  ce  a  acae opaee a
popa  a,  aa &Tx.tmp aoee  cpao筨a  eyx
ace   e⢨.  ae CALL apyae  oe pyy popay
 occaaae a &Tx.tmp,   o pe  a  poeccop  ocaec
pee. apaep    ec  epeeo   cpooo
ocao, coepae    aae  aeo   popa.    Bcea
oycae pacpee,    a  a  poeccop  ye  opayea  
aece eo   .PRO,   a  pacpoaa  popaa  opayeaec
coaco paa DOS.  Ec apa訢ae a poeccopa e ae,
o popaa aepaec c ae cooe o o訡e.
      B pacp㥬  popae,   oeo  DOS,  oepaop CALL
apae ce a,  acae opaee a  a &Tx.tmp  
ey e   aaoe    eo  e⢨    opaae a oepaoo
ccee. ae    CALL  apyae  oa   cpoo   poeccop,
opeee epeeo   cpe  COMSPEC,     oe apaep a
oay DOS.  Koa popaa aa稢aec, RUN oocaaae a
&Tx.tmp.B pacpoax     popaax   oepaop   CALL    RUN
oao.
      a,ape oepaopo    CALL,     e   opac   o
aoaec. a, oope eoxoo op, o  op
o.
      a, ope oepaopo SHARE,  o oopo  opac
oo oepaopo SHARE.  ac X e aa &Tx.tmp  OT 00
o 65535  oye yaoo e aa  aoo  oepaopa
RUN. oce occaoe aa &Tx.tmp, o cpaec.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
6.15. Oepaop CHAIN.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
ea CHAIN (popaa)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      Oepaop CHAIN aepae popay  oe pyy popay
CLARION. B   popaax,   oex  poeccopo    cceo  c
peee pooa    (CRUN),   oepaop  CHAIN  aepae  opay  
oe pyy popay,   oa  poeccop  ocaec  pee.
apaep (popa)    ec epeeo  cpooo ocao,

                               - 45 -
coepae ce䨪a aa   ao  poeccopa    popa,
oopa oa     oea.  Bcea oycae pacpee,  ..
poeccop ye opayea  aece eo .PRO,  a popaa 㤥
࠭᫨஢ coaco   paa  OC.   Ec  apa訢ae  a
poeccopa e ae,  o popaa aepaec cooee o o訡e.
      B pacp㥬x  popaax,   oex OC,  oepaop CHAIN
peye pee CHAIN.COM.  Oepaop  CHAIN  aepae  popay,
opaae a   oepaoo  ccee   cooae CHAIN.COM,  o
o. ae    CHAIN  apyae  oa  cpo   poeccop,
opeee epeeo  cpe COMSPEC  oe apaep popa
a oay DOS.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
6.16. Oepaop RUN.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
ea RUN (oaa)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      Oepaop RUN oe oay DOS.  apaep   ec
epeeo cpooo ocao  cpoo paee,  coepa騬
oay DOS.  Koaa oec,  a yo  oa  a  eea  a
oay cpoy   DOS,   ae  ypaee opaaec popae a
oepaop, cey騩 a oepaopo RUN.
      Oepaop RUN apae ce a, acae opaee a
popa  a,  aa STx.tmp  ey騩 aao  eo e  
opaae oy ac o a oepaoo ccee.  ae RUN
apyae oa  cpoo  poeccop,   opeee  epeeo
cpe COMSPEC  oe oay cpoy. Koa oaa aepaec,
RUN occaaae a ST.xtmp  oooe oee popa.
o a, ap oepaopo RUN, oe  oopo op.
      a, ope oepaopo SHARE.  o  oopo op
oo oepaopo SHARE.
      ac X e aa  &Tx.tmp  appye  o  00  o  65535  
oecee yaoo e aa  aoo oepaopa RUN.  oce
occaoe a &Tx.tmp cpaec.
      poeccopy eoxoo  opaa  y e a,  o o oa.
Ec &Tx.tmp  e  oe    ae    apye,   o  popaa
aepaec c     ae   cooe.   Ec  peea  popaa
ocya a apyaec oao DOS,  o  &Tx.tmp  e  oe
 epeapye a o e eco  popaa oa aepac.

                               - 46 -
7.     .
      B ao ae oca oepaop  y樨,  oope poo
    eooop    a a  䨧ec ycpoc⢠.
Beooop ocoﭭo ce稢ae coepoe eoa a cee 
25 cpo     80 coo.  Beoa coep a aa ax 
ao o樨 a oope (ceo 4000 ao). O a eoa
coep co, oop oe  cee, a pyo a coep
eoapy, oop  opeee e, ae, oepae  ..
      T.. eooop  ooec  eocpeceo o eoa,
ae oy  aca  ca c  eoa.   Oopaaee
co  eoapy apecyc c oo o樨 cpo  coa
a oope.
      Ka ec   xo   ycpoco,    oopoe  뤠
cocoﭨe,     xooe oe.  Bo pe ca o c
a ,    o a eooope oa  opeeea a
opao, o  oe oo ce稢ac o epe eo oa. B ae 8
ac oepaop  y樨, ocae  opaaae cxe paa
a cpyyp ax, coepae epeee  o.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
7.1. epaop aayp  oopa.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
7.1.1. epaop SHOW.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
ea SHOW(cpoa, coe, paee, ao).
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      Oepaop SHOW   opapye   apaep   "ࠦ"   coaco
apaepy "蠡"     acae  peypyy  cpoy a o
eooopa, opeeey apaepa "ப"  "⮫".
     apaep "ப",  "⮫"  "ࠦ" c ce묨
paeﬨ. apaep  "蠡"  ec  ooaee  aoa  
e⪨ oepaopa   STRING,   oop  pee  ooaee aoa 
aece apaepa. (Ooae aoa ac  ae 3).
     "ࠦ" -  eceo  eoxo apaep; oao ae
ey apaepa "ப",  "⮫"  "ࠦ"  eoxo  
oo, o  oaa,  ae apaep oye. Ec oye apaep
"ப", o  o ycaaaec pa ae ocee cc뫪  a
"ப". Ec    oye  apaep  "⮫",  o o ycaaaec
pa ae ocee cc뫪 a "⮫".  Ec oye  apaep
"蠡", o  "paee",  ec eoxoo, peopayec  cpoy 
eo oopaaec a pae.  Ec apaep "ப"  "⮫"
xo a   pee  aaoa,   oepaop  SHOW oppyec.  Ec
peypya cpoa   e  oeaec  a  oo  cpoe,   o   oa
yceaec.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
7.1.2. Oepaop LOOK.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
ea LOOK(cpoa, coe, epeea, ao).
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      Oepaop LOOK  cae cpyyppoay opa (coaco
apaepa "蠡"), a稭a c eooopa,  o樨, opeeeo
apaepa "ப"  "⮫",  epecae peya  apaepy
"epeea".
      apaep "ப"  "⮫" c ce paee, a
apaep "६" ec eo ceo epeeo.  apaep
"蠡" ec   ooaee aoa  eo oepaopa STRING,
oop coye   ooaee  aoa      aece   apaepa.
(Ooae aoa o'cc  ae 3).
      apaep "६"     "蠡"   c   ece묨
eoxo묨   apaepa,      oao,   ae  ey  "ப",
"⮫殬"  "६"  eoxo,     oo,   o  oaa

                               - 47 -
opo oyex  apaepo.  Ec apaep "ப" oye,  o o
ycaaaec pa ae ocee cc뫪 a  "ப".   Ec
oye apaep   "⮫",   o  o ycaaaec pa ae
ocee cc뫪 a "⮫". Ec "ப"  "⮫" xo a
pee aaoa, o oepaop LOOK oppyec.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
7.1.3. Oepaop BLANK.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
ea BLANK(epa cpoa, ep coe, cpo, co)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      Oepaop BLANK   oppye   a    e  poyo쭨a  a
eooope. apaep  "epa cpoa"  "ep coe" c
ce묨 paeﬨ,    oope opee o epxeo eoo
ya poyo쭨a.    apaep  "cpo"     "co"   c
ce묨 paeﬨ,      oope   opee   coy    py
poyo쭨a. Oyee   axoec  e  aaoa  apaep
ycaaac pa묨 e譨 aap o (paoc) oopa
(1,1, 25, 80).
      Ec ye  e  eco a⨢ eoapy (ycaoe c
oo SETHIE),  o ye aca   eoa    ay  o
poyo쭨a. o poecc ee e pae poyo쭨a 
ooo ee.   Ec  a⨢oo  eoapya  e  cyecye,   o
eoapy  eoa e oppepyc.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
7.1.4. Oepaop SCROLL.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      STROLL(epa cpoa, ep coe, cpo, co, ce稪)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      Oepaop SCROLL  epeeae  poyo  yaco  a pae.
apaep "epa cpoa"  "ep coe" opee epx e
yo poyo쭨a. apaep "cpo"  "co" opee coy
 py poyo쭨a.  Oyee    axoec  e  aaoa
apaep ycaaac pa묨 e譨 paepoc oopa (1,1,
25,80).
      SCROLL oyae  eoceoe  aee  apaepa "ce稪"
 opeee   apae     paccoﭨ   poecca   popy⪨.
Acooe aee   ce稪a  ycaaae  oeco  cpo,  a
oopoe ye epeee poyo쭨.  a e cea opeee
apaee.
      ooea ea cea oe popyy cy-epx,   o
ec ae   a  pae    peeax  poyo쭨a yy ac
epx, oa  epxe cpo e cey,  a y e oc  yce
cpo.
      Opaea ea cea oe popyy cepxy-,   o
ec ae   a pae yy ac ,  c ceoee x
cpo  oee aepxy ycx cpo.  Ec apaep e cea
oye    opeee e ae aaoa,  poecc opayeae
popyy a oy cpoy cy-epx.
      poeypa SCROLL epeeae a ae,  a  apy paa.
Apy epxeo eoo ya poyo쭨a  opeee  apy  o
oac, oopa paccapaec a poyo쭨.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
7.1.5. Oepaop ASK.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
opa 1:   ea ASK
opa 2:   ea ASK(cpoa, coe, epeea, ao)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      Oepaop ASK  cae  a  px     epeey   c
aayp. opa    1  oepaopa  ASK  oae  aa eceo

                               - 48 -
a. Ka   o  aao  a  opaaec  p  oo
y樨 KEYCODE(). (c. poee B  ax oo Clarion).
      opa 2 oepaopa ASK e,  oa e eec oe.   apaep
"cpoa"    "coe"  c  ce묨 paeﬨ,  a apaep
"epeea" ec ee epeeo.  apaep "ao"  ec
ooaee aoa    e⪨ oepaopa STRING,  oop pee
ooaee ao    aece   apaepa   (ooae   aoa
occ  ae 3).
      apaep   "epeea"   opapyec   coaco    apaepy
"ao"  acaec   a eooop  ea⨢o opae a
opeeee "cpoy"  "coe".  Bce稢aec ypcop    oepaop
ASK oae,oa oepaop ee opa.  Koa oe eeo, eo
epeca "epeeo".
      Ec oye  apaep  "cpoa",   o o ycaaaec pa
ae ocee   cc뫪  a  cpoy.   Ec  oycaec  apaep
"coe", o  o ycaaaec pa ae ocee cc뫪 a
coe.
      Ec apaep  "cpoa"   "coe" axoc e aaoa,
o oepaop ASK poycaec.
      oe aepaec aae a Enter. ceoe oe (oe c
ce aoo)  oe ae aepac  ye  aa  a
gray c  gray yc.  opeee ooex a oe
 cooa   oepaop  ALERT.   y  KEYCODE()   opaae
eo o ooeo a.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
7.1.6. Oepaop ALERT.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
opa 1:   ea ALERT(o a)
opa 2:   ea ALERT( o a, epx o a)
opa 3:   ea ALERT
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      Oepaop ALERT  opeee  a  peo.   Kaa peo
aepae oepaop ASK e oppepo apaepa epeeo  aep
- ae  oepaop ACCEPT e oppepo USE epeeo  poep
apya REQ (oop paccapaec  ae  8).   Ka  peo
pec  oe poeyp o apocy c aayp.
      B ope 1 apaep oa a opee ecey  ay
pe- o.  B ope 2 apaep "eo oa a"  "epxeo oa
a" opee   e  aao  a  peo  (aao
ae " o a"  "epx o a").  opa 3 oee
ce a oooc.  Moe  opeeeo  o  o  16  a
peo    aaoo  a peo; oa oceye oepaop
ALERT (poe op 3) oppyc.
      a aa  c  oo  a  oe    ae  peo,
oao, eoope  a e apeee ae  oa o
 x ceye ea.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
7.1.7. Oepaop ALIAS.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
ea ALIAS(a o, o a o)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      Oepaop ALIAS ee a o, oop eeppyec p
aa⨨ a. Kao ae  oa樨 a (apep, shift-
F1, Alt=A      Ctrl-END)   pcoe  a o,  epece 
"Tae ax oo"  poe B.  apaep "a  o",
oop opeee  ay,  oopa oa  aeea,  ec
ce paee,  coepa騬 aee aoo oa  a
Kax oo.    Ec  e  axoc cooecyee aee,  o
oepaop ALIAS oppyec.  apaep "o a o" ec

                               - 49 -
o aee   aoo  oa,   oop  oe  coa p
aa⨨ a.
      apaep "a  o" cea yaae a cxooe aee
aoo oa a.  Ceoaeo,  oee oepaopa  ALIAS
a  ooo  oo e apaepa "a o" e pae o
ae apaep "o a o".
      apaep "o a o" e oe coaa co aee
aoo oa  Tae ax oo.  ae ax  oo
o 700   o  999  e apec,  x coy a oe ae
o.   oo,   o  epea  o  a  o  c  oo
oepaopo ASK        ACCERT,    o   oe     oeoa  
oceoaeoc oepaopa ALERT.
           
7.1.8. Oepaop HELP.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
opa 1:   ea HELP( aa, e䨪aop oa)
opa 2:   ea HELP(e䨪aop oa)
opa 3:   ea HELP( aa)
opa 4:   ea HELP
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      Oepaop HELP  opae help a,  a⨢pye help oo 
ce稢ae .  apaep " aa", coepa騩 ce䨪a aa
 help   aa,   ec  cpooo  ocao    epeeo.
apaep "e䨪aop   oa",   oop  opeee  help  oo  
peeax help   aa  ec  cpooo  ocao  epeeo
o o oc쬨 ao.
      Help a coep help oa,  oope coa y⨫o Helper.
Bo pe oe oepaopa ASK  ACCEPT a⨢oe help oo oe
 ceeo ye aa a F1(a "help"). Oopeeo
oe  op oo o help a  a⨢poao oo  oo
help oo.
      opa 1  oepaopa  HELP  opae  opeee  help   a,
a⨢pye opeeeoe    oo    ae.   opa  2  a⨢pye
opeeeoe help oo  opo  help  ae.   opa  3  opae
opeee help   a.   opa  4  oopaae  a⨢oe  help oo
opoo help aa.
      op 1   2 HELP oo pec c oepaopo ASK.  opa 1
opeee help oo   epoo  o  ASK;  ae  opa  ee
a⨢oe help    oo    ceyx  oe  ASK.   opa  3  oo
peec c oepa- opo ACCEPT    opeee  help  aa  
aea paa.  Apy HLP (cop "Apy HLP"  ae 8)  SCREEN
cpyype opeee a⨢oe help oo.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
7.1.9. Oepaop IDLE.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
opa 1:   ea IDLE( poeyp, paeee)
opa 2:   ea IDLE()
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      opa 1 oepaopa IDLE (oae,  poco) yaae poeypy
oa, oopa  aec  o pe a oepaop ASK    ACCEPT
oa aa ex co. apaep "aae poeyp" ec
eo oepaopa PROCEDURE,  a ae apaepo  oepaopa  cpyyp
MAP. (a    apaep  "aae  poeyp" e oe axoc 
cpyype OVERLAY).
      apaep "paeee" ec e co, oopoe opeee
aoe pe oa (  ceyax)   ey  oa  poeyp
IDLE. o    apaep  oe    oe  pae ee.  Ec
apaep "paeee" oye,   o  opayeaec,   o  o  pae
ee.

                               - 50 -
      opa 2 oepaopa IDLE po  accoe cocoﭨe poeypy
IDLE, a, o poeypa IDLE e ae ASK  ACCEPT.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
7.1.10. Oepaop SETCURSOR.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
opa 1:   ea SETCURSOR(ப, coe)
opa 2:   ea SETCURSOR
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
     opa 1 oepaopa SETCURSOR ycaaae yaae a  o,
opeeey apaepa "cpoa"  "ooa".
     Oepaop SETCURSOR coyec    oopoa  xox
ax, acax    a  ycpoco CON (eooop).  Kpoe oo,
xoe ae oy    aca  a  CON  c  oo  popa,
ayex oepaopo   RUN,   ye  ac    a DOS c apyo
NAME("CON")     ye  ea   cpyyp   REPORT   c   apyo
DEVICE("CON").
     opa 2 oepaopa SETCURSOR 몫ae ypcop.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
7.1.11. Oepaop TYPE.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
ea TYPE(cpoa)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      Oepaop TYPE acae "cpoo"  apaep  a  caapoe
ycpoco oa   (STDOUT).  STDOUT ec ycpoco CON,  ec
oo o     e      opepoa.    cpoco   CON   ec
eooopo. Cpoo    apaep  ec cpooo ocao,
epeeo  paee.
      Co oc  a  oope    eye  o樨  ypcopa.
o ypcopa oe  opeeea c oo oepaopa  SETCURSOR.
      cpoco CON  pacoae  co  opaa ape⪨,  epeo
cpo, opoay  ay  co opaa a oy o.
Co epeoa cpo, ocae a ycpoco CON, yy opee
o ypcopa a ceye cpoe  o  ex  op,   oa  ypcop  e
oc⨣e 25- cpo, o aca cpo c 1 o 25 epeecc a
oy cpoy.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
7.2. Beo-apye oepaop.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
7.2.1. Oepaop SETHUE.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
opa 1:   ea SETHUE(epe o, a o, paa)
opa 2:   ea SETHUE
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      Oepaop SETHUE (ycaoa oea) ஫, yy  e
a eoapya epecac a eoa.  apaep "epe
o", "a    o"    "paa"  c ce묨 oca묨
paeﬨ, oope coepa o eoapyo.
      a eoapyo  coepa  pexa o ea epeeo
oa, pex  o ea aeo oa,  epa   yce
poc.     epa,   yce  poc  ea epeeo oa
o'e  coa apaepa "epe o", oop oe 
 aaoe   o  0 o 31.  apaep "a o" oe axoc 
aaoe o 0 o 7,  a apaep "paa" oe   aaoe o
1 o 15. (c. "Ko eoapyo"  ao ae  oca oo
eoapyo).
      opa 1 SETHUE a⨢pye a eoapya,  a opeeeo
apaepa "epe o"  "a  o".   oceye  apaep,
oope epeca  co  eoa,  ae epeca a⨢
a eoapya   a  cooecyy  o   eapya   

                               - 51 -
eoa. Heoae    apaep "pa" eeeo ee
eoapy, pee  eooopo  coe pa. (paa
- o oac cea o coa 1, a cpoo 1, cpaa o coa 80
 o po 25). "epe o"  "a o" oy  oye, o
ec opeee   o,  o oe  opeee  py.  Opee
"pay", o  oyc⨢ "epe o"    "a  o",     oo
e pay.
      opa 2  SETHUE  ea⨢pye  a  eoapya  a,   o
oceye oepaop,  oope epeca co  eoa,  e
e eoapy  eoa.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
7.2.2. epaop BLINK.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
ea BLINK
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      Oepaop BLTNK opye a⨢ eoapy, ycaaa
 epa. oceye co, acae a eoope, yy
epa. Oepaop  NORMAL occaaae o a⨢oo eoapya
o eo   ae,  ycaoeoo oce oepaopo SETHUE.  Ec
SETHUE e  oe, oepaop BLINK oppyec.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
7.2.3. Oepaop ENHANCE.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
ea ENHANCE
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      Oepaop ENHANCE   (ycee  poc)   opye  a⨢
eoapy, ycao   co    poc.   oceye  co,
acae  eo- a,  yy e oey poc. Oepaop
NORMAL occaaae o a⨢oo eoapya o  eo  ae,
ycaoeoo oce   oepaopo  SETHUE.   Ec  SETHUE  e 
oe, oepaop ENHANCE .
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
7.2.4. Oepaop REVERSE.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
ea REVERSE
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      Oepaop REVERSE  opye  a⨢   eoapy   ye
ee o  eoc epeeo  aeo oa.   epa 
oe poc e ec.  oceye co,  acae  
eoa, yy ce稢ac  ea⨢o eoopae.
     Ta a  epa  oe poc e ee,   REVERSE
e oaeo   ee  ceee    cee  ea  epeeo 
aeo oo.  Hapep,  ea⨢ e a ce  opaye  po
oyo a   opeo.   (e  ec  ope c oeo
poc a po oyo - oy c oeo poc).
     Oepaop NORMAL  occaaae  o a⨢oo eoapya o
eo ae, ycaoeoo oce oepaopo SETHUE. Ec SETHUE
e  oe, o oepaop REVERSE oppyec.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
7.2.5. epaop NORMAL.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
ea NORMAL
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      Oepaop NORMAL  occaaae o a⨢oo eoapya o
eo ae,  ycaoeoo oce  oepaopo  SETHUE.   NORMAL
"aypye" BLINK,   ENHANSE  REVERSE.  Ec oepaop SETHUE e 
oe, oepap NORMAL oppyec.
           

                               - 52 -
7.2.6. Oepaop COLOR.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
ea COLOR (epa cpoa, ep coe, cpo, co)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      Oepaop COLOR  acae  a⨢  eoapy  SETHUE   a
ay o   poyo쭨a  a eooope.  apaep "epa
cpoa"  "ep coe" opee epx e yo  poyo-
a. apaep    "cpo"    "co"  opee coy  py
poyo쭨a. Ec  apaep oye  axoc e  aaoa,
o o   ycaaac  cooec⢨ c e譨 paepa oopa
(1,1,25,80).
     COLOR pacpa訢ae  poyo쭨  a  oope,   a  oepaop
BLANK, o   e  poycae  co  ce.   Ec  e  a⨢oo,
ycaoeoo SETNUE eoapya, oepaop COLOR oppyec.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
7.2.7. Ko eoapyo.
      Ko eoapyo  pec      opeee   祭
eoapyo    eoa.   Mooxpoe    ee/paece
aaep coy pae o eoapyo.
      Apye o ooxpooo aaepa:
           
Ko epeeo oa                  Ko aeo oa:
           
0      ep                         0-6 ep
1      e c oepae          7  e
2-7    e
8      Cep
10-15  p e
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      oa 16  oy aeo oa  epa.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      Apye o eoo/paecoo aaepa:
           
0                            8     
1      㡮                     9     ⫮-㡮
2                          10     ⫮-
3      -㡮         11     ⫮-.
                                         -㡮
4                          12     ⫮-
5      ୮-           13     ⫮--
                                         -
6      筥                 14     
7                            15     ન 
           
      Ko aeo oa o  c 0 o 7.
      oae 16  koy epeeo oa  epa.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
7.2.8. Oepaop PALETTE.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
opa 1:   PALETTE
opa 2:   PALETTE(cpoa)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      Oepaop PALETTE    ycaaae    apye    o     
pecae oecx eco  ea eco 䨧ecx eo,
ea a opao oo op ea o pe pooa.
      opa 1  oepaop  PALETTE  opeee  opaoe  oopaee
eo. Hopaoe  oopaee ocao paee  ac,  oaaeo
"Ko eoapyo".
      B ope 2,  cpoo apaep ec  32-ao  ocao
 epeeo,   oopa coyec  aece acca,   oopo
a a coep oep Clarion oa ea (o  0  o  31).   Ko
ea, ycaoee  oepaopo SETHUE,   opeeee apya

                               - 53 -
HUE  SEL,  ye稢ac a ey   coyc  a  oece
ec  cpooo acce.  oceoaee ac a eooop
yy cooa     cooecye    ea        opeee
eoapyo.
      Ec apaep  "cpoa"   coep   oee   32   ao,    o
coyc oo epe 32  x. Ec apaep "cpoa" coep
eee 32 ao,  o poyee a  oe cpo ycaaac
 cooecye ya稢aee ae.
      ea oa o axoc  aaoe o y o  ce,   ,
ceoaeo, oy    cooa  oo  o樨 1..8 cpoooo
acca. Oao    o樨  1..8  cpoooo   acca   oy   
cooa    pecae  oo ea  aaoe o y o
31. Ceoaeo,   o pe pooa oce ye  ce稢ac  
oa ea     aaoe  8..15; 16 ye ac x oa ea 
aaoe 16..23; 24 ye ac  oa  aaoe 24..31.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
7.3. y樨 a/oopa.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
7.3.1. y REFER.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      REFER()
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
       㭪 頥 1 (true) ᫨  ᫥   뫨
ᤥ   0 (false)   ஢.  -
 ,  ᫨       ᨬ    ࠭
㭪 .
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
7.3.2. y KEYCODE.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      KEYCODE()
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      㭪 KEYCODE  頥    ᫥ ⮩  
ࠡ ஢ ACCEPT  ASK. 頥 稭 - 楫.
           
7.3.3. y KEYBOARD.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      KEYBOARD()
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      㭪 KEYBOARD 뤠 楫᫥  ,  ᫨ -
 ᮮ饭     ⨨   p;  p⨢ 砥
뤠 .
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
7.3.4. y FOREHUE.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      FOREHUE(cpoa, coe)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      y FOREHUE opaae o epeeo oa eoapya 
o樨 oopa,    opeeeo  apaepa  "cpoa"  "coe".
opaaeoe aee ec e co  aaoe 0..31.   Ec
"cpoa"  "coe" axoc e aaoa, FOREHUE() opaae 0.
(c. "Ko eoapyo  ao ae).
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
7.3.5. y BACKHUE.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      BACKHUE (cpoa, coe)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      y BACKHUE() opaae o aeo oa eoapya 
o樨 a  oope,  opeeeo apaepa "cpoa"  "coe".
Bopaaeoe aee ec e co  aaoe  0..7.   Ec
"cpoa"  "coe" axoc e aaoa, o BACKHUE() opaae
0 (c. "Ko eoapya"  ao ae).

                               - 54 -
8. Oࠡ⪠ ࠭.
      Cxea paa - o 蠡 ⮡ࠦ coo, apyo
 oe oa, oopaaex a eooope. Cxea paa cyecye
 eoa, oopa ocoﭭo oopaaec a eooope.
      Cpyyp paa Clarion -  oopaee paa   eoa-
. Cpyypa paa coep oepaop, oope oca ⮡ࠦ-
 co, eoapy  xoe o. py 樨 opee-
 ecoooee x ooeo  cxee paa.
      Cpyyp paa Clarion peoaa ecoo peyec. Bo
-epx, cpyypa   paa oe  coppoaa c oo cpec
oppoa ࠭ eaopa Clarion.  Cxea  paa  "pcyec"  a
oope c oo aayp, ae Peaop coae cooecy騩
cxo o. Ta a Peaop oe ca  oopaa cpyypy
paa, o cxe  ocoﭭo e.
      Bo-opx, a a ⮡ࠦ co axoc   eoa-
, o o oy cac a e a  acac. (o coco
coyec oepaopo LOOK,  oca   ae  7).   ⮡ࠦ
ᨬo  cpyype paa ocac a cpooe epeee. Ec
 ᢮ aee  cpooo epeeo,  oopa ocaa yp
a⨢o cpyyp paa, o  oc a eooope - poco
 e⨢ y p paoe c pao.
      B-pex, cpyypa  paa Clarion aoaec oece稢ae
oopoae o  o    o.   Ka  Enter    Cursor  Down
aepa oe  롨pa ceyeee oe  cpyype paa. Ka
Ese    Cursor  Up  occaaa  peeee  aee     롨pa
peyee oe  cpyype paa. Ta opao, oepaop ६-
  o pay p aa⨨ a Enter  Cursor Down    epx  -
p aa⨨   a  Ese    Cursor  Up.  a poecc ypaec
oepaopo ACCEPT,  oop cae o  cpyyp paa.   
ee aae  o a oy pec oepaop ALERT
 ALIAS, o ocao  ae 7.
      B-eepx, cpyyp   paa  oy    cooa  
pecae "oo".  Oo ec  cxeo  paa,   e襩  e
paep paa eooopa.  Oo oec,  oa oo opo,  
ceae, oa ap뢠. Oepaop OPEN aoaec coxpae, a
oepaop CLOSE  aoaec occaaae eoa "a" oo.
      B-x, cpyypa paa oycae peapoae o.  ᫥
o   o oepaop ACCEPT aepaec.  popa oy coepa
oepaop, oope yy a epexo  cooecyy poeypy
peaopa. Oepaop oy ocyec⢫ opo eex ax 
- ec eee ae e ep - aa cooee  o  o訡e  a
ce. Ec    oe  poycaec,   o c- e稢aec aee o
yoa. ,   ec oc oep ac (p), ce稢aec eo
ocae. py    coa,   oe  popa㥬  ec⢨e oe
pac a peya oa oepaopa.
      , aoe,   cpyypa paa Clarion oycae  pax
⨯o oe, o coae coo y⨢ a epec. o
 oy   pa  cpooe e  c ae.  p
oe cpoox ax coy ce a  peapoae  (Ins,
Det, Home,     End  ..)   coy opoay popyy 
paee epeeo,   oopa  ee  coeo  o.   p  oe
cex ax    pooo  epeaec  aa  Num  Lock  
aoaec poycac co aoa.
      Tecooe oe  ocae  oocpoe  oac  opao⪨
xox ax     c⨫e  ecoo   opao⪨.    Tecoe   o
oepac ae     aa   ypae   ypcopo    pee
cpoooo oa,  a ae oece稢a opa co    ep⨪ay
popyy.
      oe e ec cpyypo,  oopa ocae  oe    eo
oyc⨬e xoe     ae.     xoe  ae  aac

                               - 55 -
apaa e.    Oepaop  pee  a  co   cpeo   
ce稢a apaa  e,  ae aae ay ENTER  opa
o e.
      Toeoe oe   ocae   epepec   cae,    oop
epeeaec o   cxee  paa      ep⨪ao,    opoao
apae      poyoo   oe.    epepec  cae
oppyec ce稢ae     o        ao        ea⨢o
eoopae. ae,  a o epepec caee caoc
opo e.  Toee o aco pec  opa  ax  
a, oope ce稢ac a eooope.
      oe ay ce稢ae cooee  oae aa a. Ka
oo 䨪cpyec aae a - cooee ceae.  Bo pep
cooe o ayax:  "Hae Y  oppepo aa"  "Hae
y ay  pooe."
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
8.1. Cpyypa paa.

8.1.1. Oepaop SCREEN.

ea SCREEN
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      Cpyypa SCREEN ocae cxey paa.  Oa ae oepaop
SCREEN, oepaop,   oope cey a ,  aepaec oo 
oepaopo END. Mea oepaopa SCREEN coyec oepaopa CLOSE
 OPEN paa.  C oepaopo SCREEN oy  cooa  apy
WINDOW, AT, PRE  HUE.
      Cpyypa SCREEN coep oepaop,  oope oca co
ce (STRING),  eoapy (PAINT)  xoe o (ENTRY, TEXT,
MENU, POINT   PAUSE).  ooe apy (ROW    COL)   c
paeeﬨ oepaopo (a OF  cpyype CASE), oope yaa
o cpo  coa a eooope.  HUE, BLK, ENH  REV -
c oepaop묨  apya,  oope ycaaa ae ao
eoapya  eoa.
      Cpyypa SCREEN  opaec   caoc a⨢o p oo
oepaopa OPEN, a apaec oepaopo CLOSE. Oopeeo a⨢o
oe    oo  oa  cpyypa  SCREEN.   Bopa  poeyp,
oopa opaa  cpyypy  SCREEN,   aoaec  apae  y
cpyypy SCREEN.    SCREEN  e  apya  WINDOW  (ocaoo e)
aaec "ao pao".  Koa ao pa opaec,   ce
pye ope pa apac.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
8.1.2. Apy WINDOW.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      WINDOW(cpo, co)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      Apy WINDOW  oepaopa  SCREEN opeee,  o cxea paa
ec oo.  Oo ec cxeo paa,  oo  e訬,   e
paep ooo   paa.   B  o⫨e  o  aooo  paa,  oop
apae pye   ope   pa,    oa   opaec,    oo
"pocaaae" a⨢     acoee  pe  pa.  Koa oo
opaec, opa cpyypa SCREEN pocaaaec (caoc
ea⨢o  eocyo), eoa "a" oo coxpaec,  oo
opaec (caoc    a⨢      ocy).    Koa   oo
apaec, eoa  occaaaec, aca oo cea,
a pocaoea cpyypa paa oopo a⨢pyec.
      Ka oo oa opac,  o oc a pyx paax,
 "acy",  oa  o  ape.   co  oox  opx  oo
opaeo eec  a稨 cooo a.
      ce묨 ocaa,  oope oepee paep oa, -

                               - 56 -
c apaep cpo  co. Cpo o coca aao o
1 o 25,  a co o 1 o 80.  Oepaop OPEN  aec  ce稢a
oo a opao, o e aeac cpoa  coe, a oope
a oce cc뫪a.
      Ec o ooo, o oo cec e ocee yoyo
cpo. Ec  e,  o  oo  paecc  e  ocee  yoyo
cpo. Ec    oo  e oe  paeeo e  e ocee
yoyo cpo,  o oo pacoaaec  epe ey ப 1  
25.
      Coe 1 oa oeaec  oce yoy coe.  Ec
oo p o e oeaec a pae,  o oo ye cac eo
o ex op,  oa oce  coe  oa  e  e    coe  80
eooopa. Apy    AT  (oca  e)   oe pec c
apyo WINDOW  "䨪cpoa" oa  o o樨.
      ooe apy  (ocae   ao ae oe)  yp
oa ac ooceo epxeo eoo ya  oa.   Ceoaeo,
ROW (1,1) ec ep coo epo cpo oa - eaco o
o樨 oa   a  eooope.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
8.1.3. Apy AT.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      AT(cpoa, coe)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      Apy AT oe   cooa    coee  c  apyo
WINDOW oepaopa SCREEN  "䨪cpoa" oa  ycaoeo o-
樨. apaep "cpoa"  "coe" c ce묨 ocaa 
epee묨, oope    opee  o cpo  coa epxeo
eoo ya oa. Ec apy AT e peec, oo "aae", a
ocao  "Apy WINDOW"  ao ae.
      Apy AT e e a  ao  pa  (SCREEN  e  apya
WINDOW).

8.1.4. ooe apy.
      Koop coep  ypee    cpo     coo,
oope ycaaa   o  paa    ceyeo  oepaopa 
cpyype SCREEN.  oaop epoaao ycaaac a cpoy 1,
coe 1  oppepyc a oepaopo  cpyype. Ec ep
oepaop ocae cpoy  ec  coo,   o  o  oppepye
oaop  cpo 1,  coa 11. Ec cey騩 oepaop ocae
cpoy  75 ao,  o o ae o訡y, yaaey oopo.
(Cpoa    75  ao  e oeaec a cpoe,  a稭aec a 11
coe).
      ooe apy  ROW    COL  oy   cooa 
ycao oaopo cpo  coo.  B aoo SCREEN cpyype (e
oe), oaop yaa a o a eooope - epx e
yo cooecye cpoe  1,   coy  1,   a    pa  yo
cooecye cpoe 25, co 80.
      B oe (SCREEN c apyo WINDOW) apy ROW  COL opee-
 oaop   ooceo epxeo eoo ya oa.  Ta opao,
ec oo e  ce稢aec    cpoe  1  coa  1  eooopa,
apaep ROW     COL  e  cooecy "䨧ec" oopaa a
eooope. Ceoaeo,   oaop ROW  COL   oe  cac
"oec" oopaa.
      ooe apy ROW  COL c paeeﬨ oepaopa
ooo THEN ( cpyype IF)   OF ( cpyype CASE). Paee
oepaopa aepa oepaop,  ooy ooe apy e  oy
 cpoe  oepaop.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               

                               - 57 -
8.1.5. oo apy ROW.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
opa 1:   ROW(cpoa)
opa 2:   ROW(cpoa, coe)
opa 3:   ROW
opa 4:   ROW(+ - cpo)
opa 5:   ROW(+ - cpo, co)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      oo apy  ROW  opeee  o a opae paa
 ceyeo oepaopa  cpyype SCREEN. apaep cpoa, cpo
 coe   c  paeﬨ    cex  oca,   oope
pec  ycao oaopo cpo  coa,  a ocao  
"oox apyax"     ao  ae.   oo apy ROW
peec ae  cpyypax REPORT,  a  ocao    "oox
apyax"  ae 9.
      opa 1 oepaopa ROW ycaaae oaop cpo a  apaep
"cpoa"  ycaaae oaop coa a ey.
      opa 2 ycaaae oaop cpo  coa  cooeceo
a ae apaepo "cpoa"  "coe" cooeceeo.
      opa 3 ye稢ae oaop cpo a  ey  
ycaaae oaop coa  eoe aee.
      opa 4 ye稢ae (+ cpo)  yeae aee (- cpo
) oaopa  cpo  a  aee  apaepa  "cpo"  ycaaae
oaop coa a ey.
      opa 5  ye稢ae  (+  cpo)     yeae  aee (-
cpo) oaopa cpo a aee apaepa "cpo"  ycaaae
oaop coa a apaep "coe".
      op 1  2 ycaaa oaop cpo a opao, o ROW
(12) oaae   12 cpoy.  op 3-5 poa oaop cpo a
opao, o  ROW(10)  c ocey騬 ROW(+2)  oaae  cpoy  10  c
oceye cpoo 12.  opa 3 oaae ceyy cpoy  ec
ao e, a ROW(+1).
      oaop cpo  oy  axoc    aooe  o e o
paepa cpo paa (acy 25). oaop coa oy axoc
 aaoe   ey ee  paepo coa paa (acy 80).
Apy WINDOW coyec  ycao paepa  cpo    coa
paa eee   acyo.   oa  ycao  o  oaop  e
papeeoo aaoa oe o訡y, yaaey oopo.
      Apy ROW   c   paeeﬨ   oepaopa,    oope
aepa oepaop  ycaaa oaop cpo  coa, oope
coyc cey騬   oepaopo    cpyype  SCREEN.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
8.1.6. oo apy COL.
           
opa 1:   COL (coe)
opa 2:   COL (+ - co)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      oo apy COL opeee o coa  a  opae
paa    ceyeo  oepaopa    cpyype  SCREEN.   apaep
"coe", "co"  c paeﬨ,  coco騬   cex
oca, oope    coyc    ycao  oaopa  coa,
ocaoo paee  "o樨 apy".  Ka ye  caao    "o-
oe apy"   ae 9,  oo apy COL coyec 
cpyypax REPORT.
      opa 1  apya COL ycaaae oaop coa a apaep
"coe".
      opa 2 ye稢ae aee (+ co)  yeae aee
(- co) oaopa coo a aee apaepa "coa".
      oaop coo oe  oe y,  o e oe 80, 
 aooe apya WINDOW.  oa ycao oaop coa  e

                               - 58 -
ycaoeoo aaoa coae o訡y Koopa.
      Apy COL   c   paeeﬨ   oepaopa,    oope
aepa oepaop     epeapecoa  oaop  coa,   oop
coyec cey騬  oepaopo    cpyype  SCREEN.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
8.1.7. Oepaop STRING.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
opa 1:   ea STRING(a)
opa 2:   ea STRING(cpooa ocaa)
opa 3:   ea STRING(ocae opaa)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      Oepaop STRING  cpyype SCREEN ocae  cpoy  paa  
oaopax cpo   coa.  Cpo paa oca a ce 
eoa. Oepaop  STRING,  oca騩 cpoy paa  coye
o e   opa oepaopa,  o  oepaop STRING,  oca騩 y
pyy cpoy.  (C. "Oepaop STRING"  ae 3  oca opaa
oepaopa STRING).
      Apy, oope oy  cooa oepaopo  STRING  
cpyype SCREEN, ceye: HUE, BLK, ENH  REV, a ae DESC, KEY 
SEL  cpyype MENU.  B cpyype SCREEN apy OVER  yoao
aeaec apya   ROW    COL,   a  apy  DIM  yoao
aeaec cpyypo REPEAT.
      K cpoe  paa  oo  opaac  oo   o pe,  oa
cpyypa SCREEN opa.   epec뫪a  ax    cpoy    apy
cpyypy paa   e  ee  ea,   a aee cpo  apo
cpyype SCREEN cea ec yeo cpoo.
      B o  e  pe oa cpo paa oy  cooa a
a pya cpoa,  o pey ox epooex  epe.
Hapep, cpee  ye ce稪  epeca eo  cpoe paa,
e ye cpoy paa.   Ta  a  cpoa  paa  oa  
caa    eoa,   peopaoaa   eoe co,  yeea,
peopaoaa  cpoy,  a ae acaa a eoa,  o poecc
peye opao oe pee.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
8.1.8. Oepaop PAINT.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      PAINT(cpo, co)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      Oepaop PAINT   ocae  ae  ao  eoapyo  
eoa  poyo쭨a a opae paa.  apaep cpo 
co c   ce묨 ocaa,  oope opee paep
poyo쭨a. Bepx    e  yo  poyo쭨a  oeaec  
oaopax cpo   coa.  Apy HUE  TRN o pec c
oepaopo PAINT.  C PAINT e oy  cooa ae  pye
oepaop.
      Koa cpyypa SCREEN opa,  ce a ee eoapyo  
eoa ycaaac   apyo HUE  TRN oepaopa SCREEN.
Oepaop PAINT   oe     cooa      ee   ao
eoapyo    aoo poyo쭨a a pae.  Apy HUE,
BLK, ENH  REV oy  cooa oepaopo cpo  o 
ee ao    eoapya    o権,   coyex  ⨬
oepaopo.

8.2. Oepaop ENTRY.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
opa 1:   ENTRY(ao)
opa 2:   ENTRY
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      Oepaop ENTRY  ocae  oe  oa    oaopax  cpo  

                               - 59 -
coa. Oepaop  ENTRY e  oe  e  ey  oepaopa    oe
axoc oo      cpyype.   Apy,   oope  oy  
cooa oepaopo ENTRY, ceye:
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
 BLK     ESC     HUE     IMM     NUM     REV     SEL     USE
 ENH     HLP     LFT     INS     OVR     REQ     UPR
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      B ope  1   oepaopa   ENTRY,    apaep   ao   ec
ooaee aoa,   oop oece稢ae opa o oa.  (C.
"Ooae aoa"  ae 3). Ooae aoa, a稭aec c
@D, @E,     @N,   @T,  @P,  oca cee o,   o pe a
ooaee aoa, a稭aeoc c @S ocae cpoooe oe.
      Heoope ooae aoa,  peee  opao ax
 pee,  coepa aae ooe,  oope  e  oy  
ee ce묨 aa. Ceoaeo, ooae aoa @D3,
@D4, @D7, @D8  @T3 e oy  cooa a apaep oepaopa
ENTRY.
      opa 2 oepaopa ENTRY ocae  䨪⨢oe  oe.   ⨢oe
oe aepaec e oa oepaopa. py coa, ec 䨪⨢oe
oe 롨paec oepaopo SELECT    oepae,   oepaop  ACCEPT
aepaec eeeo   (e  aa a).  ⨢e o oy
 cooa  ypae popao  o oe a  opae
paa.
      
8.3. ਡ  .
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
8.3.1. Apy LFT.
      Apy LFT  coyec  oepaopo  ENTRY    paa
cpoox oe   eo.   Ooae  opaa    cpoox oe
a稭ac c OS.  Ec LFT opeeea,   o  oe  poe  yy
ycpac  cpoooo o, oa oo eeo.
      Apy LPT oe ae cooac c  TEXT    papee
opaa coa.    (C.   "Oepaop ENTRY"  ao ae  pepa
apya LFT).
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
8.3.2. Apy UPR.
      Apy UPR  coyec  oepaopo  ENTRY  peopaoa
ao eo   pecpa    epx  pecp    cpoox   ox.
Ooae aoa     cpoox oe a稭ac c OS.  Ec UPR
opeee, o  aaypa  e  coae  a    e  pecpe  
peeax cpoooo o.
      Apy UPR oe cooac oo c ENTRY (C.  "Oepaop
ENTRY"  ao ae  pepa apya UPR).
                                                                               
8.3.3. Apy OVR.
      Apy OVR  oepaopa  ENTRY  樨pye  o  o   pee
epeac. Apy  INS a稭ae o o  pee cao   ee
pope a  o e oepaope ENTRY c OVER.  Ec e coyec 
OVR,  INS, pe oa c aayp e eec eo.
      B pee   epeac   o   a  ce稢aec  y  ypcopa
epeaca o,  o a o.  Bo pe oa o,   aa  INS
oe    cooaa  a  "yep" ey pea epeac 
cao. (C.  "Boe o"  ao ae  aepe oca
pacpeee ae p oe o).
                                                                               
8.3.4. Apy INS.
      Apy INS  oepaopa  ENTRY  a稭ae  o  o     pee
ca. Apy    OVR  a稭ae  o  o    pee epeac 
oppyec  oo e oepaopa ENTRY c INS.  Ec e  pec

                               - 60 -
 oepaop  INS,   OVR,  o pe oa c aayp e eec
eo.
      B pee  ca cpoooe oe aec pao,  a ceoe
oe poaec eo, ocooa pocpaco  ooo aa. Bo
pe oa   o  aa INS oe  cooaa a "yep"
ey pea ca  epeac.  (C.  "Boe o"   ao
ae    aepe oca pacpeee a  oa o).
Apy INS oe pec oo c ENTRY  TEXT.  C.   "Oepaop
ENTRY"  ao ae  pepa apya INS.
           
8.3.5. Apy NUM.
      Apy NUM   oepaopa   ENTRY   paopoae    cey
aaypy. peoaaec,  o NUM oe cooac  o-
x oe     ceo  pee  ca.   cee   o   e
ooae opaa,    oope  a稭ac c @D,  @E,  @N,  @T  @P.
Apy INS opeee pe ca.
      B pee ceo ca  ypcop  ocaaaec    ae
pape    ecea ac o poaaec eo o epe oo,
a eaac p.  Kaa opaa ape⪨ a oy  o  "e
oeaae" oce   oeaay py.  Coco oa aoae
apa ayop.  B peyae,  a ypae ypcopo e
y. (C.     "ae,  oe  o"  ao ae  ooo
pacpeee a p oe o).
      Moe aayp coy o  e e a  ceo
aayp   ypae ypcopo.  o  cooa  cey
aaypy, eoxoo    aa  ay  Numhock  o   oce oa
ceoo o. Apy NUM ycpae y eoxooc.
      Apy NUM   oe    cooa  oo  c  ENTRY.   C.
"Oepaop ENTRY"  ao ae  pepa apya NUM.
           
8.4. Oepaop TEXT.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      TEXT(cpo, co)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      Oepaop TEXT ocae ecooe oe    oaopax  cpo  
coa. Oepaop TEXT e oe e ey oepaopa,  oe oo
axoc    cpyype  SCREEN.   Apy,   oope  oy   
cooa TEXT'o, ceye:
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
BLK     ESC     HUE     LFT     REQ     SEL     USE
ENH     HLP     INS     OVR     REV     UPR
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      Tecooe oe ec cpoo oe c oeco cpoe, c
opao coa  ep⨪ao popyo. apaep cpo  co
c ce묨   ocaa,   coepa騬  oeco  cpo 
coo, oope oppy oe.
      Apy LFT  papeae opa coa,  oopoe papyae cpo
ey coa.  Ec coo e oecc  cpoe,   o  eoe  coo
oeaec    ceye  cpoe.   (Coa  paee o  oee
poea).
      Ka cpoooe oe, ecooe oe oe o⫨ac o e o
coe epeeo USE.  a ecooo o  ec  poeee
apaepo cpo  co, - o ec, ecooe oe coep co
ao, paoe  poee cpo X co.  Ec  epeea  USE
ee ecooo   o,   o oo paeec a cee,  oope
pa o e coa.   cee ep⨪ao  popy稢ac  
ecoo oe,  a o cee cpo epeeo USE ce稢ac
 ecoo oe  oe pe. Ec epeea USE opoe ecooo
o, a oy oc oo o  epeeo USE.

                               - 61 -
      Ka Cursor Up,  Cursor Down,  PgUp,  Ctrl-PgUp   Ctrl-PgDn
pec  popy⪨ epeeo USE  ecoo oe.  Cursor Up
 Cursor Down  cooeceo  popy稢a  cpoy  oopeeo  o
epxy誨 o   a  ecooo  o.  PgUp  PgDn popy稢a cpo
cooeceo epx  .  Ctrl-PgUp    Ctrl-PgDn  popy稢ac
cooeceo o epo  ocee cpo epeeo USE.  Oae
Cursor Up epa cpoa epeeo USE 롨pae peapeoe  oe
 oa.    Oae  Cursor  Down  oce cpoa epeeo USE
o oe.  aco epeea USE  ecooo  o  ec  oe
eopaya    cpyype  FILE.   oe  eopaya  coep  ae
epeeo ,  oop oec oepaopo  MEMO    ocoﭭo
xpacc  ooeo ae eopaya.
      -a opaa co epeee USE ecox  oe  caoc
"yc⢨e묨  pe". Ec epeea, yc⢨ea  pe,
ye cooaa  ecooo o pao p,  ey  coa
oc 譨e poe  coa yy epepa cpo.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
8.5. Oepaop MENU.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
opa 1:   MENU(ao)
opa 2:   MENU
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      Cpyypa MENU ocae  oe  e    oaopo  cpo  
coa. Oa     ae  oepaop  MENU    oceye  oepaop,
aepaec oo  oepaopo END. Oepaop MENU e oe e
ey oepaopa, a oe oo axoc  cpyype SCREEN. C MENU
oy pec ceye apy:
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
ESC     HLP     IMM     PRE     REQ     SEL
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
       apy oy pec MENU,  o oo ec cyecye
apaep ao:
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
BLK     ENH     HUE     REV
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      Cpyypa MENU  coep  oepaop  STRING,  oope oca
op e.  Koa oe MENU pao,  oo ce稢aec  ea⨢o
opae. ae  oepaop oe pe a Cursor Up,  Cursor
Down, Cursor  Left,  Cursor Right, Tab, Reverse Tab, Home  End 
ce稢a pyoo opa e.
      B ope 1 MENU apaep  ao  ec  cpoo  ocae
aoa @Snn  (e nn = cpooa a).   ao op oepaopa
MENU cee op e oopaaec y oaopa cpo   coa
p e,   opeeeo ooaee aoa.  B opax 1  2,  p
aepe o e, epeea USE ycaaaec pao ae
oaopo cpo  coa.
      p o ope y CHOICE()  oe pec  ae  
opaa cooecye o樨 eeoo opa e.
      Ka Cursor Up,  Cursor Down,  Cursor Left    Cursor  Right
ce稢a ca  op e  peyeo apae. Ka
Tab, Reverse  Tab,  Home  End  ce稢a  cey騩,   pey騩,
ep  oce op e  cpyype MENU.
      Haae a Cursor Up p ope e  a  Reverse
Tab p epo ope e,  롨paec peyee oe  oa e
aepe oepaopa ACCEPT  ee epeeo  USE.   o  -
aeo aa  a Esc.  Ec c oepaopo MENU coyec
apy REQ  MENU coep ee e    cpoax,   o  aae
a Cursor   Up   epxe ope e epe  opy ocoa.
Haae a Cursor Down op e  ocoa    a  Tab

                               - 62 -
oce op   e,   aepae  oepaop  ACCEPT  e  ee
epeeo USE.  B o cyae y CHOICE()   ycaaaec  a
y. Ec  a oepaope MENU peec apy REQ,  o c oae
a Cursor Down  Tab op e ocoa   oceeo  e
ye "aopa稢ac"   cooeceo a op epxeo  epoo
e. Ec  MENU coep ee e oo    oo  cpoe,   a
apy REQ peec a oepaope MENU,  o aae a Cursor
Down aepae oepaop Accept,  ee epeey USE,    y
CHOICE() opaae   cooecyy o eeoo opa.  o
aeo aa a Enter.
      ee aa  e  oe  cee (o oycaec),  a
opao, oe  e,  oopoe e ee aeo  ce稢a,
aepaec e   aoo oa (o ec,  oo paccapaec a
ooe oe).  B ao  cyae  epeea  USE  ycaaaec  a
epa, a y CHOICE() - a y.
      oce aepe  o  MENU,   y  CHOICE()    opaae
cooecyy o       eeoo   opa.    (ep   op
cooecye o樨 o).

8.6.  PAUSE.

      PAUSE(ப)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
       PAUSE     ।   -
. PAUSE      ,    ⮫쪮
 SCREEN-.  ࠬ "ப"    -
,  ᮤন ᮮ饭, ஥ ᢥ稢,  ࠭ 
. ਡ, ᯮ㥬  PAUSE:
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      USE         HUE         REV
      ESC         BLK
      HLP         ENH
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
       ࠭  PAUSE,  ࠬ "ப"  ᢥ稢  
祭 ப  ⮫.  ⥬    Esc
 Cursor Up, ⮡  ।饥 ,    -
, ⮡   ()  PAUSE.  ⢥  㣮 
ࠬ "ப" ࠥ  .
       PAUSE  ᢠ 祭 ६ USE.  (KEYCODE ()
㭪 頥  ,   蠥  ). -
 USE  ,  ,  ᯮ짮  ᮧ ,  -
⭮ ⪥, ਬ, USE (?CONTINUE)  USE (?DONE).
       PAUSE 筮 ᯮ  ⢥ত  㢥७-
,   ந஢  ᫥ ਬ.   㭪  KEYCODE()
頥 ⢥   ।஢. ਡ BLK (栭)
 ᯮ  ﬨ PAUSE  ⮣,  ⮡ ᤥ    
묨.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
8.7. ਡ .
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
8.7.1. ਡ USE.
      
ଠ 1:   USE(६)
ଠ 2:   USE()
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      ਡ USE ᯮ  ࠬ ENTRY, TEXT, MENU, PAUSE
 POINT  ᯥ䨪樨 ६, ⮡    -
  ⠭ , ⭮ ⪥.
      ଠ 1  ਡ  USE   ENTRY,  TEXT  MENU 

                               - 63 -
 ६  ⮣,⮡  室    -
.     ६ 뢠 ६ USE.    ,
 ACCEPT ᢠ ६ USE 稭,   -
   ࠭  .  ଠ 1    ᯮ짮 
ﬨ PAUSE  POINT.  ⥫쭮, ଠ 1    ᯮ짮-
  䨪⨢ ஬ ENTRY (ࠬ  ⮡ࠦ).
       ଠ 1 ਡ  USE  ⠭    ⭮
⪥  ਧ , ᫥饣  ࠬ஬ USE.  -
⭮ ⪥ ⠢  ᮮ⢥⢨ ⭮⥫쭮      
 SCREEN   ᮣ᭮  ।ᬮ७ ᨬ᪨  
. ਬ,   ᫨ ਡ USE (NAME)    쥬  
 SCREEN,  ᫥騩 :
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      ?NAME EQUATE(3)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      ⥬,   ᯮ ⪠ ?NAME,    
 3.
      ଠ 2  ਡ  USE ⠭   ⭮
 । ६ USE.  ࠬ ""   -
⭮ ⪨ - ⥫    ᫥ ⪠. -
筠   ⭮ ⪥  ᫥ ࠢ ᨭ-
⠪  ⮪ (."⪨"  .2).
      ⨢   ENTRY  ( 饭 ࠬ஬),  
POINT  PAUSE  ᢠ 祭 USE. ଠ 2 USE   -
짮  ⨬ ࠬ  ᮧ ᨬ᪮ 뫪 
 ᯥ䨪樨 ६ USE.
      ६ USE    REPEAT   ୮  -
ࠬ஬ DIM ࠢ ( 訬)   ७,  㪠 -
஬() REPEAT.   ࠬ ACCEPT ᯮ  REPEAT (-
 INDEX)     ।  ࠧ୮  USE-६.
ਡ USE    ⮩   ਬ ஢ ENTRY,  TEXT,
MENU, PAUSE  POINT.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
8.7.2. ਡ REQ.
      ਡ REQ ᮧ  ENTRY,  MENU  POINT, ॡ
室묨 묨.  ॡ㥬 ப     ,  
ॡ㥬 ᫮     㫥. ᫨  室 -
 ப   ᫮  - 㫥,  뤠 ᨣ -
,   室  - 栥.  ⨥ Esc     㣮
ࠢ쭮 ࠪ⨪   (⫨筮   ஡  ப  㫥 
᫮ ), ࠭塞  . ⨥  Tab  롮-
 ᫥ ॡ㥬  (  㪠⥫)  ᢥ稢 
મ ࢮ ࠭   㪠⥫.       뢠
"ᢥ⪠". "⪠"     㪠⥫ ॡ ॣ樨 -
  ⮣ ⮡ .
      REQ     ᯮ짮  ஬ PAUSE.  ਡ REQ
  ⮩   ਬ ஢ ENTRY, MENU  POINT.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
8.7.3. ਡ ESC.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      ESC()
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      ਡ ESC  ENTRY,  TEXT, MENU, PAUSE  POINT ᮧ -
, ஥ 롨ࠥ 襩 ESC. ࠬ ""   -
  ᫮ ⠭⮩, ᮤঠ饩  , ।⠢-
 " ⭮ ⪥".
      ⨥ ESC 筮 롨ࠥ ।饥   ᫥⥫쭮-
 ,     SCREEN.  ਡ ESC  ⮩
᫥⥫쭮    ।ᬠਢ ୠ⨢ . ESC
  ⮩   ਬ ஢ ENTRY, TEXT  PAUSE.

                               - 64 -
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
8.7.4. ਡ DESC.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      DESC(ப)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      ਡ DESC STRINGa   MENU ᯮ  ᯥ-
樨 㭨쭮 ᮮ饭, ஥   ࠭,  -
࠭  . ࠬ "ப" - ६  ப ⠭-
, ᮦঠ    ᮮ饭,   ஥      ⮡ࠦ   
祭 ப   ⮫  ,  । ࠬ஬ "蠡-
"  MENU.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
8.7.5. ਡ HLP.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      HLP()
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      ਡ HLP ᯮ  ࠬ SCREEN,  MENU,  ENTRY  
POINT    ᯥ䨪樨  .    ᮧ ⨫⮩
"Helper"   ⮡ࠦ ⨥ "Help" (F1).
      ਡ HLP  SCREEN 㪠뢠 (ᯥ)  -
  ,     ᯮ짮   㣨
஬,     ਡ HLP. ࠬ "" - ६-
  ப ⠭, ᮤঠ ࠢ ID , ⮣
䠩 HELP.
       HELP (. " HELP"  .7) ᯮ  -
 䠩 ,   ਡ HLP ᯮ  ⮣,  ⮡ -
⢮    ⮬ 䠩    .   
    ਧ    (ACCEPT  ASC)   
"Help",   ⮡ࠦ ⨢  .  ⨢   
   ⮡ࠦ  १ HELP-楤.  ਡ HLP  
⮩   ਬ  ஬ ENTRY.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
8.7.6. ਡ IMM.
       IMM  ᯮ   ENTRY  MENU  ᯥ-
䨪樨 ।⢥ .  ।⢥ 室  蠥,
 ⮡ࠦ   ᫥  ᨬ.     "Enter"    "Cursor
Down"(५ )   ᯮ짮  ⮣, ⮡ 
।⢥ 室    ᨬ. ।⢥ 
 蠥,   ⠭ ᨬ,  ᮢ  
ᨬ   ਡ KEY.
      
8.7.7. ਡ KEY.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      KEY( )
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      ਡ KEY STRING   MENU ᯮ  ᯥ䨪-
樨 ᨬ ""   .       롨ࠥ,
 ⠭   ᨬ  ᮤন ᨬ ""  .
 A-Z  ⮬ 砥 ⢨⥫.
      ࠬ " "    ᨬ쭮 ப
⠭⮩, ᮤঠ饩  ᨬ "",   楫᫥ ⠭-
⮩, ।⠢饩  " ",  ⪮ ६, ᮤঠ饩
⨭ 祭 " ".  (᫨  ᪮஢   
STD_KEYS. CLA   ணࠬ  ⠭ 䠩  Clarion 
, EQUATES    ᯮ짮  ࠬ "  ",
ਬ F10_KEY  ᢠ 楫 ᫮ 2058  "F10"  ६
樨.
      筮 ᮮ饭     ࠭  蠬 ࠢ-

                               - 65 -
 ஬,   ⨥   ᨬ (  ஡  ,
易⥫쭮, 㯭)  ப.  ᪮쪮 ᮮ饭  
  ᨬ,   ᫥⥫쭮 롨ࠥ
᫥饥   ⥪騬 ᮮ饭.  ਡ KEY   ᯮ짮
  ⫨筠  ࢮ ᨬ ப    ᮧ
襩.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
8.8. ਡ.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
8.8.1. ਡ HUE.
      
ଠ 1:   HUE(ᨬ, 䮭, ࠭)
ଠ 2:   HUE(ᨬ, 䮭)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      ਡ HUE    ਡ,     ᯮ
஬   SCREEN. ࠬ "ᨬ", "䮭"  "࠭"
-  楫᫥ ⠭,  ᮤঠ騥  ਡ.
           ⮨  ᨬ  ᮥ-
  ਡ.  ਡ ⮨ : 3 ⮢ 梥-
 ᨬ,  3 ⮢ 梥 䮭,  栭   ᨫ. 
栭, ᨫ  梥 ᨬ ᮥ  ᮧ  -
ਡ ( 0  31)   ࠬ "ᨬ".  ਡ
 ࠬ "䮭"    0  7.  ࠬ "࠭"  
  0  15.  ਡ ᠭ  ࠧ " -
ਡ"  .7.
      ࢠ ଠ  ਡ HUE ᯮ  ஬ SCREEN 
⠭  ਡ   ଠ  ࠭.   ࠬ
"࠭" ⠭ ਡ, ᯮ㥬 ஬ 
࠭祭 ࠭ (  ࢮ 樨,  ࢮ ப,
ࠢ 80 樨   25 ப).  ᫨ ࠭  ।,  
  .  ᫨  SCREEN   ਡ HUE,   
ਡ ।塞    1 ப  1 樨 ᯮ 
 ଠ ࠭.  2 ଠ ਡ HUE ᯮ  -
ࠬ PAINT,  STRING, ENTRY, TEXT, MENU  PAUSE  ⮣ ⮡  -
    ਡ,   ⠭  ஬
SCREEN. ਡ  HUE த ᫥⥫쭮    
 SCREEN.
      筮   PAINT    묨     ᫥
㣨 ࠭ .  ਬ,  ਡ  
ਭ    ଠ  ࠭ ⠭ ஬ SCREEN,  
 ⠭ ஬ PAINT     ⠭-
 ஬ STRING.
       ਡ (BLK,  ENH  REV)  㪮祭묨 -
⠬ HUE,  뢠 栭, ᨫ  ॢᨢ ⮡ࠦ-
 .
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
8.8.2. ਡ BLK.
      ਡ BLK   ᯮ짮  ࠬ STRING, ENTRY,
TEXT, MENU   PAUSE  栭 , ப    -
. 栭 ࠢ塞 ⮬ 栭   ਡ.
      ਡ BLK 筮 ᯮ  ࠬ ப    
 䨪樨   ⮢  ਡ,  ⠭ ࠬ
SCREEN  PAINT.  ,  BLK   ᯮ짮  HUE  㣮
. ਬ,  HUE (20,7)  HUE(4,7), BLK   
栭  ᨬ   䮭.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
8.8.3. ਡ ENH.
      ਡ ENH   ᯮ짮  ࠬ STRING, ENTRY,
TEXT, MENU   PAUSE  ᨫ , ப    -

                               - 66 -
.
      ᨫ ࠢ ⮬ ᨫ   ਡ.  
ᨫ ᮮ⢥ 稭 8   "ᨬ" ਡ, -
⮬ ᨬ  ਡ "ᨬ"  8  15 ᢥ稢  
让 મ  .
      ਡ ENH 筮 ᯮ  ࠬ ப    
 䨪樨     ਡ,   ⠭  ࠬ
SCREEN  PAINT.  ,  ENH   ᯮ짮  HUE  㣮
. ਬ,   HUE(12,0)  HUE(4,0), ENH  ।
ᢥ祭 ᭮  .
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
8.8.4. ਡ REV.
      ਡ REV    ᯮ짮   梥⮢ ᨬ-
   ,  ਭ    ࠭.  ᯮᮡ 뢠-
 祭  ॢᨢ ࠦ.  ਬ,   ࠭ 
ᨬ  ୮ 䮭,   ॢ஢ ப   ⮬, 
  䮭 -  ᨬ.
       ⨢ ப,    ஡,  ।⠢
ᮡ ਧ⠫   梥  ୮ 䮭.  ஢-
 থ ⮫쪮  ᨬ  䮭 ( 栭   ᨫ
塞). ,  ᫨ ⬥祭 ⮫쪮  ,  ᨬ-
  䮭  . ਬ, १ࢨ஢ ⮣  㡮
뢠  મ ᨭ  筥,  ..  筥 - 
ᨫ ,  મ ᨭ ᨫ 㡮.
      
8.8.5. ਡ SEL.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      SEL(ᨬ, 䮭)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      ਡ SEL ᯮ   ᨬ  䮭  ࠭-
  室 ,  ⥪,   㪠⥫.  ।-
騩  ਡ,  ⠭ ஬ SCREEN,  PAINT  
STRING ⠭   ࠬࠬ ਡ SEL  ।
梥⮢.
      ࠬ "ᨬ"  -  楫᫥ ⠭ ( 0  31),
 ⮨  ⮢ 栭,  ᨫ  梥 ᨬ ࠭-
 .    ࠬ "䮭"  楫᫥ ⠭ ( 0  7),
 ⮨  ⮢ 梥 䮭 ࠭ .
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
8.8.6. ਡ TRN.
      ਡ TRN  ᯮ    ࠬ  PAINT  SCREEN 
ᠭ ஧筮 אַ㣮쭨  ࠭.  ਬ,  -
     ࠭,   뢠   "help".
ਡ TRN ⠪   ᯮ짮  樨  ਡ⮬ HUE
 PAINT  襢 ஧筮 אַ㣮쭨.
      
8.9.  REPEAT.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      REPEAT(ᢥ-, ᫥-ࠢ)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
       REPEAT 뢠  ப / ,  -
 塞묨  ࠭.   砥  REPEAT  -
, ᫥騥  ,  ⮣     ⥫쭮-
  ஬ END.  REPEAT     
      ⮫쪮   REPEAT.   ஬ REPEAT 
 ᯮ짮 ਡ EVERY, INDEX  PRE.
         REPEAT ⮡ࠦ  ࠭ -
⭮ ᢥ   ᫥ ࠢ  ६ ᢥ , ᫥
ࠢ. ,   ⮫쪮  ७  ⨢ 

                               - 67 -
 ࠧ.   ७ - 楫᫥ ६,  㪠-
뢠  ⨢ ७. ਡ INDEX  REPEAT ᢠ-
  ६, ᯮ㥬  ⢥  ७.
      ࠬ "ᢥ  ", "᫥ ࠢ" - 楫᫥ -
⠭,   ᮤঠ ᫮ ७  ⮡ࠦ    ࠭
ᢥ   ᫥ ࠢ.  REPEAT(4,1)    4 ࠧ
ᢥ  ࠭. REPEAT (1,4)   4 ࠧ  ࠭
᫥ ࠢ,   REPEAT(12,3)   12 ࠧ ᢥ 
 3 ࠧ ᫥ ࠢ.  ᫨ - ࠬ  祭,   -
᪠ .
       ਡ⮢ ROW  COL    ࠭    -
 REPEAT.  ࢮ ७     REPEAT
ᯮ  ᢮ 樨.  ਡ EVERY 뢠  -
 ७, । ᫮ ப  .
       ⮫쪮    ப   REPEAT 
 ⮡ࠦ  樨  ࠭,  ।  ⮬  -
稭  ७.  ,       SCREEN,
 OPEN ⮡ࠦ  ७ 樠஢ ப.
        ⮫쪮          
REPEAT,     ⠪ ⮡ࠦ  樨 ࠭,  । 
⮬  稭  ७.       塞
      樥  ⭮⥫쭮  㣨   
SCREEN 筮   塞 .
      ६ USE    塞      
ᨢ  ⢮ ⮢,     ᯥ祭  
७ .   ,  塞 , ࠬ -
 DIM  ६ USE        ࠢ  ࠬࠬ
"ᢥ "   "᫥ ࠢ"  REPEAT.   塞
  室 ᫥⥫쭮  ७ ।  -
  ᨢ USE, 砥  室.
        室 ६ ,  ७ 㢥稢
 롮 ᫥饣 ७  室 ᫥⥫쭮.  ᫨
 ७ ⨣ ᢮ ᨬ쭮 稭(ᮧ -
ࠬࠬ "ᢥ "  "᫥ ࠢ",   室 ᮮ饭 -
ࠥ ᫥饥 .  ⠪,  ⨨  Esc -
  㬥蠥  ७, ᮣ᭮ ࠭ ।饬
७  室 ᫥⥫쭮.  ⨥    Esc  
ࢮ ७   饣    롨ࠥ  ᫥饥  
室 ᫥⥫쭮.
                                                                               
8.9.1. ਡ EVERY.

      EVERY(᫮ ப, ᫮ )
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      ਡ EVERY  REPEAT 뢠 ⢮ ப  -
   ७ 塞 ப  . ࠬ
"ப"  "" - 楫᫥ ⠭,   ᮤঠ -
稭 㢥祭, ᯮ㥬  । 樨.
      祭   砥,  ᯥ ७ -
  ப   . ਬ, EVERY(2,20) ᯮ-
 ७     ப   20   ப.   ᫨
ࠬ ,  ਭ ࠢ 1. ᫨ ਡ EVERY -
   REPEAT,  ਭ  EVERY(1,1).

8.9.2. ਡ INDEX.

      INDEX(६)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      ਡ INDEX  REPEAT ।  ६,  
ᯮ짮    ⢥  ७.  ࠬ "६"

                               - 68 -
 ⪠ 楫᫥ ६. ᨬ쭮 稭  
 ७    2000 (25 ࠧ  80),   ७
筮   ࠬ BYTE  SHORT.
       ७ ᯮ  㡨  ⬥⪨ ⨢-
 ७ 塞   ப. 稭, ࠢ 1, -
⨢ ࢮ ७,   稭 ࠢ ⮩,  ᮧ
ࠬࠬ REPEAT,  ⨢ ᫥ ७.  ᫨  
७      稭 室   ।,
 ਭ ࠢ .
       ७  横᪨  ᬠਢ  ࠭ ᢥ 
 , ⥬ ᢥ   ࢮ ப ᫥  
..    REPEAT(4,3)  ७ ࠢ 1 㪠뢠 
 (1,1),  ࠢ 2-  (2,1),  ࠢ 5 -  (1,2), ࠢ 12 -
 (4,3).
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
8.9.3.  POINT.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      POINT(᫮ ப, ᫮ )
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
       POINT   㪠⥫, 稭  ।-
   ࠭.   POINT     , 
  ⮫쪮   SCREEN,   筮 ᯮ  -
 REPEAT. C POINT   ᯮ짮 ਡ USE, REQ, ESC,
PRE   HLP.   㪠⥫ ᪠ ⨥   ⠭
 ७.   롮 ନ  ⮡ࠦ  ᨬ
   ॢᨢ ०.  ࠬ "᫮ ப",  "᫮ -
" - 楫᫥ ⠭,  ।   롮 
ப  .  ᫨ ࠬ ,  ਭ ࠢ
.
      孨   㣮    롮 稭 ।  
  ⪥ ࠭,  ।塞 ࠬࠬ REPEAT   EVERY.
 ᯮ     ࠢ ஬ Tab,  Reverse Tab,
Home  End  ।  롮   ॡ㥬  ଠ樨.
 Enter       ⠭  ७,  
㭪 CHOICE() ᯮ  । 樨  롮.
       롮  㤥 ⠭,  ᫨   
ଠ   ஡.  ,  ᫨   樥  
롮 - ஡,    㪠⥫ 㤥    -
 ( 䨪⨢ ).   ⮬ 砥,  ७ ⠭-
  ,  㭪 CHOICE() -  .
      ।  롮   REPEAT 蠬 ࠢ-
    (Cursor Up  Cursor Down),  Tab  Revers (稭 
,   ,  ࢮ   ᫥ 樨, ᮮ⢥⢥) -
  ᮬ ७,  ⠭  ᫥ 樨
ᮮ饭,  ⠭ 㭪 CHOICE()  . ᫨ ᯮ
ਡ REQ,    㤥 ⢫ ""  孥  ,
   孥,   ࢮ  ᫥  ᫥  ᫥-
  ࢮ 樨  롮.
       室 ,     ,  ࠢ -
஬ Cursor Up ࠡ⠥   Esc, ⮬᪨ 롨 ᫥-
饥   室 ᮮ饭.   ⥪⮢ ,   Cursor Up
।    ப,  ⥬ ६頥 ६ USE
⨪쭮    ,  ⥬ ࠡ⠥   Esc.
       ACCEPT  "" ন   㪠⥫ -
饭  㦥 ६⨫    .  ࠧ, 㭪-
 Esc  Cursor Up   ⮬᪮. ᫨ ॡ,
 㭪   믮  ⨭ ।    㪠⥫,
ᯮ饩 ᫮  SELECT(?-1).
       POINT  । 稭 ६ USE.  ਡ  USE
   ᯮ짮,  ,   ᮧ -⪨ - ਬ
USE(?SELECTION)  USE(?POINTER).

                               - 69 -
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
8.10. ⨥  ⨥ ࠭.

8.10.1.  OPEN.
      
⪠ OPEN(࠭)

       OPEN 뢠  SCREEN.  ࠬ  "࠭"  -
 ⪠ ࠭ ஢ SCREEN  EXTERNAL. OPEN ⠪ ᯮ-
  ࠬ REPORT, DOS  FILE  ᠭ  .9, 10  11.
         ࠧ      ⨢஢ ⮫쪮  
SCREEN. ᫨   SCREEN,   室 , 
᭮ ࠭ ( SCREEN   ਡ WINDOW), 
OPEN 뢠  㦥   SCREEN,  -
  ⥬ 뢠   SCREEN.
      ᫨  SCREEN,  室 ,  -
( SCREEN  ਡ WINDOW),   OPEN ਮ⠭-
  㦥   SCREEN,  ࠭    
"" ,    ஥  室  ,   ⥬ 뢠 
 SCREEN.    뢠, ࠭  -
   뢠 ਮ⠭  SCREEN.
         SCREEN,  ⮡ࠦ   樠-
 ப(騥     ७  塞 ப),   
室 ᮮ饭 롨ࠥ ࢮ   SCREEN. ६
USE      ⮡ࠦ (   ⮡ࠦ 
  DISPLAY). ப ஢ PAUSE ⮡ࠦ ⮫-
  ࠭   .
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
8.10.2.  CLOSE.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
⪠ CLOSE(࠭)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
       CLOSE  뢠  SCREEN.  ࠬ "࠭" -
 ⪠ ࠭ ஢ SCREEN  EXTERNAL. CLOSE ᯮ
⠪  ࠬ REPORT, DOS  FILE,  ᠭ  .9, 10  11.
᫨  SCREEN,   室 ,  ᭮
࠭ (  SCREEN   ਡ WINDOW),   CLOSE
ࠥ ࠭  뢠  SCREEN.
      ᫨  SCREEN,  室 ,  -
 ( SCREEN  ਡ WINDOW), ⠭ ,
࠭ ஬ OPEN.   㤠   -
. ⥬  뢠   뢠  SCREEN, -
⠭ ஬ OPEN.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
8.11. ࠡ⪠  ࠭.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
8.11.1.    SCREEN.
       ।     SCREEN  ᫥-
⥫  ,  ᮣ᭮ ⮩  SCREEN ( -
 ࠬ ENTRY,  TEXT,  MENU,  PAUSE  POINT).   ࢮ  ,
   SCREEN,    1, ஥  -
 2  ..
        ஢ ᯮ  ᫥⥫ -
   䨪樨 ⤥ .  ਬ  ERASE  (1,4)
ࠥ   1 १ 4   SCREEN.   ⠪ -
   IF   ࠦ OF  OROF   CASE.
,    ᫨  ⠢     SCREEN,  
 ᯮ    ,    
४஢    ணࠬ,   뫠  

                               - 70 -
.
      ਡ USE       ࠧ蠥  ஡
ᮧ ⪨,     ᯮ짮    䨪樨
.    ⪠ 뢠 -⪮  ⮨   ?  ।
ࠬ஬ ਡ USE.  (᫨ ࠬ ਡ  USE  㦥  ᮤন
 ?, ࠬ ᯮ ᠬ ᥡ  ⢥ -⪨).
       ⮣ ⮡ ᮧ -,   -
 ⭮,  ࠢ    -. -
᭮ ⮬,   頥 ᢮   直  ࠧ,
    ⠫  ⪮.  ਬ,  ᫨ ࢮ  
 SCREEN  ਡ USE(NAME),     ⮬᪨
:
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      ?NAME       EQUATE(1)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      ᭮ ⮬,    ࠧ    ?NAME,  
   1.  ᫨  뫮  । ⨬ ,  ?NAME
      SCREEN,    ⮬-
᪨    2. 設⢮    (஬
ACCEPT) 뢠    ""  -     筮  ?.
"" -⪠ ᮧ   饭  ⨭  ।,
 ᯮ     ﬨ,  묨  ⠢ 
SCREEN. ਬ,  DISPLAY(?) ⮡ࠦ ६ USE  設-
⢠    -    SCREEN.
(  ⥭ DISPLAY(FIELD()).)
      "" -⪠  ⠪    ᯮ짮  ࠦ
 楫᫥ ⠭.  ਬ,  ࠦ ?+2,   
"諨   㤠,   宦   ".  ࠧ
SELECT(?+?ZIP? NAME+1)     ᯮ짮  "ண 襫 
 ஢ ".     㤥 ,
᫨  뫮 ⠢  ?NAME  ?ZIP.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
8.11.2.  DISPLAY.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
ଠ 1:   ⪠ DISPLAY
ଠ 2:   ⪠ DISPLAY()
ଠ 3:   ⪠ DISPLAY(ࢮ , ᫥ )
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      DISPLAY  ᢥ稢 USE-६.  ࠬ, 筮
।⠢ -⪮,  楫᫥묨 ࠦﬨ, -
ঠ騬   (. "   SCREEN"  ⮩ ).
      DISPLAY   ᯮ짮    室 ,  ⥪,
. USE-६  ନ ᮣ᭮ ࠦ     ⮬
  樨   ࠭.
      ଠ 1 DISPLAY ⮡ࠦ  室,  ⥪⮢,   
SCREEN-. ଠ  2 ⮡ࠦ ⢥ , ।塞
ࠬ஬ . ଠ 3 ⮡ࠦ  室, ⥪⮢  --
  ।  ࠬ ࢮ   ࠬ ᫥ .
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
8.11.3.  UPDATE.
      
    ଠ 1:   ⪠ UPDATE
    ଠ 2:   ⪠ UPDATE()
    ଠ 3:   ⪠ UPDATE(ࢮ , ᫥ )
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      UPDATE  ४ USE - ६  稭 ,
⮡࠭  ࠭. ࠬ, 筮 ।⠢ ﬨ-⪠-
,     ᫥묨  ࠦﬨ,   ᮤঠ騬    
(."   SCREEN"  ⮩ ).

                               - 71 -
      UPDATE  ᯮ짮  室묨, ⥪⮢묨  -ﬨ.
稭, ⮡ࠦ  ,  ᮣ᭮ ଠ   -
⥬ 뫠   USE-६.  (   ᮣ-
᭮ "ࠢ ८ࠧ ", ᠭ   5).
      ଠ 1  UPDATE  ४  USE-६   室,
⥪⮢  -  SCREEN-.
      ଠ 2 ४ USE-६  ⢥ , -
। ࠬ஬ .
      ଠ 3 ४ USE-६   室, ⥪⮢
    ࠬ ࢮ   ࠬ ᫥  .
      USE-६ 筮 ४ ⮬᪨ ᫥ -
 .  UPDATE-   ०  ᥣ    2-  .
-,   ⮢  ,   ४-
 USE-६.  ᯮ UPDATE   ।  ४-
஢ USE-६ ⠬,   室. -,  樨 -
⭮ ᯮ짮,     ᯮ   UPDATE      
USE-६ ᫥ HOLDing , ।饩 PUT.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
8.11.4.  ERASE.

ଠ 1:   ⪠ ERASE
ଠ 2:   ⪠ ERASE()
ଠ 3:   ⪠ ERASE(ࢮ , ᫥ )

      ERASE   ࠥ   ࠭    ᮮ⢥-
騥 USE-६.  ࠬ, 筮 ।⠢ ﬨ--
,     ᫥묨  ࠦﬨ,  ᮤঠ騬  .
(."   SCREEN"  ⮩ ).
      ERASE   ᯮ짮  室묨, ⥪⮢묨  -
.     ᥩ . ᫮ USE-६ 
ﬨ,  ப USE-६ - ஡.
      ଠ 1 ERASE ࠥ  室,   ⥪⮢    -  
SCREEN-. ଠ 2 ࠥ ⢥ , । -
ࠬ஬ "".  ଠ 3 ࠥ  室,  ⥪⮢  -
 ࠬ "ࢮ "  ࠬ "᫥ ".
      
8.11.5.  SELECT.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
⪠ SELECT()
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      SELECT   롨ࠥ ᫥饥 ,   ஥ 室
. ࠬ "",  筮 ।⠢ -⪮, 
᫥ ࠦ,   ᮤঠ騬  .  (."  
SCREEN"  ⮩ ).
      OPEN- ⮬᪨  롨ࠥ  ࢮ    
࠭.   ACCEPT- 蠥,  ⮬᪨ 롨ࠥ
 ᫥饥  ਭ . ᯮ SELECT-  -
 ⮡ ஢ ⮬᪨ 롮 .
      ACCEPT-    ࠭ .  ࠭ 
  ᥣ  ,   ஥  , ⮬  짮-
⥫  ३  㣮  ⨥  Esc.  ᫨  -
࠭ - ,  ACCEPT 稭    ,  ᫥饥
 ᫥ ࠡ⠭.
      SELECT-   ।騩 SELECT-.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
8.11.6.  ACCEPT.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
⪠ ACCEPT
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      ACCEPT- 稭    ࠭    -

                               - 72 -
⮩ SCREEN-.  롨ࠥ ᯮ SELECT-. ᫨
  뫮 ࠭, ACCEPT 稭    , ஥ ᫥
 ᫥ ࠡ⠭ . ACCEPT-   ࠬ஢.
 室  ⥪⮢  ACCEPT ࠦ  USE-६  
ॢᨢ ,  ⮡ࠦ ,   ⢨ , 
  짮⥫  室 稭.    짮⥫
 ,    室 稭 ଠ ᮣ᭮ ଠ
  뫠  USE-६. (   ᮣ-
 "ࠢ ८ࠧ ", ᠭ   5).
       -  -㪠⥫ ACCEPT ࠦ 롮    
ॢᨢ ,  砥 ,   , ⮡ 짮⥫
ᢥ⨫ 㣮 ਠ.   짮⥫  , CHOICE()
㭪 頥  ⭮⥫  ᢥ祭 .  
-, USE  ६ ⠭    稭  ᢥ祭
.   -㪠⥫  ७ ⠭  -
稭 ᢥ祭 .
       -   ACCEPT  ࠦ  ࠬ  PAUSE-,
砥    ਧ .  ਧ -
, ஬ ESC,  -. KEYCODE()-㭪 頥 -
稭 ਧ .
      짮⥫    ࠭    Esc -
, ⮡  㣮 . ᫥ ACCEPT- Field()-㭪
頥  室 .
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
8.12. y樨, peee  paa.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
8.12.1. 㭪 ROW.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
ଠ 1:   ROW()
ଠ 2:   ROW(࠭)
ଠ 3:   ROW()
ଠ 4:   ROW(६)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      ROW-㭪 뤠  楫 ᫮,  ᮤঠ饥 "䨧"
 ப  ࠭.  ᪠  易⥫쭮   -
,     ப  SCREEN, ⠪    
, 祬 楫 ࠭  䨪஢.
       ଥ 1 ROW() 뤠 䨧 ப ᫥ 饭 
 ࠭.
       ଥ 2 ROW(࠭)  뤠 䨧 ப 孥  
ᨬ । ࠭.  ( ᠬ ப 㤥 । -
ࠬ஬ ப AT-ਡ).
       ଥ 3 ROW()  뤠 䨧 ப  ।-
   ⨢ ࠭. ᫨ ६ , 뤠
稭   稭  ७.
       ଥ 4 ROW(६) 뤠 䨧 ப ।-
 ࠭ STRING ६.  ᫨ ६ , 뤠
稭   稭  ७.
      
8.12.2. 㭪 COL.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
ଠ 1:   COL()
ଠ 2:   OL(࠭)
ଠ 3:   COL()
ଠ 4:   COL(६)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      OL-㭪 뤠   楫 ᫮,  ᮤঠ饥 䨧
   ࠭.
       ଥ 1 COL()  뤠 䨧  ᫥ 饭

                               - 73 -
  ࠭.
       ଥ 2,  COL(࠭) 뤠 䨧  孥 -
 ᨬ । ࠭.  (   㤥  ।
ࠬ஬  AT-ਡ, ᫨ 室).
       ଥ 3,  COL()  뤠 䨧   ।-
   ⨢ ࠭. ᫨  ,  뤠
稭   稭  ७.
       ଥ 4, COL(६) 뤠 䨧  ।-
 ࠭ STRING ६.  ᫨ ६ , 뤠-
 稭   稭  ७.

8.12.3. 㭪 FIELD.
      FIELD() - 㭪 뤠  楫 ᫮,  ᮤঠ饥 
᫥ 祭 . FIELD()   ࠬ஢.

8.12.4. 㭪 CONTENTS.

      CONTENTS()
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      CONTENTS()- 㭪 뤠 ப,  ᮤঠ  室-
   -. ࠬ "", 筮 ।⠢ 
-⪮,  ᫮ ࠦ, ᮤঠ騬  .
       ਧ⠫  ப,   CONTENTS()   뤠    
USE-६,  ⮫쪮 ,  ⮡ࠦ.  ᫮ -
 CONTENTS() 뤠 稭 USE-६.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
8.12.5. 㭪 ROWS.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
ଠ 1:   ROWS()
ଠ 2:   ROWS(࠭)
ଠ 3:   ROWS()
ଠ 4:   ROWS(६)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      ROWS-㭪 뤠  楫 ᫮,  ᮤঠ饥 ᫮ ப
    ७.
       ଥ 1 ROWS()  뤠 ᫮ ப ᫥ 祭 
࠭.
       ଥ 2 ROWS() (࠭) 뤠 ᫮ ப । -
 ࠭.( ᫮ 㤥 ࠬ஬ ப  WINDOW-ਡ,   
=25, ᫨    ࠭).
       ଥ 3 ROWS()  뤠 ᫮ ப ।   
⨢ ࠭.  ROWS() 筮 뤠 . ,  뤠
0  䨪⨢     "⨭",    ᯮ-
  POINT  TEXT,  㤥 ࠡ    ⮬ ਬ:
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
POINT(3,20) - ROWS returns 3
TEXT(10,60) - ROWS returns 10
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
       ଥ 4 ROWS(६)  頥 ᫮ 祪  ६-
 । ࠭. ROWS(६) ᥣ 뤠 .

8.12.6. 㭪 COLS.
      
ଠ 1:   COLS()
ଠ 2:   COLS(࠭)
ଠ 3:   COLS()
ଠ 4:   COLS(६)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      OLS-㭪 뤠  楫 ᫮, ᮤঠ饥 ᫮ -
     ७.

                               - 74 -
       ଥ 1 COLS() 뤠 ᫮  ᫥ 祭 -
 ࠭.
       ଥ 2 COLS(࠭)  뤠 ᫮  । -
 ࠭.( ᫮ 㤥 ࠢ ࠬ  WINDOW - ਡ-
, ᫨  ᯮ,  ࠢ 80, ᫨   ࠭).
       ଥ 3 COLS()  뤠 ᫮  ।  
⨢ ࠭ (塞  ).  뤠 0  䨪⨢ 
    ⨭;  ࠧ ப ⠭  ६
 PAUSE.
       ଥ  4  COLS(६)  뤠 ᫮   ६
। ࠭.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
8.12.7. 㭪 FIELDS.
      FIELDS() 㭪  뤠   楫 ᫮,  ᮤঠ饥 ᫮
  ⮩ SCREEN-.  ᫨ SCREEN -   -
, FIELDS() 뤠 0.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
8.12.8. 㭪 CHOICE.
      HOICE - 㭪 뤠  楫 ᫮,  ᮤঠ饥 ⭮-
⥫    ,  ࠭  ᫥ - 
-㪠⥫. ᫨   ࠭  , CHOICE 뤠 0.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
8.13.    .
       窨  ७  ணࠬ,   室 ᮮ饭  
६ 믮 ACCEPT  ASK-,  ஬   -
 ᫮ ணࠬ.   窨 ७ 짮⥫,  ணࠬ 
ᥣ 믮 ACCEPT  ASK ,   ஬⮪, 騩
 室묨 ᮮ饭ﬨ 뢠 ६ ॠ樨.
      짮⥫ 室    ࠭  ᫥⥫쭮,  -
। ணࠬ  롨ࠥ 㣮 , ᯮ  -
ࠢ ஬.  짮⥫    ।    ࠭,
室        室 (Enter),     ࠭,
  Esc.
      Esc-   롨ࠥ   ,   ஥  뫮 宦
(᫨   ࢮ   ࠭     ࠬ஬ Esc
-ਡ). ⥫쭮,   ,ᬠਢ ।,  -
ਢ   - ,    祭    ࠪ⨪
(ਧ).
      ⨢ 室  ⮡ࠦ ॢᨢ.    
 稭: -,  뢠 ࠧ 室  ⥪-
 .   롮  ᯮ, ⮡   
 .
* Enter - 室 ᮮ饭  ⨢   롨ࠥ ᫥-
  饥   室.
* ursor Down -   ᠬ,    Enter       ENTRY,
  TEXT, PAUSE    POINT.  ॡ MENU-, 
   롮.   ॡ MENU-,   ᫨    
  ⮫쪮  ப ⮢.
* Esc - ⠭  (஢)    -
  砫쭮 稭,    ᫨   ,   롨ࠥ ।饥
    室 ᮮ饭.
* Cursor-Up -   ᠬ,    Esc-  ENTRY, TEXT,PAUSE 
  ॡ -.   ᠬ,  Esc-  -
  ॡ MENU, ᫨      ப ⮢.
    ᠬ,   Enter   ॡ  㪠-
  .
      
8.13.1. ப .
      ப  ࠦ ॢᨢ,     ࠧ頥  
ᨬ  樨.   த   ⮣,  -

                               - 75 -
  ᨬ.   2 ᯮᮡ ப .  -
१    ᨬ ⮡ࠦ  樨 ,   ,
 뫮 ⠬ ࠭.   ⠢ ᨬ ࠢ   ६-
 ࠢ,  ᢮    ᨬ.    ⪮
砥 १,  㡫  砥 ⠢. OVR  INS
-ਡ ENTRY- 稭 ࠡ   ० १
 ⠢,  ᮮ⢥⢥.   ६ 室  , INS- -
   १,   ⠢.
      ᫨ USE-६ ,  祬  ப ,  ᯮ-
 ਧ⠫쭮.   ⨥  Home  ࢮ 樨 
⠭  ᨬ ப  ஬.  ⨥  
End   ᫥  ,  ⠭ ᫥ ᨬ ப
 ஬.  ⨥  <-  ࢮ 樨   ->  
᫥ 樨 ⠭ ᨬ ࢮ ப.  室 ᨬ
 ᫥   ᤢ ப   ᨬ ,  ⮡
ᯥ    ᨬ.
       ⢫  ᨬ    ᫥  ,   
ᤢ   ࠢ.  Home, End, Tab, Reverse Tab, Cursor
Left  Cursor Right     .     㣨  
"ᨣ".  ப  室 ⨥ Enter , ᫥騥
 ᯮ  ப .
* Cursor Left - த   ( ࠦ  -
   ࠢ).
* Cursor  Right - த  । ( ࠦ -
  ).
* Home - ⠭     ( ⠭-
   砫 )   .
* Ctrl-Home - ࠥ   ⠭    .
* End - ⠭   ᫥  (  -
   ⠭   ).
* trl-End - ࠥ     .
* Ins - ⠭ ᨬ     ᤢ  ࠢ.
* Del - ࠥ ᨬ  ஬  ᤢ  .
* Backspace - த      ᢮    
  (ᤢ ࠦ   ⠢).
* Tab - த  ᫥饩 ⪥ ⠡樨 ( 8 権).
* Reverse Tab - 頥  ।  ⠡樨( 8 -
  権).
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
8.13.2. ᫮ .
        ० ᫮ .   ० ⠢ ᫮-
   ⮡ࠦ ॢᨢ    頥  -
 ⮢ .   ⮫쪮 ᠭ ᫮ ᨬ,   
⠥    ⮬    ,   ଠ஢ 室 ᮮ饭
ᤢ ,  ᢮    ᨬ.    ஡
ᥫ  窨 ⠭   樥 .  ⮬
 த   ⮣,  뢠 ஡.  -
ᠭ ᨬ쭮  ᫮ ᨬ,  室 ᮮ饭  ६頥
.  㣨  "ᨣ"  .
       १ ᫮  ࠦ ॢᨢ,   
頥   樨.    ⮣   뢠  ᫮
ᨬ,  ࠧ  樨 ,  ,  ⠬ 뫮
 ⮣.  த ᫥    ᨬ, -
,     ⠭  ᨬ ।஢(ᯥ樠묨
ᨬ, 室騬  ⨭).
      ᫨ ᨬ ।஢ ᠭ  ० १,  
頥   ,  ᫥饩  ⨬ ᨬ   ⨭.
ᠭ  ࠢ ࠢ,  ⮡ ஢ ⠢-
 ஡.      ᫥ ᨬ,  ᤢ-
   ࠢ.  Home,  End,  Tab,  Reverse Tab,  Cursor Left 

                               - 76 -
Cursor Right -     .   ⠫ -
 "ᨣ".
       ᫮   ,  Enter, Plus  Minus - -
. Enter  Plus -   ⥫ ᫠; Minus - -
  ⥫쭮 ᫮. ( Plus   Minus  ⠪-
 ਬ).
      OVR  INS - ਡ  ENTRY  稭  ࠡ  
ᮮ⢥⢥  ० १  ⠢.   ६   
INS  室  ०  १    ०  ⠢.
騥  ࠢ ᯮ  ᫮ .
* Backspace - ࠥ ᫥        ଠ
  室 ᮮ饭.
* Minus -  ⥫    .
* Plus -   ⥫    .
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
8.13.3. -  -㪠⥫.
       室  -  -㪠⥫, ࠭ ਠ ᥣ-
 ᢥ稢  ॢᨢ  뤥 । ஬ 梥-
⮢.    ᯮ.  ursor Left,  Cursor Right, Cursor Up,
Cursor Down,  Tab,  Reverse Tab,  Home  End    -
짮, ⮡  ᢥ 㣮 ਠ.     Cursor  Up  
Cursor Down  ࠡ,  ᫨ ਠ  ,  祬  
,   Cursor Left  Right ࠡ, ᫨ ਠ -
 , 祬   .
      ।⢥ - ᫥ ᯮ짮 ⮫쪮,   
 ப- 稭  㣮 ᨬ.  ᫨ IMM  ।-
  -,   ࢮ ᨬ     ᢥ稢
 ਠ,     . IMM - ਡ 뢠  ⮩
  ਬࠬ ஢ ENTRY  MENU.
      Tab   Reverse  Tab  -  ᬠਢ  ਠ  ⮩
᫥⥫쭮,  ன  뫨 . ᫨  ॡ-
 (REQ ਡ⮬), ⪠ ᬮ ᫥ ᫥ ਠ 
 ࢮ ਠ 稢 饭  ࢮ   ᫥-
 ,  ᮮ⢥⢥.  Home  End ࠧ ਠ
 ࢮ  ᫥ , ᮮ⢥⢥. Enter  롨-
 ॢᨢ ਠ.
         ASKII-  ।  32  126, ⠪ 
 Ins,  Del,  PgUp,  PgDn, Ctrl-PgUp  Ctrl-PgDn -  
蠬     - POINT.  C騥    -
, ⮡      - MENU  POINT:
* Cursor Up - ᢥ稢 訩 ਠ ᢥ.  ᫨    
  孥 窥  襭 , ६頥 , ᢥ-
   ࠭ ਠ.  ᫨   孥 窥      
  襭,  MENU,  室  ।饥 ;  POINT,  -
  蠥 ()  .  ᫨ MENU 襭,  ⮨  -
  ⮢   ⢥ 窥,     
  ਠ, ⮬ MENU- ࠥ ।饥 .
* Cursor Down - ᢥ稢 訩 ਠ ᭨. ᫨  -
  ,    襭, ᢥ稢 ਠ ᢥ. ᫨  -
  ,    襭  MENU,   ,   롮;
   POINT   .  ᫨ MENU ⮨  ⮢    
  ⢥ 窥.       ਠ  孥
  窥, ⮬ MENU- 蠥.  ⮬ 砥, ᫨  
  襭, CHOICE-㭪  0,  USE-६  ४-
  .
* Cursor Left - ᢥ稢 訩 ਠ ᫥.
* ursor Right - ᢥ稢 訩 ਠ ࠢ.
* Tab - ᢥ稢 ᫥騩  ਠ.   ᫥ -
  ਠ  ࢮ ਠ,  ᫨  ⮬  室,  -
  蠥.

                               - 77 -
* Reverce Tab - ᢥ稢 ।騩  ਠ. ᫨ -
  ,   ६頥  ࢮ ਠ  ᫥, ᫨
   ॡ,  ࠥ.
* Home - ᢥ稢  ਠ.
* End - ᢥ稢 ᫥ ਠ.
* Ins -   㪠⥫.
* Del -   㪠⥫.
* PgUp -   㪠⥫.
* PgDn -   㪠⥫.
* CtrlPgUp -  -㪠⥫.
* CtrlPgDn -  -㪠⥫.
* Enter -      㪠⥫.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
8.14. Paeee cpyyp paa.
         ࠢ ᯮ  SCREEN-  
ணࠬ:
      ࠢ 1:     ᮤঠ SCREEN-
  USE-ਡ⮬.
      ࠢ 2:  楤  㭪       
SCREEN - .
      ᭮ ࠢ 1 USE-ਡ    ᮧ -
쭮 -, .   ⢮   
-⪮ ⮣  ⨯.
       ࠢ  2,  ᫨  SCREEN- ﭭ 室 
  ⮩  楤  㭪樨,   ᠬ  -
⢨ -⪨  ந室  USE-ਡ⠬  ࢮ  
ன SCREEN .  筮,    ⢨
ந室 ⠪    ࠭,  ᮤঠ饩 2 USE-ਡ
 묨 ࠬࠬ,    祢.
      㣮 २⢮  ࠭稢  楤    㭪権 ।
⢥ ࠭ ன ⥪  RETURN.  RETURN
⮬᪨ 뢠  SCREEN -,  뫠 
 楤  㭪樨.  饭 SCREEN-    楤
᪫砥   㡮 訡,   ந 
- 㤠筮 ⪨  .  ⮬ 砥, ணࠬ ᮧ-
  ࠭   ( ਮ⠭),     
  ⮡ࠦ - ,  㤭 ࠢ.
       ᥣ    ࠢ  ᪫祭.   ணࠬ
 ⮫쪮  SCREEN-.  祬      -
 .   SCREEN-    USE-ਡ⮢.
ਬ,   ਬ " ",  CHOICE-㭪  -
  ணࠬ,  ⮬    室  
 楤.      뫮,  䫨 -⪨    
祭, ᫨    뫪.
      
8.15. ४஢ ࠧ塞 䠩.
      ᫨ ࠭ 楤   ࠡ ନ ४
   ᮢ⭮-ᯮ㥬 䠩 ६,  -
    㣮 ନ   .   ᫥-
⥫쭮   ᫥饩:  ନ  ⠥ , ନ 
⠥ , ନ    ⭮, ନ  뢠
⭮.   , ᤥ ନ  १뢠 -
 .
      HOLD -      ᯮ짮  祭 譥
ࠢ .(C." Clarion-䠩"   11). 
   ন  祭 ᥣ ⮣ ६,   ணࠬ-
 ᬠਢ .   맢 ਥ প
 㣨 ନ,   ⮩  .  ࠭ ᯮ-
  ४஢ 䠩 .  ୠ    (䨪:
VEN)  쭮.
      
                               - 78 -
9. ࠡ⪠ ⮢.
        뢠   㭪樨,   ᯮ,
⮡ ⯥   ப ᨬ    ਭ  
  䠩  ᪥.  PRINT-  ᯥ稢 ⨦  
楫. ᫨ ࠬ PRINT  ப ᨬ,  뫠 
ਭ, ᮥ  ࢮ ࠫ쭮 .
      ᫨ ࠬ  ⪮ ० ,  室饩  -
  - Clarion,   ଠ  뫠    ன⢮
 䠩, । ன .
        ᮤন ଠ  ,   砭  
 ப,  ⠢ ଠ .
        ⠪ ᮤন ਡ,     ।
ਭ    ࠭,   ६,     -
짮  稪   ࠭,  ⠪  ன⢠ 
䠩,    ᯮ짮  뢮. ப ଠ-
 樮묨 ਡ⠬,  ।  ப  -
  ᫥⥫쭮 ࠢ .
        ࠢ  ࠭  ⮬᪨.
 ⠥   ᫥ ப  ࠭,    -
 ப 砭,  ᫥饩 ࠭  뢠
 .
      ⢥騬 ࠧ  ४  稪  ࠭   
ப.  ⨨  뢠  ,  -
⨨  뢠 砭.     ᮧ-
     ⥩ Clarion-।  ଠ஢ -
⮢. ଠ   ""  ࠭  ᯮ짮 ,
⮬ ।  ⮬᪨ ந ᮮ⢥騩 室 .  
ଠ஢騪   뢠  ⮡ࠦ    ,
..   ᭮  ᭮ .
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
9.1.  .
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
9.1.1.  Report.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
⪠ REPORT
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      REPORT-    ଠ   .       砥
REPORT-  ,  ᫥騥     砭  
 End.  ⪠ REPORT- ᯮ  ࠬ OPEN
 CLOSE         ஢                    NAME-㭪樨.
PRE,WIDTH,LENGTH,PAGE,LINE   DEVICE-ਡ   ᯮ짮
 REPORT-஬.
      REPORT- 砥 易⥫ HEADER-,  -
ঠ 窨,      孥    
࠭, 易⥫ FOOTER-,  ப, 
    ࠭,   1   DETAIL--
,    室 窨,  ⠥  ᭮  ᮮ-
.
      ⠥ 窨   STRING-஢  CONTROL --
஢. STRING-   ᨬ,   ᫥  -
,     CONTROL-   ᫥⥫쭮 ࠢ
ਭ஬,   । 㭪樮஢ ਭ. 樮
ਡ ROW   COL  ࠧ⥫ﬨ ( OF  CASE-),
 ᯥ稢  ப  , ᯮ㥬 ᫥騬
STRING-஬. 樮  ਡ CTL ⠪  ࠧ-
 ,  ᯥ稢騬 ﭭ ᫥⥫쭮 ࠢ-
 ਭ஬.
       ப  REPORT-    稢  
ॢ ப   ,   室.  ॢ ப -
  祭 樮 ਡ CTL(@LF).

                               - 79 -
      ⮡   ࠭,  ॢ ࠭  
饭 ।  ஬ STRING  HEADER -   ᫥
᫥   STRING  FOOTER -.   ॢ ࠭
 室 樮 ਡ CTL(@FF).
      ᫨  ॢ ࠭ 頥  HEADER-,  -
饭 ᥣ 㤥 ࠢ,    ᥣ  㤥  ।⢮
 ࠭. 饭  ॢ ࠭  FOOTER-
  ࠭,   ᮮ饭  㤥 ࠢ,   ᫨
ਭ   室  孥  ࠭,   稭 -
 ᮮ饭.
      REPORT- 뢠   OPEN-஬     뢠
CLOSE-஬. (C."ਬ 楤 ᮮ饭"   ⮩ -
  ਬ REPORT-).
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
9.1.2. ਡ WIDTH.
      
      WIDTH(ਭ ࠭)

      ਡ WIDTH   REPORT । ਭ ଠ ᮮ-
饭. ࠬ "ਭ ࠭" - 楫᫥ ⠭, ᮤঠ-
 ᨬ쭮   ⢮ ᨬ  ᠬ  ப ᮮ-
, 뢮  .
      "ਭ ࠭"    ।  1  255.  ଠ-
஢騪 ᮮ饭  । Clarion  ᯮ  ਡ  WIDTH  
業஢ ⥪     ਧ⠫쭮 ஫.  WIDTH  -
짮 ⮫쪮  ஬ REPORT.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
9.1.3. ਡ LENGTH.
      
      LENGTH( ࠭)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      ਡ LENGTH  REPORT ।  ଠ  ᮮ-
饭. ࠬ  ( ࠭) - 楫᫥ ⠭, ᮤঠ-
 ᨬ쭮 ⢮ ப,     ⠭ 
࠭. LENGTH  ᯮ짮 ⮫쪮  ஬ REPORT. -
稭 " ࠭"  ⢮ ப   HEADER  
FOOTER      ⢮  ப    DETAIL.
᫥   ப ࠭,   PRINT ⮬᪨ -
⠥ 砭       ᫥饩 ࠭.  (."९
࠭"   ⮩ ).
       ਭ      ।  ⨪
ଠ. ᫨  ਭ 砥  ப,  祬  ਡ⮬
LENGTH,   ⮬᪨ ନ ॢ ࠭.   ⮣ ⮡
  ⠪ ਭ,  室 ⠭ ਡ LENGTH
 । ⠥ .  ਬ, ᫨ ਭ  ⮬-
᪨ 室  ᫥ ࠭ १ 60 ப,     LENGTH
⠭  59.

9.1.4. ਡ PAGE.
      
       PAGE(稪 ࠭)

      ਡ PEGE    REPORT । ६,  
ᯮ  ⢥ 稪 ࠭.  ࠬ "稪 ࠭"
- ⪠ 楫᫥ ६.
      稪 ࠭ ᮤন    ⥪饩  ⠥  ࠭.
稪 ࠭  ⠭    ⨨ ᮮ饭,  
㢥稢  ࠧ  ९ ࠭,   -
 HEADER   ஬  PRINT.  (."९ ࠭"  

                               - 80 -
⮩ ).
      稪 ࠭  ⠭  㢥稢  ४-
஢  ६ USE  HEADER.  ,  HEADER   
⥪騩    ࠭      ப ६,  
USE-ਡ⮬,  ᮤন  稪 ࠭. 稪 ࠭
⠭    ⮫쪮  ࠧ  ⨨ ᮮ饭,  
⥬ ᫥⥫쭮 ⮫쪮 㢥稢. 稭 稪 ࠭
     ஬ ᢠ.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
9.1.5. ਡ LINE.
      
      LINE(稪 ப)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      ਡ LINE    REPORT । ६,  
ᯮ  ⢥ 稪 ப.  ࠬ "稪  ப"  -
 ⪠ 楫᫥ ६.
      稪 ப ᮤন  ⥪饩 ⠥ ப. 稪
⠭       ⨨ ᮮ饭  HEADER 
 ࠧ  ९ ࠭,   㢥稢  ࠧ 
 ப HEADER,  FOOTER  DETAIL. HEADER   ⠭
஬ PRINT,   ⮬᪨,  뢠 ᮮ饭 
  ப DETAIL 뢠 ९ ࠭.  (. "-
९ ࠭"   ⮩ ).
      C稪 ப ⠭  㢥稢  ४஢-
  ६ USE  HEADER, FOOTER  DETAIL . -
, HEADER,  FOOTER  DETAIL     ⥪饩
ப   ப ६,   ਡ⮬ USE, -
 ᮤন  稪 ப.
      稪 ப ⠭   ⮫쪮  ࠧ,   -
⥬ ⮫쪮 㢥稢.  稭 稪    -
஬ ᢠ.   稭 稪    -
 ࠭.  ⤥ "७ 稪 ப" ᯮ
 ࠢ ९ ࠭.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
9.1.6. ਡ DEVICE.
      
      DEVICE(ன⢮)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      ਡ DEVICE  REPORT । ன⢮,  -
஥ 뢮 ᮮ饭. ࠬ "ன⢮" - ६  -
 ⠭,   ᮤন  ன⢠ DOS  ᯥ樠-
 䠩.     ன DOS ..  ᫨ "ன⢮"  
ன⢠ DOS,  ᮮ饭 뢠   ᮫   -
ࠫ/᫥⥫ .  饭 뢠  ᮫,
稭  .  ( SETCURSOR, ᠭ  .7,  
ᯮ짮    ⠭  ).  ᫨ ࠬ "ன⢮" 
  ⥬ ன DOS,   ਭ    ᯥ䨪
䠩,  ᮮ饭 뢠  ॡ㥬 䠩. ᫨ 䠩 -
,ଠ 㤥   饭.  ᫨ 䠩  ,  -
 ᮧ.   ᫨  ᯥ䨪樨 䠩  ன⢮  
㯠  䠩,  ᯮ ⥪騩 ࠡ稩 ⮬   ஦.   ᫨
ᯥ䨪 ୠ   ਡ DEVICE,  ᮮ饭 -
뢠  LPT1.
      饭   ࠢ  ᫥騥 ன⢠:
CON   -  ᮫
PRN   -   ࠫ 
LPT1  -   ࠫ 
LPT2  -  ன ࠫ 
LPT3  -  ⨩ ࠫ 

                               - 81 -
AUX   -   ᫥⥫ 
OM1  -   ᫥⥫ 
OM2  -  ன ᫥⥫ 
NUL   -   ( ࠭ ன)

9.2. 樮 ਡ.
        REPORT ᯮ 樮 ਡ:  ROW, COL
 CTL(ROW  COL ⠪ ᯮ   SCREEN). ROW  COL -
। न  ப  ଠ ᮮ饭.  ਬ,  ப 
ROW(5)   COL(6)    5- ᢥ 窥    6-  樨
᫥  ࠭.     ९  -
 ࠭,  ⪨  १ࢨ஢ ࠭⢠, ᫨
室 ࠧ ப  । 樨.
      CTL ।  ᫥⥫쭮  ࠢ     
ப.  ᫥⥫쭮  ⠭ ࠧ஢ ଠ, 
⠡, ᯥ樠   ..  ᫥⥫쭮 
⢨ ਭ   ⠥.
      樮 ਡ ROW, COL  CTL 㦠 ࠧ⥫ﬨ -
 (  THEN   IF  OF   CASE).  ⥫
 蠥 樮 ਡ ,    
 饭  . ਬ, ᫥騩  ७  -
  訡:
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
  STRING(10),COL(23),USE(DESC)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
9.2.1. 樮 ਡ ROW.
      
p 1:   ROW(p)
p 2:   ROW(p, )
p 3:   ROW
p 4:   ROW(+  - p)
p 5:   ROW(+  - p, )

      樮 p ROW 㪠뢠  p  ⮫  
᫥饣 pp   STRING    pp  REPORT.   ROW p
p p,  p p, p p⪨  p, 室-
  p饭 p ᨬ  㪠   樨.
      pp "ப",  "ப"  ""   pﬨ
᫮ ⠭, 㪠뢠  ᫥饣 pp STRING.
      p 1  2 p ROW p訢 p p p.
p p   p  p   pp HEADER,  FOOTER 
DETAIL p  p p, p p ("ப" - 1) 
p p⪨.
      p㣨 p p p p  p  p,
᫨ pp "ப"  p,  ᯮ짮  p饣
pp STRING.
      ᫨ pp "ப"  p, ᯮ짮  p-
饣 pp STRING,  ᫥ p ᨬ 㤥 -
   p.
      p 3, 4  5 p ROW p  p p ⠪ -
⢮ p,  ᪮쪮 㪠 pp "ப",    ᫥
p p⪨.  p 3 砥 "᫥  p"    筠
p ROW(+1).  p 4  5 p ROW(+0)   ᯮ짮-
   p ⠭ p.
      pp ""    p 2  5 㪠뢠 ⢮ p-
, p묨  p p ᨬ.

      

                               - 82 -
9.2.2. 樮 ਡ COL.
      
ଠ 1:1  0 COL()
ଠ 2: 1  0COL(+)
      
      樮 ਡ  COL  ।    ᫥饩
ப   REPORT.  COL १ࢨ ࠭⢮, ஥ -
室  ࠧ饭  ।  樨.  ࠬ "-
"  "" - 楫᫥ ⠭,  । 
᫥饣  STRING.
      1 ଠ ਡ COL    ।    .
᫨ ࠬ "" ,  祬  樨 ᫥ ᨬ
।饣  STRING, COL ᮧ ࠭⢮  ࠧ饭
᫥饩 ப, 稭  樨, ।塞 "".
      ᫨ "" ,  祬  ᫥ ᨬ ।-
饣   STRING,  COL 頥   ᮧ (-1)
஡,  ⢥ ⥫   ᨬ 窨  ᫥-
騬 ஬ STRING.  ᯮ짮 ਭ  ⠪ ० -
  ६  ⮬ ⥫쭮.
       ਡ  COL    ᯮ ,  ᫥  
ࠬ   REPORT,   ⮬ ᠭ  ᯮ 
,     뫠 -   ப ࠧ ᫥ -
ਡ ROW.   ଠ ⠪ ᯮ ଠ஢騪 ᮮ饭
। Clarion.

9.2.3. 樮 ਡ CTL.
      CTL । ᫥⥫쭮 ࠢ ਭ஬  -
 REPORT.    ࠬ "ࠢ ᫥⥫쭮" - ப
⠭  ᨬ ࠢ ਭ஬,  ᮤঠ騥 ᫥⥫-
 ࠢ  ਭ஬.  ( ࠢ ਭ஬ .).
᫥⥫쭮 ࠢ ਭ஬ - ᨬ,   -
,   ᯮ  ࠢ ࠡ⮩ ਭ. CTL  -
짮 ⮫쪮   REPORT.
      ࠬ ਡ CTL - ப ⠭,     -
  ६ 믮 ணࠬ.  CONTROL (ᠭ -
  ⮩ )   ᯮ짮   ப -
, ᮤঠ饩  ᫥⥫쭮 ࠢ ਭ஬,  
   ணࠬ.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
9.2.4.  ࠢ ਭ஬.
       ࠢ ਭ஬ - ப ⠭,  -
ঠ 騥 ᫥⥫쭮 ࠢ ਭ஬.     ᨬ-
,  ᨬ 稭   @.  ࠢ ਭ஬
筮 ᯮ    ⢥ ࠬ ਡ CTL  
PRINT.
       ࠢ ਭ஬:
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
@FFn - 믮 ଠ (ASCII 12) n ࠧ, ⥬  ⪨
       (@FF=@FF1)
@LFn - ॢ 窨 (ASCII 10) n ࠧ, ⥬  ⪨
       (@LF=@LF1)
@CRn -  ⪨ (ASCII 13) n ࠧ (@CR=@CR1)
@Bn  - ⠢ n ஡ (n -  楫 ᫮)

9.3.  ப  .

9.3.1.  HEADER.
      
⪠ HEADER
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
       HEADER  ப,      

                               - 83 -
 ࠭.   뢮 ᮮ饭  砥  HEADER 
, ᫥騥            END.
 HEADER   ⮫쪮   REPORT. C HEADER 
ᯮ짮 ਡ PRE.
       HEADER  ।⠢  ᥡ 㯯 ६ 
 ᢠ,  ࠦ  ᯨ ࠬ஢.   ⮬
⥪,     HEADER  ᬠਢ   GROUP.
 ⪨ - ⮬᪨  ᫥   HEADER.
      ,     室,   ᯮ짮  PRINT 
 HEADER.    ᮮ饭 ⠥  ⨨
ᮮ饭,  ⠫   ⮬᪨  ९-
 ࠭.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
9.3.2.  FOOTER.
      
⪠ FOOTER
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
       FOOTER  ப,     -
⠭    ࠭  뢮 ᮮ饭.   砥 -
 FOOTER  ,  ᫥騥         
 END.  FOOTER   ⮫쪮   REPORT.
C FOOTER  ᯮ짮 ਡ PRE.
      C FOOTER  ।⠢  ᥡ 㯯 ६ 
 ᢠ,  ࠦ  ᯨ ࠬ஢.   ⮬
⥪,     FOOTER  ᬠਢ   GROUP.
 ⪨ - ⮬᪨  ᫥   FOOTER.
砭 ⠥  n- ப  ࠭,  n ࠢ -
ࠬ ਡ LENGTH  ⢮ ப,  ன
FOOTER.  PRINT ᯥ稢 ॢ ப  室,
⮡ ࠢ쭮 ࠧ 砭.
      ,     室,   ᯮ짮  PRINT 
 FOOTER.  砭  ⮬᪨  ९
࠭,  ᫥ 砭 ⠥  ⨨ ᮮ饭.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
9.3.3. C DETAIL.
      
⪠ DETAIL
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
       DETAIL  ப,     -
⠭  ⥫ ᮮ饭 (   砭).   砥
 DETAIL  ,  ᫥騥    砭 
  END.   DETAIL    ⮫쪮    
REPORT. C DETAIL  ᯮ짮 ਡ PRE.
       DETAIL ।⠢  ᥡ 㯯 ६,  -
 ᢠ, ࠦ  ᯨ ࠬ஢.  ⮬ -
⥪,   DETAIL ᬠਢ   GROUP. -
 ⪨ ⮬᪨  ᫥   DETAIL.
      ப  DETAIL ⠢  "⥫"  ᮮ饭  -  
࠭      砭.  ᨬ쭮 ᫮ ப 
"⥫" ᮮ饭 -  ࠭ (ࠬ ਡ  LENGTH)   
᫮ ப HEADER  FOOTER .
       DETAIL  ஬ PRINT.   ᫨  
DETAIL   ᮮ⢥ ᮤঠ ᮮ饭 (..  ࠭ 㦥 -
 ப ⥪饣 䠩),  PRINT ⠥  FOOTER  
HEADER    DETAIL.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               

                               - 84 -
9.3.4.  STRING.
      
ଠ 1:   ⪠ STRING()
ଠ 2:   ⪠ STRING(ப ⠭)
ଠ 3:   ⪠ STRING(ᨬ 蠡)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
       STRING    REPORT  ப ᮮ饭,
ࠧ  ᨬ  ᫥  STRING,    -
樨, ।  ਡ⠬ POW  COL,   STRING  
REPORT ᯮ ⠪ ଠ,   STRING   REPORT.
      ਡ USE       ᯮ짮  STRING-    
REPORT.
      ப ᮮ饭  ᮤঠ ⠥ ᨬ ᮮ饭  
 ᯮ짮   㣠 ப ᨬ  ⮣, 
    REPORT ( ⨢ ࠭ ப, -
 㫥      SCREEN ).
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
9.3.5.  CONTROL.
      
ଠ 1:   ⪠ CONTROL()
ଠ 2:   ⪠ CONTROL(ப ⠭)
ଠ 3:   ⪠ CONTROL(ᨬ 蠡)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
       CONTROL  ப ᨬ,  ᯮ짮 
⢥ ᫥⥫쭮 ࠢ ਭ஬.  ࠬ 
CONTROL  ଠ 筮 ⠪ ,   ࠬ   STRING.
(. " STRING  .3).  CONTROL   ᯮ짮 -
 USE.
      ⢥ ⫨稥   CONTROL  STRING  ⮬,   
 ᯮ     ਡ ROW  COL. , CONTROL -
 ६,     ணࠬ,  ⫨稥 
CTL 饣  ப ⠭.     ⫨稥  
CTL, CONTROL   樮 ਡ⮬   뢠 ࠧ-
饭 .

9.3.6. ਡ USE.
      
      USE(६)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      ਡ USE  ।  室  ६     ஢
STRING   CONTROL.  ࠬ "६" - ⪠ ६.  ப
  ६ USE ⮫쪮   REPORT.
       ६ 騥 ࠬࠬ USE-ਡ⮢,뢠-
 "USE-६".       HEADER,FOOTER  
DETAIL, ᮤঠ騥  USE-ਡ,  稭 ६ USE ।
易     ࠬ  STRING    CONTROL.   (."
STRING"  " CONTROL"  ⮩ ).

9.4. ⨥  ⨥ ᮮ饭.

9.4.1.  OPEN.
      
⪠ OPEN(ᮮ饭)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
       OPEN 뢠  REPORT.  ࠬ "ᮮ饭"
- ⪠ ஢ REPORT    EXTERNAL.   OPEN  ⠪  ᯮ
ࠬ SCREEN,DOS  FILE, ᠭ  .8,10  11.
       ⨨ ᮮ饭 ⠭ 室 ன⢮ ᮣ-
᭮ ਡ   DEVICE,    ⠥ ࢠ  HEADER (᫨
 ⠪).

                               - 85 -
       OPEN  易⥫   REPORT,  ..  
 HEADER,  FOOTER  DETAIL  ⮩  REPORT -
⮬᪨ 뢠 ᮮ饭.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
9.4.2.  CLOSE.
      
⪠ CLOSE(ᮮ饭)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
     pp CLOSE p뢠 pp REPORT.  pp "c饭"
-  ⪠ pp  REPORT  EXTERNAL. CLOSE ⠪ ᯮ-
 ࠬ SCREEN, DOS  FILE, ᠭ묨  .8,10,11).
       ⨨  ᮮ饭  ⠥  ᫥  FOOTER
(᫨ ⠪ ). ᫨ ࠬ ਡ DEVICE- ᯥ䨪 䠩-
, CLOSE    뢠  䠩  ᮮ饭.  ᫨   REPORT 
 FOOTER  REPORT  ᠭ  䠩 ᮮ饭,    -
室   CLOSE.
      C饭, ᠭ  ᪮ 䠩,     
砭 ணࠬ,   室 믮  RUN,   CHAIN
 CALL.   ᪮ 䠩 ⮬᪨ 뢠  -
襭 ணࠬ   믮 ஢ RUN, CHAIN  CALL,
 ᫥ 砭  ⠥.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
9.5.  ᮮ饭.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
9.5.1.  PRINT.
      
ଠ 1:   ⪠ PRINT(⥪騩 䠩)
ଠ 2:   ⪠ PRINT(ப)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
       PRINT 뢠 ⠥ ப  ப ᨬ
 ਭ  䠩 ᮮ饭.  ᫨ ࠬ ⪠ ஢ HEADER,
FOOTER  DETAIL, PRINT 뢠 ப  । ன⢮
 ᯥ稢     ,   砭,  稪 ࠭ 
ப.   㣮 砥,  PRINT 뢠  ࠬ   -
ࠫ  (PRN).
       ଥ 1 PRINT ࠬ  "⥪騩  䠩"  -  ⪠  ஢
HEADER, FOOTER  DETAIL. PRINT ⠭ 稪 ப  -
,   ࠭ ७     "⥪騩  䠩"  -  ⪠
HEADER.   PRINT ⠥  HEADER, FOOTER  DETAIL, 
㢥稢  稪 ப  ᫮ ப,     
.
      ᫨ "⥪騩 䠩" - ⪠ DETAIL,      ᮮ⢥
ᮤঠ ⥪饩  ࠭,  ந室 ९ ࠭.  
९  FOOTER  HEADER ᫥⥫쭮 (  ᠭ
).
         ᫥ 砭   ⮬-
,   뢠  뢠 ᮮ⢥⢥. ᫥⢨
⮣, ⪨ ஢ HEADER  FOO- TER 筮   ࠬ-
ࠬ  PRINT.   HEADER  FOOTER  ᯮ짮-
  ᨫ ९ ࠭.
       ன ଥ PRINT ࠬ "ப" -  ப -
, ஬  ⪨ HEADER, FOOTER  DETAIL. PRINT 뢠 -
   ࠫ .
      
9.5.2. ९ ࠭.
      ᫨  DETAIL  ᮮ⢥ ᮤঠ ⥪饩 -
,   PRINT 믮  ९ ࠭  -
砫  ࠭. ९ ࠭ ᮤন ᫥騥 :
1. ᫨   FOOTER,  ⢫ ॢ ப -
   室 ᫮   ࠧ   ࠧ饭 ଠ  室饩 樨;
   ⥬ ⠥  FOOTER.

                               - 86 -
2. 稢 稪 ࠭,   稪 ப  ७ -
   稪 ப ⠭  .
3. ᫨   HEADER,   ⠥,   ७ -
   稪 ப  ᫮ ப   HEADER.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
9.5.3. 㭪 NAME.
      
      NAME(ᮮ饭)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      㭪 NAME 뤠 ப,  ᮤঠ  ன⢠  ᯥ-
䨪 䠩  ਡ DEVICE  REPORT.
      ࠬ "ᮮ饭"  -  ⪠  ஢ REPORT  EXTERNAL.
 NAME ᯮ ࠬ DOS  FILE,  ᠭ  .10  
11.
      ᫨ 䠩 ᮮ饭 ,  NAME  뤠    ᯥ䨪
䠩,    㣮 砥,  NAME 뤠 ᯥ䨪 䠩  ਡ
DEVICE. ᫨ ਡ DEVICE ,  NAME 뤠 'PRN'.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
9.6. 訡 ⮢.
      㭪樨 ERRORCODE()  ERROR()   訡, -
   ஫ ஢ 믮 .  ERRORCODE()
頥      (LONG),  ERROR()  頥 ᠭ 訡
(STRING).
      ᫨ 訡  奭,  ERRORCODE() 頥 0,  ERROR()
頥  ப.
       ਢ ᯨ᮪ ᮮ饭  訡 :
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      饭             믮塞 
      
3        PATH NOT FOUND        OPEN, PRINT
4        TOO MANY OPEN FILES   OPEN, PRINT
5        ACESS DNIED           OPEN, PRINT

                               - 87 -
10. ࠡ⪠ 䠩 DOS.
        ࠪ⨪ 몠 Clarion    ᯮᮡ
ࠡ뢠 䠩 DOS.    뢠   㭪樨, -
 ࠡ뢠 䠩 DOS.   DOS, ⠪  COPY 
RENAME, ⠪  ࠬ Clarion. 㣨  DOS, ⠪
 CHDIR  DELETE,   ࠧ,     Clarion.
(CHDIR ⠭ SETPATH,  DELETE ⠭ REMOVE).   
䠩 DOS,   ன⢠ DOS (CON,  COM1,  LPT1  ..) 
 ࠡ⠭ ࠬ, ᠭ묨  ⮩ .
        11 뢠   㭪樨,  ᯮ 
䠩 Clarion.   Clarion ᯥ稢 ࠢ 묨 -
 ஢,   ᯮ짮 祩 , 㯯 , ࠡ
 ᮢ⭮ ᯮ㥬묨 䠩  ..
      
10.1. ࣠ 䠩 DOS.
       䠩 DOS  묨,  -ᮢ묨.  
 䠩  ()     뢠 ᯮ 㪠-
⥫ ,  ⭮騩  ࢮ  ( 1)  ,    ,
।  ⮢.  DOS   ( -
 ᪠), ।⢮ ᠭ   ᫥ ⮬  䠩.
       ASCII    ᯥ樠묨 䠩 DOS,  ।묨
ਡ⮬ ASCII  DOS.    䠩 ASCII ࠧ ᫥-
⥫쭮 ॢ ப.   䠩 ASCII  ६ 
(稢騥 ॢ ப)  , ४஢ 
     䠩.   ⠥  ASCII,  ⠡
ᨬ ( ASCII-9)   ஡, ⠭  ⠡-
   1,  9, 17  ..   ASCII ४,
 ⮩   ⠢ ⠪ .   ASCII  㤥  -
짮 CTRL-Z     ⬥  䠩,  ᫨  砥 
᫥⥫쭮 ࠡ⪥.  ,  ᫨ ᫥⥫쭠 ࠡ⪠
稭 ᫥ CTRL-Z,  CTRL-Z  ,   ࠧ 䠩 㤥
। 室 ࠢ筨 ⮣ 䠩. CTRL-Z  , 
    䠩 ASCII.
       䠩 DOS 㢥稢, ࠢ筨 DOS    -
  ⮣,  䠩 㤥 . ⥫쭮, ᫨ ணࠬ -
筮 稢 (- ⪠ ந⥫쭮,  ਬ)
 ६   ᥩ  䠩 DOS,    -
. ᫨  ⠪     ,    ᯮ짮
 FLUSH,  ⮡     ⪮४஢ ࠢ筨
᫥ ⮣,   .

10.2.  DOS.

10.2.1.  DOS.
      
⪠ DOS

      C DOS  䠩 DOS.   砥  DOS  
, ᫥騥     ,      '.' 
஬ END. ਡ NAME,ASCII, COMMA  PRE  ᯮ짮
 ஬ DOS.
      ⪠  DOS  ᯮ    ࠬ  ஢  
㭪権 ࠡ⪨ 䠩.   ᥬ ᨬ ⪨ ᯮ 
ᯥ䨪樨, ᫨  ਡ NAME ய饭.   DOS  -
    RECORD.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
10.2.2. ਡ NAME.
      
      NAME (ᯥ䨪 䠩)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               

                               - 88 -
      ਡ NAME  DOS ᯥ稢 ᯥ䨪 䠩, -
㥬  ࠢ筨.  ࠬ "ᯥ䨪権 䠩"  
ࠢ  㯠,   䠩   ७. ᫨  ।-
 ⮬  ஦,   ᯮ ⥪騥 ⮬  ஦ ࠢ-
.
      ࠬ "ᯥ䨪  䠩"    ப ⠭⮩
 ⪮ ப ६,  ᮤঠ饩 ᯥ䨪 䠩. ᫨
ய饭 ਡ NAME,  ᯥ䨪 䠩 DOS ᯮ ⥪騥 ⮬
 ஦,   䠩, 饥   8 ᨬ ⪨ 
DOS,     ᯮ ७.
      
10.2.3. ਡ ASCII.
      ਡ ASCII  DOS । 䠩 ASCII.    ASCII
 䠩 DOS  ﬨ,  ࠧ묨 ᫥⥫쭮 ॢ-
 ப. 稢 ᫥⥫쭮 ॢ ப  -
ॢ ப ( 10 ASCII)   ⪨, ॢ ப (
ASCII 13/10)   ॢ ப/ ⪨ ( ASCII  10/13).
 䠩  ASCII  GET  NEXT    䠩  ,
稭  㪠⥫ ,  த  ᫥⥫쭮 ॢ
ࢮ ப.  ⪨ ⠭ ⠭ १ 
  .  ⮬  ⪨  易⥫,
..  ᯮ짮  ஭ ப.  ⪨, -
室饩  ,  ३    ⥭.
      ᫥⥫쭮 ॢ  ப      
 ᫥ ⥭ 䠩 ASCII.  筮 ⠪,    RECORD  
 ᮤঠ  ॢ ப   ᥩ  䠩 ASCII.
       䠩 ASCII  ADD 뢠      -
祭묨 ஡, ᫥  ⪨/ॢ ப.
       䠩 ASCII   祭 ᨬ Ctrl-Z ( ASCII
26). ᫨ Ctrl-Z 砥  ६ ᫥⥫쭮 ࠡ⪨, 
 ਧ  䠩.  ,   ADD   뢠
Ctrl-Z         䠩.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
10.2.4. ਡ COMMA.
      ਡ COMMA    DOS 砥 䠩 ASCII,  ⠪ 
"ਡ ASCII". , COMMA 砥  ,   -
ᥩ ࠧ 묨.
       䠩 COMMA  GET   NEXT  ⠭  ,
稭  -㪠⥫  த  ᫥⥫쭮
ॢ ப,     묨.     
⠭,  뫠    RECORD. ᫮ -
 ( ⮢,  ⪮,  , ॠ쭮 ଥ) ८ࠧ 
⮣   ࠧ饭   RECORD.  ⠫   -
뢠.
      ᫥⥫쭮 ॢ  ப    -ࠧ⥫  
ਬ   RECORD,  ᫥ ⥭ 䠩  COMMA.     
 RECORD       ᮤঠ  ᫥⥫쭮 ॢ
ப   ( 砥,    ப  ࠭-
 窠),     䠩 COMMA.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
10.2.5.  RECORD.
       RECORD       䠩 DOS.  
砥  RECORD  ,  ᫥騥  ,  砭
   END. PRE-⢥ ਡ, ᯮ騩
 RECORD.  RECORD   ⮫쪮   DOS  FILE.
      , ⠭      RECORD ࠬ NEXT  GET,
   RECORD ࠬ PUT  ADD.  ᯮ
 ⢥  ६ ( ᢠ,  ࠦ  ᯨ᪨
ࠬ஢),  REPORT ࠦ   GROUP.

                               - 89 -
        RECORD ।   䠩 DOS; -
,   ⪨     뢠,  ᯮ짮-
 ࠬ "" ஢ GET, PUT  ADD.  䠩 ASCII,
 RECORD    ᠬ        䠩
(᪫    ᫥⥫쭮 ॢ ப).   ASCII
 ।⢮ ७ ᥩ,  ᫨  㯫  ⪨
⠡樨.
       RECORD  -  易⥫쭠.    । 䠩
DOS  COPY, REMOVE  RENAME, ᯮ  DOS  .
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
10.3. ࠡ⪠ 䠩 DOS.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
10.3.1.  COPY.
      
⪠ COPY(䠩,  䠩)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
       COPY  䠩  ᯥ䨪 䠩  ࠢ筨.
ࠬ "䠩"-⪠ ஢ DOS  EXTERNAL DOS.  ࠬ "-
 䠩"   ப ⠭⮩  ६,  ᮤঠ饩
ᯥ䨪  䠩. ᫨ ࠬ " 䠩" ᮤন ⮫쪮
ᯥ䨪 ⮬  ஦,  䠩 ࠭ 騩 䠩 
⥭.   COPY ᯮ ன FILE,  ᠭ  -
.11.
       COPY  묨 ᯥ䨪ﬨ 䠩 .
COPY ॣ 訡 "FILE NOT FOUND", "ACCESS DENIED", "PATH NOT
FOUND". ᫨ ॣ஢ 訡,  䠩  .

10.3.2.  RENAME.
      
⪠ RENAME(䠩,  䠩)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
       RENAME  २뢠  䠩  ࠢ筨.  ࠬ
"䠩"-⪠ ஢ DOS  EXTERNAL DOS.  ࠬ "  䠩"
    ப  ⠭⮩  ६,  ᮤঠ饩 
ᯥ䨪 䠩.  RENAME ᯮ ⠪ ன FILE,   
ᠭ   11.
      E᫨ ࠬ " 䠩" ᮤন ⮫쪮 ᯥ䨪 ⮬  
஦, २   䠩 ࠭    ⥭ -
஦  ࠢ筨.  ᫨ ᯥ䨪 ⮬  ࠬ  "
䠩"  ᮮ⢥ ⮬ २㥬 䠩,  䠩 -
 (    २, ᫨ 室  ࠧ -
).  䠩    २.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
10.3.3.  REMOVE.
      
⪠ REMOVE(䠩)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
       REMOVE 㤠 ᯥ䨪 䠩  ࠢ筨.  -
ࠬ "䠩"- ⪠ ஢ DOS  EXTERNAL  DOS.   䨪
䠩    㤠, ᫨ 䠩 .  REMOVE  -
짮 ன FILE,  ᠭ   11.
      REMOVE ॣ  訡 "FILE NOT FOUND"  "ACCESS DENIED".
䨪  㤠   訡.

10.3.4.  SETPATH.
      
⪠ SETPATH(⮬  ஦)

       SETPATH  ⮬   ஦  ⥪饣  ࠢ筨

                               - 90 -
DOS. ࠬ   "⮬  ஦" - ப ⠭  ६,
ᮤঠ  ⮬,  稥  ᯥ䨪  ஦ (-
  ᠭ ࠢ筨).
      ᫨  ⪠ ⮬  稥,  ᯮ  ⥪騩
⮬. ᫨   饭   ᯥ䨪樨  ⢫, 
ॣ 訡 "PATH NOT FOUND",  ⥪騩 ࠢ筨  -
.

10.3.5.  CREATE.
      
⪠ CREATE(䠩)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
       CREATE  ᮧ  ⮩ 䠩 (䠩 㫥 )  
 DOS.  ࠬ "䠩" - ⪠ ஢ DOS    EXTERNAL
DOS. ᫨ ᯥ䨪 䠩    ࠢ筨,  
 ࠢ筨.  ᫨ ᯥ䨪 , 騩 䠩 㤠
  ᮧ.  CREATE 뢠 䠩 c  ᮧ.
 CREATE ᯮ ன FILE,  ᠭ   11.
      CREATE ॣ  訡  "PATH  NOT FOUND",  "TOO MANY OPEN
FILES"  "ACCESS DENIED".

10.3.6.  EMPTY.
      
⪠ EMPTY(䠩)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
       EMPTY    䠩  DOS    .   ࠬ
"䠩" - ⪠ ஢ DOS  EXTERNAL DOS.  EMPTY 뢠-
 䠩, ᫨    .
       EMPTY  ॣ   訡,     OPEN
(ᠭ ).   EMPTY ᯮ ன FILE,  ᠭ
  11.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
10.3.7.  OPEN.
      
⪠ OPEN(䠩)

       OPEN 뢠 䠩 DOS  ࠡ⪨. ࠬ "䠩"
-⪠ ஢ DOS   EXTERNAL  DOS.     OPEN  ᯮ
ࠬ SCREEN, REPORT  FILE,  ᠭ   8, 9  11.
       CREATE, EMPTY, ADD, GET, PUT  SET ⮬᪨ -
뢠 䠩 DOS,  ᫨   .  OPEN  ᯮ-
   饣 䠩.
       OPEN  ॣ 訡 "FILE NOT FOUND",  "TOO MANY
OPEN FILES"  "ACCESS DENIED".

10.3.8.  CLOSE.
      
⪠ CLOSE(䠩)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
       CLOSE 뢠 䠩 DOS. ࠬ "䠩" - ⪠ -
஢ DOS  EXTERNAL DOS.     CLOSE  ᯮ  ࠬ
SCREEN, REPORT  FILE, .  8, 9, 11.
       ⨨ 䠩 DOS,   뢠   DOS ,   ᫨
䠩 㢥稢,   ४ ࠧ ࠢ筨.   襥
᢮⢮, ⮬    㢥祭 䠩 DOS ᫥ ᫥-
 饭  ⮣,  ⮡    ⪮ -
.
       CLOSE   ॡ  襭 ணࠬ,  ..  
⮬ 砥   䠩 뢠.   ⮬᪨ -

                               - 91 -
뢠 䠩   RUN,  CHAIN  OLL.  ⮬ 砥 CLOSE -
. ᫨  DOS    , ॣ 訡
"ACCESS DENIED".

10.3.9.  FLUSH.
      
⪠ FLUSH(䠩)

       FLUSH    ४ਨ  䠩 DOS. -
 "䠩" - ⪠  DOS  EXTERNAL DOS.  FLUSH ᯮ-
 ன FILE (.  11).
       FLUSH  ᯮ짮 ᫥ ஢ PUT  ADD,
    䠩 DOS,  ⠪    ,   ᫨
ந ᡮ ⥬.  砥 ⮣ 䠩 FLUSH .
᫨  DOS    ,  ॣ 訡 "ACCESS
DENIED".
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
10.4. 롮ઠ ᥩ DOS.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
10.4.1.  SET.
      
ଠ 1:   ⪠ SET(䠩)
ଠ 2:   ⪠ SET(䠩, 㪠⥫)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
       SET  ᯮ  樠樨 ᫥⥫쭮 -
⪨ 䠩 DOS.  ࠬ "䠩" -  ࠬ ஢ DOS  
EXTERNAL DOS.  SET ᯮ ன FILE (.  11).
       NEXT ᫥⥫쭮 뢠     䠩  DOS.
 SET   ⠭  㪠⥫  ࢮ ,  
  ⠭ ஬ NEXT.  ଠ 1 ⠭ 㪠⥫
     ( 砫 ࢮ ),   ଠ 2 ⠭
㪠⥫   ᨬ    ࠬ  "㪠⥫".   ࠬ
"㪠⥫"   楫᫥ ⠭⮩,  ६  -
ࠦ  ।    ⢠ ⮢  䠩.  ਬ
SET  ⮬ 䠩 뢠 .
      ᫨ ࠬ "㪠⥫" ᫨誮 让,  ⠭ -
 "END OF FILE".  㭪 EOF ࠢ "୮".  SET ॣ-
   訡,   OPEN.
      
10.4.2.  NEXT.
      
⪠ NEXT(䠩)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
       NEXT ᫥⥫쭮 ⠥      䠩  DOS  
 REPORT.  ࠬ "䠩"- ⪠ ஢ DOS  EXTERNAL
DOS.  NEXT ᯮ ன FILE (.  11). 
SET ⠭ 㪠⥫ ,  㪠뢠   
 뢠 ஬ NEXT.
        䠩 ( DOS  ਡ⮢ ASCII),  
 ࠢ   RECORD.   NEXT 뢠  
ᮣ᭮ 㪠⥫ ,  ⥬ 㢥稢 㪠⥫   
  㪠  ᫥ .  ᫥   
, 祬  RECORD.  ⮬ 砥, 㭪 BYTES (ᠭ
 ⮩ )  ।  ⪮ .
       䠩  ASCII ( DOS  ਡ⠬ ASCII), -
稭  㪠⥫   த    襭  ᫥-
⥫쭮 ॢ ப.   ⮪ ⠡ ( ASCII 9) -
 ஡,  ⠭  ⠡   1,  9,
17  ..  砭 ᫥⥫쭮 ॢ ப ( 

                               - 92 -
 ⪨)   ⠥   RECORD. ᫨ ᫥⥫-
 ॢ ப    ࠧ    㢥-
,  祬 ࠧ ,   騥  ଠ -
  뢠.  ᫨ 뢠   ,   
 ஡. ᫥ ⥭  ASCII,  NEXT -
 㪠⥫     砭 ᫥⥫쭮 ॢ
ப.
       GET,  PUT  ADD   㪠⥫ . ਬ-
 NEXT  砥 ⮣ 䠩   殬 䠩, ॣ
訡 "RECORD NOT AVAILABLE"    뢠.
       LOOP UNTIL EOF 筮 ᯮ  ࠢ 横-
 SET/NEXT.    EOF(  䠩)   뤠  "୮" ᫥ 뢠
NEXT- ᫥  䠩.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
10.4.3.  GET.
      
ଠ 1:   ⪠ GET(䠩,㪠⥫)
ଠ 2:   ⪠ GET(䠩, 㪠⥫, )
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
       GET ந쭮 뢠   䠩 DOS  -
 RECORD.  ࠬ "䠩"-⪠ ஢ DOS  EXTERNAL  DOS.
 GET ᯮ ࠬ FILE  TABLE (.  11  12).
       ଥ  1 ࠬ "㪠"- 楫᫥ ⠭,  -
  ࠦ, ।饥 ⭮⥫  ࢮ -
 ,   室 .  (   䠩 ⭮-
⥫쭮  1).  稭 "㪠⥫"       
, 祬 ࠧ 䠩  .
       䠩 ASCII ( DOS  ਡ⠬ ASCII),  -
稭  ࠬ "㪠⥫"  த   ॢ  ப.
 ⮪ ⠡ (ASCII  9)  ஡, ⠭-
  ⠡   1,9,17  ..  ॢ ப  -
   ⪨  뢠   REPORT.   
䠩   ࠢ   REPORT.
       ଥ 2 ࠬ "" - 楫᫥ ⠭,  ६-
  ࠦ,  ᮤঠ饥 ⢮ ⮢,   室
. ࠬ   ""       ,  祬
  RECORD.  ᫨ ࠬ ""   ।,  
ᯮ   RECORD.
      ᫨ "㪠⥫"  । ॣ 訡 "RECORD NOT
FOUND",     뢠. ਬ GET  ⮬ 䠩
뢠 .   ⮬ 砥 GET ॣ   訡,     
 OPEN.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
10.4.4.  PUT.
      
ଠ 1:   ⪠ PUT(䠩)
ଠ 2:   ⪠ PUT(䠩, 㪠⥫)
ଠ 3:   ⪠ PUT(䠩, 㪠⥫, )
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
       PUT ந쭮 뢠   䠩 DOS  -
 RECORD.  ࠬ "䠩"-⪠ ஢ DOS  EXTERNAL  DOS.
 PUT        ᯮ짮   ࠬ   FILE      TABLE
(.  11, 12).
      ࠬ "㪠⥫" - 楫᫥ ⠭, ६, -
ࠦ, ।饥 ⭮⥫  ࢮ  , -
      ᠭ (   䠩 ⭮⥫쭮 
1). ࠬ  "㪠⥫"    ,    ,  祬
ࠧ 䠩  .
      ࠬ ""- 楫᫥ ⠭, ६  -

                               - 93 -
, ।饥  ⢮ ⮢,  ஥ 室 .
ࠬ ""     ࠢ ,    
 RECORD.  ᫨ ࠬ ࠢ ,  DOS ⠭ 
䠩  ࠬ "㪠⥫".   ᮡ  ᯮ짮 
࠭祭 䠩.  ᫨ ࠬ ""   ।,  -
,  ᯮ   RECORD.
      ଠ 1   PUT ࠧ頥  ᮣ᭮ 㪠⥫ -
, ⠭   ᫥ 饭 ( 1,  ᫨ 䠩 ⮫쪮
 ),   ⠭  ࠧ . PUT  
ᯮ짮  䠩 ASCII.  ଠ 2 뢠   RECORD
楫   䠩, । ࠬ஬ "㪠⥫". ଠ 3
뢠  ⢮ ⮢,  ஥ । ࠬ஬ "-
"      RECORD    䠩,  । ࠬ஬
"㪠⥫".
      ᫨ ࠬ  "㪠⥫"  ।,  ॣ 訡
"RECORD NOT AVAILABLE"    ࠧ頥.  2  3 
  ᯮ짮  㢥祭 䠩.  ᫨   -
  , ॣ 訡 "ACCESS DENIED".
       PUT,     뢠   । 䠩,
㢥稢 䠩. ਬ PUT  ⮬ 䠩 뢠 .
 ⮬ 砥, PUT ॣ   訡,    OPEN.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
10.4.5.  ADD.
      
ଠ 1:   ⪠ ADD(䠩)
ଠ 2:   ⪠ ADD(䠩, )
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
       ADD  䠩 DOS.        
䠩. ࠬ    "䠩"-⪠ ஢ DOS  EXTERNAL DOS.  ADD
⠪ ᯮ ࠬ FILE  TABLE (.  11, 12).
      ࠬ "" - 楫᫥ ⠭,  ६  -
ࠦ, ।饥  ᫮ ⮢, ஥ 室 . -
ࠬ ""            
RECORD. ᫨  ࠬ ""   ।,   , 
ᯮ   RECORD.   ଥ 1  ADD,  
 ⠭    RECORD.
       䠩 ASCII (䠩 DOS  ਡ⠬ ASCII),  ଠ 1 -
 ஡,  ᫥騥  ,   ⥬     
䠩   砭  ⪨/ ॢ ப.  ଥ 2
ࠬ ""  ᯮ      襩 .  ࠬ
""  ᯥ稢  ,   ன 稭 祭
஡. ⢨⥫쭠          ࠬ
"".
       ADD 㢥稢 䠩 DOS.  ᫨   
頥  , ॣ 訡 "ACCESS DENIED". ᯮ짮-
 ADD  ⮬ 䠩 뢠 .   ⮬ 砥,  ADD  -
   訡,    OPEN.

10.5. 㭪樨 䠩 DOS.

10.5.1. 㭪 EOF.
      
      EOF(䠩)
      
      㭪 EOF()  뤠 楫 ᫮  ࠢ  (୮),  ᫨
 ,     ⠭ NEXT. ᫨  -
 ,  EOF() ⠭  0 (). ࠬ "䠩"-⪠
஢ DOS  EXTERNAL DOS.  㭪 EOF()   ᯮ  ⠪
ࠬ FILE,  ᠭ   11.

                               - 94 -
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
10.5.2. 㭪 POINTER.
      
      POINTER(䠩)

      㭪 POINTER()  뤠  楫 ᫮, ᮤঠ饥 ⭮-
⥫    ᫥    । 䠩.  ࠬ
"䠩" - ⪠ ஢ DOS  EXTERNAL DOS.
      POINTER() 뢠  䠩,   ᫨       .  㭪
POINTER() ᯮ   FILE  TABLE (.  11  12).
      NEXT   䠩 DOS  ᫥⥫쭮  ᯮ-
 -㪠⥫.  㭪 POINTER()     ᯮ짮,
⮡ ࠭  .   ᫥饬 ⠯, SET  㪠-
뢠  ,  NEXT   뢠 ,   GET   -
   ।⢥.

10.5.3. 㭪 BYTES.
      
      BYTES(䠩)

      BYTES -㭪 뤠  楫 ᫮,  ᮤঠ饥 稭
䠩 DOS  ⢮ ⮢,  ⠥  ᪠  ᫥  -
⢥ ⮢, ⠥  ᪠  ᫥ 饭  ।
䠩 DOS. ࠬ "䠩"  ⪮  DOS  EXTERNAL
DOS.
      ᫥  ஬ OPEN, BYTES() 뤠 稭 䠩,  -
. ᫥  ⮣  䠩 ࠭ ஬ GET,  NEXT,  PUT  ADD,
㭪 BYTES()  뤠 ⢮ ⮢  ᫥ ࠭ -
.    㭪   ᯮ짮,  ⮡  ॠ쭮 -
⢮ ⮢,  ⠥ ( ७ ⠡   -
 ப       ⪨)     饭  䠩 ASCII DOS.
㭪 BYTES  ⠪ 室 ⪨     筮
䠩 DOS. (. "ࠡ⪠  䠩   ⮩   -
 㭪樨 BYTES()).
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
10.5.4. 㭪 NAME.
      
      NAME(䠩)

      㭪 NAME()  뤠 ப, ᮤঠ ࠢ筨 ᯥ䨪-
樨 䠩   DOS.   ࠬ  "䠩"  ⪮  DOS 
EXTERNAL DOS.  NAME()  ⠪ ᯮ   REPORT  FILE,
 ᠭ   9  11.
      ᫨ 䠩 , NAME() 뤠  ᯥ䨪 䠩. -
 ,  NAME()  뤠 ᯥ䨪 䠩, । ਡ⮬
NAME(). ᫨  ਡ NAME, NAME() 뤠  䠩  㬮砭.

10.5.5. 㭪 PATH.
      㭪 PATH()  뤠 ப, ᮤঠ ⥪ ஦  ⮬
ࠢ筨. 騥  ⮬  ஦ ࠢ筨 稭  ᠭ
ࠢ筨  ᮤঠ  ⮬,    稥,   ⥬ 
ᯥ䨪 ஦.

10.6. 訡 䠩 DOS.
      㭪樨 ERRORCODE()   ERROR() ᯮ, ⮡ 뤠 訡-
, ॣ஢ ࠬ ࠡ⪨  DOS. ERRORCODE
() 뤠  ᫮, ᮤঠ饥 ,  ERROR() 뤠 ப, -
ঠ ᠭ  訡,   뫠 ॣ஢.  ᫨
 뫮 訡 ERRORCODE()  뤠 0,   ERROR() 뤠  ப

                               - 95 -
(   १ 㤥 "").
      ᮪ 訡, ॣ㥬 ࠬ 䠩 DOS:
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
     饭               ᠭ
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
 2   FILE NOT FOUND         COPY    RENAME  REMOVE   OPEN
 3   PATH NOT FOUND         COPY    RENAME  SETPATH  CREATE
 4   TOO MANY OPEN FILES    CREATE  OPEN
 5   ACCESS DENIED          CLOSE   FLUSH   PUT      ADD
                            COPY    RENAME  REMOVE   CREATE  OPEN
33   RECORD NOT AVAILABLE   NEXT    PUT
34   END OFF FILE           SET     NEXT
35   RECORD NOT FOUND       GET
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
EMPTY, SET, GET, PUT  ADD 䨪   訡,   OPEN.

                               - 120 -
12. ࠡ⪠ ⠡ .
        (Memory Table)  몠 CLARION ᯮ ᢮-
  ( ,  ⠥ ᯮ짮 ᫥ 㧪
ணࠬ )    㯮冷祭 ⢠ ⮢ ⠡-
.   ⠡ 뢠  뢠  ⠡,   
⮬  뢠  뢠   CLARION 䠩.
       ⠡  ᮤন 㪠⥫ । ( ᫥-
饣  ⠡),  㪠⥫  ( ।饣 )
 .   ⨯ ᯮ ଠ樨    "㭠-
ࠢ" ᯨ᮪.
      ᯮ짮 㭠ࠢ  ᯨ᪠  ।  ⢮
⥩.     ࠡ⠭ ᫥⥫쭮 ।  
 㪠⥫.   ᨫ ஥ ଠ樨 ᫥⥫ -
⠬    易⥫쭮   ᬥ묨  ,  ⮬  
   㯮冷祭 ⠡   ᤢ    ᫥
 ᢮   .  ஬ ⮣,   ⠡  
ࠧ筮 ,  ⠪  ,      
뤥 ᢮ ,   ,  ,  -
, ⮬, 㤥   ᯨ ᢮ ⥩ .
         ᯮ  ⠪   ᬥ饭 ஢ 
襩 䠩,  뫮 ᠭ  ।饩 .  ⠡ -
   ᮪ ਮ  뤥 , 祬  
. ⮬,   ᫨    ⠡   
筮,  , 뤥     ᮪頥 
᢮ ( 浪 ⭮ 뤥)  祭 ᢮
. , 뤥   ⠡ ,   -
    FREE.
       ⠡     ᠬ ⠡ 뢠 ன
TABLE.   ᠭ  ।  TABLE ᮤঠ 
⥪饣  ⠡.  TABLE   ஬  -
㯠  ⠡ :   ⠡ 뢠  TABLE -
  뢠  ⠡  TABLE .
        ⠬ ⠡  ⢫  १  㪠-
⥫ , ᮮ⢥騩  , 稭  1,  (-
 ⠡ ஢  祭 )  祭 祢 -
.  ⠡    ⠭, , 
 㭨⮦,   ᠬ ⠡   ஢     
  ஢  (  祭).   -
 ᮤঠ  65.536 ⮢        ⠡  
 ࠧ  65.520 .
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
12.1.  TABLE.

12.1.1.  TABLE.
      
         ⪠ TABLE

       TABLE  뢠  ⠡  .  ᠭ 砥
 TABLE  ᫥騥    襭 
窮 (.)   ஬ END.  "⪠"  TABLE ᯮ
ࠬ ࠡ⪨ ⠡      ᮮ⢥騬  㭪ﬨ.
⭮  ஬ TABLE   ᯮ짮 ਡ PRE.
       ⠡    ⠭  ⠡   -
 ஬ GET, ᠭ  ⠡   ࠬ PUT 
ADD  㭨⮦ ஬ DELETE.  ᯮ짮  ⢥ -
 (   ᢠ,  ࠦ  ᯨ᪠ ࠬ஢)
 TABLE ࠪ  㯯 (GROUP).
      ।       ⠡  ᥪ 몠騥
஡, ⮬  ᠭ ᨬ ६,    
묨 (⠪    ਨ) ⥫쭮 ᯮ -

                               - 121 -
  TABLE .
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
12.2.   ⠬ ⠡ .
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
12.2.1.  GET.
      
ଠ 1: ⪠ GET(⠡,㪠⥫)
ଠ 2: ⪠ GET(⠡,)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
       GET ⠥   ⠡   ࠧ頥  
TABLE .  ࠬ "⠡"  -  ⪠    TABLE  
EXTERNAL.   GET ᯮ ⠪  ࠬ DOS  FILE,
 ᠭ   11  12.
      ଠ 1:   GET ⠥  ⠡,  ᮮ⢥騩
樨, ।塞  ࠬ஬ "㪠⥫".  ࠬ  "㪠⥫"
  ᫮ ⠭⮩  ⪮ ᫮ ६,  -
ᠭ   TABLE.  ᫨ "㪠⥫" ᠭ  
TABLE,    ᬠਢ    ᮮ⢥⢨  ମ 2 -
 GET.  祭 ࠬ "㪠⥫"    । 
1  ⢠ ⮢  ⠡ .  ᫨ "㪠⥫" 室
  ࠭,  頥 訡 "ENTRY NOT FOUND" (" 
").
      ଠ 2:  ந     宦  
⠡ ,   ᮮ⢥饣 祭 ࠬ "".  ""
  ⪮ ६,  ᠭ   TABLE,   
⨢ 砥  ࠪ  㪠⥫ ᮮ⢥饩 樨.
      ६  TABLE,     ᮮ⢥  ࠬ
"", 뢠  箬.    ⠡  ஢ ⥬
ࠢ 祭 ࠬ ""  砬 ⮢ ⠡ -
. ᫨  ᮢ    ,  頥 訡 "ENTRY
NOT FOUND" ("  ").
       GET    ଥ 2  ਬ ⮫쪮  ⮬ 砥,
᫨  ⠡  ᯮ  饬    祭
  浪.  ᮧ ᮮ⢥饩 ᫥⥫쭮-
 ⠡    ஢ (஬ SORT)  
         砫쭮 ⠡
(஬ ADD) ᯮ    箬.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
12.2.2.  PUT.
      
⪠ PUT(⠡)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
       PUT 뢠  TABLE   ⠡    
, ᮮ⢥    ᫥ ᯥ譮 믮 
GET  ADD.  ࠬ "⠡"   ⪮    ⠡
TABLE  EXTERNAL. PUT ਬ ⠪ ࠬ DOS  FILE, 
ᠭ   10  11.
      ᫨ ।⥫쭮   뫨 ᯥ譮 믮 GET  ADD,  
뤠 ᮮ饭  訡 "ENTRY NOT AVAILABLE".
      ᫨ ᫥  GET 뢠  ⠡  ,
 PUT  ࠧ ᫥⥫쭮 ⠡  砥  
祭 祢 .

12.2.3.  DELETE.
      
⪠ DELETE(⠡)

       DELETE 㤠  ⠡ , ᯮ 
樨, ᮮ⢥饩  ᫥ ᯥ譮  믮  

                               - 122 -
GET   ADD.  ࠬ "⠡"  ⪮  TABLE 
EXTERNAL. DELETE  ᯮ ⠪  ࠬ DOS  FILE,   
ᠭ   10  11.
      ᫨ ।⥫쭮  뫨 ᯥ譮 믮 GET  ADD,   
뤠 ᮮ饭  訡 "ENTRY NOT AVAILABLE".
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
12.2.4.  ADD.
      
ଠ 1:   ⪠ ADD(⠡)
ଠ 2:   ⪠ ADD(⠡, 㪠⥫)
ଠ 3:   ⪠ ADD(⠡, )
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
       ADD  뢠        ⠡   
 TABLE.  ࠬ "⠡"  ⪮   TABLE
 EXTERNAL.  ADD ᯮ ⠪  ࠬ DOS  FILE,  
ᠭ   10  11.
      ᯮ짮   1  ADD 頥   
⠡ .
       ᯮ짮  2  頥  ⠡  ,
। ࠬ஬ "㪠⥫".  騥    ⮬
ᤢ "". ࠬ "㪠⥫"   ᫮ ⠭-
⮩, 塞    TABLE.  ᫨       
 TABLE,    㤥 ࠪ⮢  ,   ⮬ 㤥
ਬ ଠ 3  ADD. ᫨ "㪠⥫"  1  
᫠ ⮢  ⠡ ,    頥  
⠡.
       ᯮ짮   3  ADD ⠢   -
஢ ⠡ .  ""   ⪮  ६,
      TABLE;   砥  㤥 ࠪ-
  㪠⥫,  㤥 ਬ ଠ 2  ADD. ᫨ 
⠡ 㦥  㯯 ⮢  ⠪  砬,   -
 ⠢   ⮩ 㯯.
      ଠ 3  ᯮ짮 ⮫쪮  ⮬ 砥,  ᫨ ⠡
㦥 ஢  饬 浪 ᮣ᭮ ࠬ "".
       ⢨  ᢮   뤠 訡 "INSAFFICIENT
MEMORY".
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
12.3. ࠡ⪠ ⠡ .

12.3.1.  SORT.
      
⪠ SORT(⠡, )
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
       SORT   () ⠡   -
 ᫥⥫쭮. ࠬ "⠡"  ⪮ -
 TABLE  EXTERNAL.  祬  ࢮ  砥  ࠬ  ""
  ⪮ ६,    TABLE. 
஬    砥  ࠬ  ""      ⪮  
EXTERNAL.
      ஢ ⠡   ਬ    ᫥-
饬  GET  ADD  ᯮ짮 㯠  .

12.3.2.  FREE.
      
         ⪠ FREE(⠡)

       FREE 㤠    ⠡   ᢮-
   ࠭⢮.  ࠬ  "⠡"    ⪮
 TABLE  EXTERNAL.  FREE ᯮ ⠪  ᢮-

                               - 123 -
 , 뤥 ࠬ CACHE  BUFFER  ᠭ  
11.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
12.4. 㭪樨 ⠡ .

12.4.1. 㭪 POINTER.
      
      POINTER(⠡)

      㭪 POINTER  頥   楫,  ᮤঠ饥 
() ,  ன  ᤥ ᫥ . ࠬ "⠡-
"  ⪮  TABLE  EXTERNAL. POINTER ᯮ-
 ⠪  ࠬ DOS  FILE  ᠭ   10  11.

12.4.2. 㭪 RECORDS.
      
      RECORDS(⠡)

      㭪 RECORDS 頥  楫,  ᮤঠ饥 ᫮ -
ᥩ  ⠡ .  ࠬ "⠡"  ⪮ 
TABLE  EXTERNAL.  POINTER ᯮ ⠪   ࠬ  FILE
 ᠭ   11.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
12.5. 訡 ⠡ .
      㭪樨 ERRORCODE()   ERROR()  ᯮ    
訡,       ਬ  ஢  ⠡栬 .
ERRORCODE() 頥   楫,   ᮤঠ饥    訡,   
ERROR() -  ப,  ᮤঠ ᠭ 訡.  ᫨ 訡  뫮,
ERRORCODE() 頥 ,  ERROR() - 㫥 ப.
      ᮪ 訡,     믮 ஢ ࠡ 
⠡栬 :
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
     饭               뫠 ࠬ
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
8       INSUFFICIENT MEMORY     ADD, PUT
31      ENTRY NOT FOUND         GET
32      ENTRY NOT AVAILABLE     PUT, DELETE

                               - 124 -
13. 㭪樨 몠 Clarion.
    
13.1. ⥬᪨ 㭪樨.

13.1.1. 㭪 S.
           
ABS(p)

     㭪 ABS() 뤠 ᮫ 稭 ᫮ p.
     ᮫⭠ 稭 ⥫쭮  ᠬ ᫮;  -
⭠ 稭  p⥫쭮 ᫠  ᠬ ᫮ -
  (-1).
     pp    p⠢  ᫮ p-
.
      祭, 뤠 㭪樥, ⢥.

13.1.2. 㭪 INRANGE.
     
INRANGE(p, , p孨)

     㭪 INRANGE()   p  ᫮  p  騬
᫮ .
     㭪 INRANGE()  뤠  楫, ᮤp饥  (-
⨭), ᫨  祭 p   㪠    
(), ᫨ 祭 p    㪠 .
     pp  -  ᫮ p,  ᮤp饥  -
, p 室 pp.
     pp     ᫮묨 pﬨ,   -
p p⠢   p孨 p  ( 窨
⠪   ).

13.1.3. 㭪 INT.
     
INT(p)

     㭪 INT()  뤠 楫  祭 ᫮  p.
p㣫 祭 p ⮬  p.
     pp    p⠢  ᫮ p-
.
     뤠 祭  ⢥.

13.1.4. 㭪 LOGE.
     
LOGE(p)

     㭪 LOGE()  뤠 p p  祭  ᫮
p.
     p p ᫠ -  ⥯,   p 㦭  -
 ᫮ e,  ⮡  祭, p ⮬ .
     祭  p 2.71828182846.
     pp    p⠢  ᫮ p-
.   p p p   祭  
 p .  ⮬ 㭪 LOGE()  뤠 , ᫨ 祭
  p蠥 .
     뤠 祭  ⢥.


                               - 125 -

13.1.5. 㭪 LOG10.
     
LOG10(p)
     㭪 뤠  p 祭 ᫮ p.
      p ᫠ -  ⥯,  p 㦭 -
 ᫮ 10,  ⮡  祭, p  .
     pp    p⠢  ᫮ p-
.   p p  祭  -
 p .  ⮬ 㭪 LOG10()  뤠 ,  ᫨ 祭
  p蠥 .
     뤠 祭  ⢥.

13.1.6. 㭪 RANDOM.
     
RANDOM(, p孨)

     㭪 RANDOM()  pp 砩 楫     
   p孨 p ⥫쭮.
     pp     묨 ᫮묨  p-
,  ᯮ ⮫쪮  楫   pp -
  ( 窨 ⠪   ).
     뤠 祭   楫.

13.1.7. 㭪 ROUND.
     
ROUND(p, p冷)

     㭪 ROUND()  뤠 祭 p, p㣫  -
 .
     pp  -   ᫮ p.
     pp   p,  祭  p  p
⥯ . ᫨ pp    p ⥯ 10,
 ᯮ    p⭠ ⥯.
     뤠 祭  ⢥.

13.1.8. 㭪 SQRT.
     
SQRT(p)

     㭪   뤠   祭   p⭮   p  p.
     p p - 稭 -  ᫮, p p -
  ᠬ ᥡ   p 祭,  p ⮩ -
.
     pp   -      ᫥ p.  ,
p p p⥫쭮 ᫠ p,   ⮬,   ᫨
pp  p⠢ p⥫ ᫮,   㭪 SQRT
뤠 .
     뤠 祭  ⢥.

13.2. pp᪨ 㭪樨.
     pp᪨ 㭪樨 뤠 祭,  p⠢騥 㣫
 ⭮襭 p pאַ㣮쭮 p㣮쭨 - p㣮쭨,  -
p  㣮 pאַ (p 90 pᮢ).  p pאַ㣮쭮
p㣮쭨 p⨢ pאַ 㣫 뢠 ⨭㧮. 
   p㣨 㣫 p p p 㣮   -
⨭㧮,  p⨢ p 室 p⨢ ⮣ 㣫. -
 p  p.   p p⢠,   ᯥ稢騥
᮪ 筮   p  ⠭  ᫠    pp
 pᠬ  p.

                               - 126 -

PI       EQUATE(3.1415926535898) ! ᫮ 
RAD2DEG  EQUATE(57.295779513082) !   ⢮ p
DEG2RAD  EQUATE(.0174532925199)  !   ⢮ pᮢ

13.2.1. 㭪 SIN.
     
SIN(p)

     㭪 SIN()  뤠 祭 pp᪮ ᨭ  㣫.
      㣫  p⠢  ᮡ ⭮襭  p⨢
   ⨭.
     pp   -  p,  ᮤp饥 祭 稭
㣫  p.
     뤠 祭  ⢥.

13.2.2. 㭪 COS.
     
COS(p)

     㭪 COS() 뤠 祭 pp᪮ ᨭ 㣫.
     ᨭ 㣫 p⠢ ᮡ ⭮襭  p饣  -
   ⨭.
     pp  -  p,  ᮤp饥 祭  稭
㣫  p.
     뤠 祭  ⢥.

13.2.3. 㭪 TAN.
    
TAN(p)

     㭪 TAN() 뤠 祭 pp᪮ ⠭ 㣫.
      㣫 p⠢ ᮡ ⭮襭  p⨢
   p饣 .
     pp   -  p,  ᮤp饥 祭 稭
㣫  p.
     뤠 祭  ⢥.

13.2.4. 㭪 ASIN.
     
ASIN(p)

     㭪 ASIN() 뤠 p ᨭ.
     p ᨭ 祭 ᨭ 㣫 -  ᠬ 㣮, p 
 祭.
     pp  -  祭 ᨭ 㣫.
     뤠 祭  ⢥ 稭,  ᮤp饩
ᮮ⢥騩 㣮, p  p.

13.2.5. 㭪 ACOS.
     
ACOS(p)

     㭪 ACOS()  뤠 p ᨭ.
     p ᨭ 祭 ᨭ 㣫 -  ᠬ 㣮,  p
  祭.
     pp  -  祭 ᨭ 㣫.
     뤠 祭  ⢥ 稭,  ᮤp饩
ᮮ⢥騩 㣮, p  p.


                               - 127 -
13.2.6. 㭪 AAN.
     
ATAN(p)

     㭪 ATAN()  뤠 p ⠭.
     p ⠭ 祭 ⠭ 㣫 -  ᠬ 㣮,  p
   祭.
     pp  -  祭 ⠭ 㣫.
     뤠 祭  ⢥ 稭,  ᮤp饩
ᮮ⢥騩 㣮, p  p.

13.3. Cp 㭪樨.
      p  㭪  ⢥ pp   ⢥ 뤠-
 祭 ᯮ p (string). ᫨  ⢥ p-
 pp ᯮ ᫮ p,    ⮬᪨
pp  p.

13.3.1. 㭪 ALL.
     
ALL(p, )

     㭪 ALL()  뤠 p,  ᮤp  p  p
᫥⥫쭮 ᨬ.
     pp  -  p p, ᮤp饥 ᫥-
⥫쭮 ᨬ, p  p.
     pp  -  易⥫쭮 ᫮ p, ᮤp-
饥 祭  뤠 p.  ᫨ pp  饭, 
 뤠 p ⠢ 255 ᨬ.

13.3.2. 㭪 CENTER.
     
CENTER(p, )

     㭪 CENTER()  業pp p.
     p騥   p 㤠  p,  p
⥬ 業pp  砥 뤠 p.
     pp  -  p p, ᮤp饥 業pp-
 p.
     pp  -  易⥫쭮 ᫮ p, ᮤp-
饥 祭  뤠 p.  ᫨ pp  饭, 
뤠 p 㤥    ,   pp .

13.3.3. 㭪 CHR.
     
CHR()

     㭪 CHR() pp ASCII   ᮮ⢥騩  ᨬ
ASCII.
     pp  -  ᫮ p, ᮤp饥 ᫮ ASCII
.
     뤠 稭 p⠢ ᮡ ⮢ p,  -
p ᮮ⢥騩   ᨬ  ASCII.

13.3.4. 㭪 CLIP.
     
CLIP(p)

     㭪 CLIP() 㤠  p  p.
     pp   -    p p,  p  -
p   p.

                               - 128 -
     뤠 p  p⠢  ᮡ  p   
p.

13.3.5. 㭪 DEFORMAT.
     
DEFORMAT(p, p)

     㭪 DEFORMAT() 㤠  p ᨬ  pp.
     pp   -  p p,  ᮤp饥 ᫮
p, p  ᮡp pp.
     pp  -  易⥫ ᨬ p -
 ⪠ pp STRING, ᯮ饣 ᨬ p  -
 pp.
     pp p ⢫  ᮮ⢥⢨  易-
⥫ pp .  ᫨ pp  饭, 
p pp     ᮮ⢥⢨       ᠭ   ᨬ
p. ᫨   뫮 ᠭ   p,   㤠
 ⨬ ᨬ. (⨬묨  p騥 p-
, p騩  , p  0  9  筠 筠
窠).

13.3.6. 㭪 FORMAT.
     
FORMAT(稭, p)

     㭪 FORMAT()  pp 稭  ᮮ⢥⢨  
p.
     pp  -  ᫮ p, p ᮤp -
稭,   pp.
     pp  -  易⥫ ᨬ p -
 ⪠ pp STRING, ᯮ饣 ᨬ p  -
 pp.
     뤠 p p⠢ ᮡ 稭,  pp
 ᮮ⢥⢨   p.

13.3.7. 㭪 INSNRING.
     
INSTRING(p, p, 蠣)

     㭪 INSTRING() 蠣  蠣 p  p  ᪠
p.
      p襭 㭪 INSTRING()  뤠  p  ᯥ譮  蠣
(p 蠣  p 1),   , ᫨ p  뫠 -
.
     pp  -  p p, ᮤp饥 ᪮
p ᨬ.
     pp  -  p,  p ⢫ .
     pp  -  ᫮ p, ᮤp饥 祭 
蠣. ᫨   蠣 p ,   p 稭 
 ᨬ p; p  蠣    稭    
p ᨬ   ..  ᫨ pp  饭,   祭 
蠣 ⠭ p  p.

13.3.8. 㭪 LEFT.
     
LEFT(p, )

     㭪 LEFT() p  p p.
     p騥 p  㤠  p,   p p

                               - 129 -
⥬ p,    p 室  p.
     pp   -   p p,  ᮤp饥 p,
 p p   p.
     pp  -  易⥫쭮 ᫮ p, ᮤp-
饥  p p.  ᫨ pp  饭,  뤠-
 p 㤥  ⠪  ,   pp p.

13.3.9. 㭪 LEN.
     
LEN(p)

     㭪 LEN() 뤠 祭  p.
     pp   -    p  p.   ᫨  p
p ⮨  ⢥ p p (STRING, GROUP,
RECORD  ..),   㭪 LEN() 뤠 祭  ᠭ .
 p⨢ 砥 㭪 LEN() 業  p, pp
 ᫮,  ᫨  室,   뤠 祭   -
⥫쭮 p筮 祭.

13.3.10. 㭪 LOWER.
     
LOWER(p)

     㭪 LOWER() pp 㪢 p孥 pp  㪢 -
 pp.
     pp  -  p p, ᮤp饥 pp-
 p.
     뤠 稭  p⠢ ᮡ p,   p 㪢
p孥 pp ( ""  "Z")     묨  㪢
 pp ( ""  "z").

13.3.11. 㭪 NUMERIC.
     
NUMERIC(p)

     㭪  NUMERIC() pp      p  ᫮.
     ⨬ ᫮ p  p,   p  ᮤp
⮫쪮: 易⥫  p騥 p,  易⥫ p-
騩  "",  p  0  9  易⥫ 
.
     pp  -  p p,  ᮤp饥  ᫮
p.
     뤠  p⠢ ᮡ   楫,   ᮤp饥
 (),   ᫨ pp ᫮ p ⨬,   
(), ᫨ .

13.3.12. 㭪 RIGHT.
     
RIGHT(p, )

     㭪 RIGHT() p p p p.
 p  㤠    p,   p p p ⥬
p,    p 室 p.
     pp   -   p p,  ᮤp饥 p,
p p p   p.
     pp  -  易⥫쭮 ᫮ p, ᮤp-
饥  p p.  ᫨ pp  饭,  뤠-
 p 㤥  ⠪  ,   pp p.


                               - 130 -
13.3.13. 㭪 SUB.
     
SUB(p, , )

     㭪 SUB() 뤠 p p㣮 p.
     pp  -  p p.
     pp  -  ᫮ p,  ᮤp饥 砫
  窨 p. ᫨ pp  ⥫, 
 㪠뢠    p ᨬ p ⭮⥫쭮 砫 p.
᫨ pp  p⥫,    ᮫⭠ 稭 㪠-
뢠  p ᨬ p ⭮⥫쭮   p.
     pp  -  ᫮  ⠭,   ᮤp  祭
 p.    ᫨ pp  - ,   pp 
 ,  㭪 SUB() 뤠 㫥 p.

13.3.14. 㭪 UPPER.
     
UPPER(p)

     㭪 UPPER()  pp  㪢    pp    㪢
p孥 pp.
     pp  -  p p, ᮤp饥 pp-
 p.
     뤠 稭 p⠢ ᮡ p,   p  㪢
 pp   (  "a"   "z")   묨 㪢
p孥 pp ( "A"  "Z").

13.3.15. 㭪 VAL.
     
VAL(ᨬ)

     㭪 VAL() pp ᨬ  ᮮ⢥騩  ASCII .
     pp   -   ⮢ p,  ᮤp ᨬ.
     뤠 祭 p⠢ ᮡ  楫, ᮤp饥
ᮮ⢥騩 ASCII .

13.4. 㭪樨 権  ⠬.
     㭪樨 権  ⠬ 믮  ᪨  p樨  
ᥬ 32   ⠬  楫.  pp  㭪権 
楫 ᫮ p,  ᮤp騥 祭       (
᪫祭 BSHIFT,  p ᯮ 祭   稪 ᤢ-
). p    室  p  믮   ᪮   p樨
pp pp   楫.

13.4.1. 㭪 BAND.
     
BAND(祭, ᪠)

     㭪 BAND() 믮 p pp來   祭
  ᪮ .
     pp來    p    砥, ᫨
 p ᮤp ,   , ᫨    p -
p .
     pp    -   楫  p,   ᮤp騥
祭 ⮢, pp㥬 p 室   楫 p
믮 p樨 AND.
     뤠 祭 p⠢ ᮡ  楫, ᮤp饥
    ⮢,       ᮤp -
,  ᮤp饥   p㣨  ⮢.

                               - 131 -

13.4.2. 㭪 BOR.
     
BOR(祭, ᪠)

     㭪 BOR() 믮 p pp來   祭-
   ᪮ .
     pp來       p    砥,
᫨    p   p  ᮤp  ,   
, ᫨   p ᮤp .
     pp    -   楫  p,   ᮤp騥
祭 ⮢, pp㥬 p 室   楫 p
믮 p樨 .
     뤠 祭 p⠢ ᮡ  楫, ᮤp饥
    ⮢,      pp  
,      pp ᮤp ;  ᮤp饥  
p㣨  ⮢.

13.4.3. 㭪 BXOR.
     
BXOR(祭, ᪠)

     㭪 BOR()  믮 p pp來 ᪫饣 
 祭   ᪮ .
     pp來 ᪫饥    p   
 砥,  ᫨ ,    , p ᮤp ,  ,
᫨  p ᮤp   .
     pp       -  楫 p,  ᮤp騥
祭 ⮢, pp㥬 p 室   楫 p
믮 p樨 ᪫饣 .
     뤠 祭 p⠢ ᮡ  楫, ᮤp饥
       ⮢,   p   ,    
pp    ᮤp  ;    ᮤp饥    
p㣨  ⮢.

13.4.4. 㭪 BSHIFT.
     
BSHIFT(祭, 稪)

     㭪 BSHIFT()  ᤢ 祭   稭,  㪠
稪 ⮢.
     祭       ᤢ    ( p ᮪
p浪)   p ( p  p浪). 㫥  -
  樨 ⮢.
     pp  -  楫 p, ᮤp饥 祭 -
, p    ᫥ ᤢ.  p 室 p 믮
p樨 ᤢ pp    pp    
楫.
     pp  -  ᫮ p,  ᮤp饥  㪠
 ᫮ ᤢ 権 ⮢.  ᫨ pp  ⥫-
,    ᤢ   ⢮ 権,   㪠
pp .  ᫨ pp  p⥫,  
ᤢ p  ⢮ 権,  㪠 pp  -
.

13.5. pp  㭪樨   p.
      몥 Clarion   p    p⠢  p
p   楫.  楫 ᮤp   p,
p  ⠭p⭮ p. ᯮ짮 ⠭p⭮ p-

                               - 132 -
      p 㬥蠥 p   p  砥
易   p䬥⨪.
     ⠭p⭠   -  ⢮ ,  p襤  28 p
1800   墠뢠 p  1 ﭢp 1801     31  p
2099 .   ⮣,  ⮡    ⠭p⭮  㦭
p   7.  ᫨ ⮪ p 0,    㤥  pᥭ;
 - 쭨;  - p  ..
     ⠭p⭮ p -  ⢮  ᥪ㭤, 稭  -
㭮, p  墠뢠    ⮩ ᥪ㭤 ᫥ -
㭮 (⠭p⭮  p  1)       㭮  (⠭p⭮  p
8640000).    ⥬  p  筮 0.01 ᥪ., -
,   p室  ⮩ 18.2 p  ᥪ㭤.

13.5.1. pp SETTODAY.
     
SETTODAY()

     pp SETTODAY() ⠭   ⥬ DOS.
     pp   -  ᫮ p,  ᮤp饥 ⠭p
, p 㤥 ᯮ짮  ⢥ ⥪饩 .

13.5.2. 㭪 TODAY.
     
TODAY()

     㭪 TODAY()  뤠 ⥪    ⥬  DOS.
     㭪 TODAY()    pp, , ᪮ p p-
   室.
     뤠 祭 p⠢ ᮡ  楫, ᮤp饥
  ⠭p⭮ p .
       ⮣,   ⮡     p  ⥪饩     
p   p      㭪樥   TODAY()     
ᯮ짮    㭪    FORMAT().    pp,     㭪
FORMAT(TODAY(),@D1) 뤠 ⥪    11/23/87.

13.5.3. pp SETCLOCK.
     
SETCLOCK(p)

     pp SETCLOCK()  ⠭  ⥬ DOS ⥪饥  p.
     pp  -  ᫮ p,  ᮤp饥 ⠭p⭮
p, p 㤥 ᯮ짮  ⢥ ⥪饣 p.

13.5.4. 㭪 CLOCK.
     
CLOCK(p)

     㭪 CLOCK()  ⥬ DOS p ⮪.
     㭪 CLOCK()    pp, , ᪮ p p-
   室.  뤠 祭 p⠢ ᮡ 
楫, ᮤp饥 ⥪饥 p  p ⠭p⭮ p.
      ⮣,  ⮡  ⥪饥 p   p  p
 ᯮ짮   㭪 FORMAT()   㭪樥 CLOCK().  pp,
㭪 FORMAT(CLOCK(),@T3) 뤠 ⥪饥 p   10:46 AM.

13.5.5. 㭪 DATE.
     
DATE(, , )


                               - 133 -
     㭪 DATE()   ⠭p    , -
  .
     pp ,    -  ᫮ p, ᮤp騥
,    p .
     pp       .  p ᫥
⠭p⭮  ⨬ pp   , p 室 
 p.  13-  砥 ﭢp ᫥饣 ,    32
ﭢp 砥   1  䥢p.
     pp    祭  p  00  99  
1801  2099. ᫨ 祭 ⮣ pp  100,    -
 1900.
     뤠 祭 p⠢  楫, ᮤp饥 ⠭-
p .

13.5.6. 㭪 DAY.
     
DAY()

     㭪 DAY()     ⠭p⭮    
( 1  31).
     pp  -  ᫮ p,  ᮤp饥  ⠭p
  p  4  109211. ᫨ pp   p 
p ,    ⮬᪨ pp    ⠭p
.
     뤠 祭 p⠢ ᮡ  楫, ᮤp饥
᪮  .

13.5.7. 㭪 MONTH.
     
MONTH()

     㭪 MONTH()    ⠭p⭮   
( 1  12).
     pp   -  ᫮ p,  ᮤp饥 ⠭p
  p  4  109211. ᫨ pp   p 
p ,      ⮬᪨ pp  ⠭p
.
     뤠 祭 p⠢ ᮡ  楫, ᮤp饥
᪮  .

13.5.8. 㭪 YEAR.
     
YEAR()

     㭪 YEAR()     ⠭p⭮      (
1801  2099).
     pp  -  ᫮ p,  ᮤp饥  ⠭p
  p  4  109211. ᫨ pp   p 
p ,    ⮬᪨ pp    ⠭p
.
     뤠 祭 p⠢ ᮡ  楫, ᮤp饥
᪮ .

13.5.9. 㭪 AGE.
     
AGE( p,  )

     㭪 AGE()  p, 稭   .
     pp   -  ᫮ p, ᮤp饥 

                               - 134 -
p.
     pp   -  ᫮ p, ᮤp饥 -
 .   pp 室  p ⠭p⭮ .
     뤠 祭  p⠢  ᮡ   p,    ᮤp
p, 易   ⮩ p,   ᨬ   .
᫨   饭  ᯨ᪥ pp,   ᯮ  
㭪樨 TODAY() DOSa. p 뤠  ᫥ p:

 1 to 60 days - `nn DAYS`
 61 days to 24 months - `nn MOS`
 2 to 1?? yeas - `nnn YRS`

      p,      ᯮ짮 p 祭
, ᮤp饣 ⮫쪮  p,   筮 p-
.    몥 Clarion ⠬,    -p 祭
, p뢠  20- ⮫⨥.  ⮬, ⠭p⭠ , -
樨p㥬  6/12/1996 ,  p, 1896.
     㭪 AGE()  ppp ⠪  쭮  ⥬  㤠
⭨        p,  p p蠥  .
᪮ p⭮,    p,    ⮬ p
 p  ⮬  ᠬ p,  , ,  p-
 ppp  訡.

13.6. p㣨 pp  㭪樨.

13.6.1. pp BEEP.
     
BEEP(, ⥫쭮)

     pp BEEP() 砥 㪮 ᨣ ᮫.
     pp   -    ᫮  p  ⪠ ᫮
p, ᮤp饩  祭  ⮭ 㪮 ᨣ. ᫨
pp    饭,      㬮砭 ⠭ 150 Hz.
(p砭:   祭   100  㪮  ᨣ  
  ).
     pp  -  ᫮ p  ⪠  ᫮-
 p,  ᮤp饩 ⥫쭮 㪮 ᨣ  0.01 -
㭤. ᫨ pp  饭,   㬮砭 p
16 (0.16 ce).

13.6.2. pp IN.
     
IN(p, )

     pp IN()  뢠   室 p,  ᯮ -
 IN 設 몠.
     pp   -  ᫮ p ,  ᮤp饥 ⨬
祭 p p.  (.  The  IBM  Personal  Computer  Technical
Referens Manual,   p ᠭ ⨬ p p⮢.)
pp     p.  ᫨ pp  
p⠢ ᮡ   pp BYTE  SHORT,    p p
pp AL 뢠 ⢥   p浪;  p⨢
砥 뢠     p   p pp AX.   
  室 p  ᯮ짮 pp OUT.

13.6.3. 㭪 MAXIMUM.
     
MAXIMUM(p, )


                               - 135 -
     㭪 MAXIMUM()  뤠 ᨬ쭮 祭   -
ᨢ.
     ᨬ 祭 p   p  pp
p DIM,  ᨬ 祭 p   p
pp  ..
     pp    -     ⪠  ᨢ    ᮯ騬
p묨 ᪮ ("[]").
     pp   -   p   p p訢
ᨬ쭮 祭.   饣  㭪 MAXIMUM()
뤠 0. 뤠 祭 p⠢ ᮡ  楫.

13.6.4. 㭪 MEMORY.
     
MEMORY()

     㭪 MEMORY()  뤠  饩 ᢮  ( -
).
        ᯮ    ⠡    p
䠩.
     뤠 祭 p⠢ ᮡ  楫,  ᮤp饥
⢮ ⮢ ᢮ .

13.6.5. 㭪 OMITTED.
     
OMITTED()

     㭪 OMITTED 㪠뢠  ⢮    pp    ᯨ᪥
pp:   p p饭  㭪樨  p楤p 짮⥫.
     pp  -  ᫮ p,   ᮤp饥  
pp  ᯨ᪥ pp. 뤠 祭 p⠢ ᮡ
 楫,  ᮤp饥 ,  ᫨ pp  ⮩ 樨  
饭,     ,   ᫨    pp     饭.  樨
pp, 室騥  ᫥ pp  饭묨.

13.6.6. pp OUT.
     
OUT(p, 뢮)

     pp OUT 뢮   室 p,  ᯮ 
OUT 設   몠.
     pp  -  ᫮ p,   ᮤp饥  ⨬
p p.  (.  IBM Personal Computer Technical Reference Manual,
 p ᠭ ⨬ p p⮢). ᫨ pp -
  ⪮ pp BYTE  SHORT,   뢠 -
⢥   p浪 p pp AX;  p⨢ 砥 
  p浪 뢠  p p pp .  -
   p  ᯮ짮 pp IN.

13.6.7. pp PEEK.
     
PEEK(ᥣ: ᬥ饨, 祭)

     pp PEEK 뢠 室 p    p  ,
㪠  p ᥣ:  ᬥ饭.
     pp :   -  ⢥ ᫮  p-
, p⠢饥   p ᥣ    ᮪ p浪 
ᬥ饭     p浪.       ⢥
᫠ ᯮ  ᯥ祭 32-  ⮢.
     pp  -   室 p. ᫨ pp

                               - 136 -
  ⪮ pp BYTE,  SHORT, LONG  REAL, 
pp PEEK 뢠 , , p  ᥬ ⮢ ᮮ⢥-
⢥. ᫨  pp   ⪮ pp DECIMAL,
STRING  GROUP,   pp PEEK 뢠 ᫮  ⮢,   p
 p.    ᫨  ᥣ  ᬥ饭 ᮤp  p
p,   pp PEEK  ppp     
㪠  ᯮᮡ:

PEEK(SEGMENT * 256.0 * 256.0+OFFSET.DEST)
PEEK(BSHIFT(SEGMENT,16)+OFFSET.DEST)

13.6.8. pp POKE.
     
POKE(ᥣ: ᬥ饭, 筨)

     pp  뢠 室  p    p  ,
㪠  p ᥣ:  ᬥ饭.
     pp :   -  ⢥ ᫮  p-
, p⠢饥   p ᥣ    ᮪ p浪 
ᬥ饭     p浪.       ⢥
᫠ ᯮ  ᯥ祭 32-  ⮢.
     pp  -   室 p.  ᫨  pp
  ⪮ pp BYTE,  SHORT,  LONG  REAL,  
pp P 뢠 , , p  ᥬ ⮢ ᮮ⢥-
⢥. ᫨    pp   ⪮ pp DECIMAL,
STRING  GROUP,   pp P 뢠 ᫮  ⮢,   p
 p.    ᫨  ᥣ  ᬥ饭 ᮤp  p
p,   pp P  ppp     
㪠  ᯮᮡ:

 POKE(SEGMENT * 256.0 * 256.0+OFFSET.DEST)
 POKE(BSHIFT(SEGMENT,16)+OFFSET.DEST)

13.6.9. 㭪 RUNCODE.
     
RUNCODE()

     㭪 RUNCODE() 뤠 室 , p DOS ᫥-
 ,  ᯮ pp RUN.  室  
⥬    ᠬ  ,   p   pp   -   DOSa
IFERRORLEVEL.
     뤠  p⠢ ᮡ  楫.
     㭪 RUNCODE() ppp p 室 祭  p-
 権,   室  . 뤠 祭 - 1
砥,   pp RUN   ᯮ. 뤠 -
 - 2 砥,   pp RUN  ᯮ,  室  -
 -   ⮣,         ᯮ
p訢 pp,   ⮬,   뫠 ᯮ p
 DOS   (pp  p   DOS  DEL,  REN 
COPY). 뤠  祭 - 3 砥,   pp RUN   
  p㧨 COMMAND.COM.

                               - 137 -
B.    䠩 १ࢨ஢  .

B.1.  .
          ᮮ⢥   몠  Clarion.
     ࢠ  0  255 ᮮ⢥ ⠭ 
ASCII,     256  㭨묨  몠 Clarion. 
 ⥬ Clarion  㭪樥 KEYCODE()   ᫥-
騩 ଠ:
          ______________________
         |   |   |   |   |      |
         | F | A | C | N | CODE |
         |___|___|___|___|______|
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
:      11  10  9   8   7...0

F=1        -  㭪樮쭠  (F1-F10)
A=1        -   ALT
C=1        -   CTRL
A=1 & C=1  -   SHIFT
N=1        - ⮡ࠦ ᨬ
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
 ____________________________________________________
|                       |      |       |      |      |
|       (Shift)  | CODE | SHIFT | CTRL |  ALT |
|_______________________|______|_______|______|______|
|  ஡               |  32  |  289  | 290  |      |
|  0            ( ) )   |  48  |   41  |      | 1072 |
|  1            ( ! )   |  49  |   33  |      | 1073 |
|  2            ( @ )   |  50  |   64  | 562  | 1074 |
|  3            ( # )   |  51  |   35  |      | 1075 |
|  4            ( $ )   |  52  |   36  |      | 1076 |
|  5            ( % )   |  53  |   37  |      | 1077 |
|  6            ( ^ )   |  54  |   94  | 566  | 1078 |
|  7            ( & )   |  55  |   38  |      | 1079 |
|  8            ( * )   |  56  |   42  |      | 1080 |
|  9            ( ( )   |  57  |   40  |      | 1081 |
|  a            ( A )   |  97  |   65  | 577  | 1089 |
|  b            ( B )   |  98  |   66  | 578  | 1090 |
|  c            ( C )   |  99  |   67  | 579  | 1091 |
|  d            ( D )   | 100  |   68  | 580  | 1092 |
|  e            ( E )   | 101  |   69  | 581  | 1093 |
|  f            ( F )   | 102  |   70  | 582  | 1094 |
|  g            ( G )   | 103  |   71  | 583  | 1095 |
|  h            ( H )   | 104  |   72  | 584  | 1096 |
|  i            ( I )   | 105  |   73  | 585  | 1097 |
|  j            ( J )   | 106  |   74  | 586  | 1098 |
|  k            ( K )   | 107  |   75  | 587  | 1099 |
|  l            ( L )   | 108  |   76  | 588  | 1100 |
|  m            ( M )   | 109  |   77  | 589  | 1101 |
|  n            ( N )   | 110  |   78  | 590  | 1102 |
|  o            ( O )   | 111  |   79  | 591  | 1103 |
|  p            ( P )   | 112  |   80  | 592  | 1104 |
|  q            ( Q )   | 113  |   81  | 593  | 1105 |
|  r            ( R )   | 114  |   82  | 594  | 1106 |
|  s            ( S )   | 115  |   83  | 595  | 1107 |
|  t            ( T )   | 116  |   84  | 596  | 1108 |
|  u            ( U )   | 117  |   85  | 597  | 1109 |
|  v            ( V )   | 118  |   86  | 598  | 1110 |
|  w            ( W )   | 119  |   87  | 599  | 1111 |

                               - 138  -
|  x            ( X )   | 120  |   88  | 600  | 1112 |
|  y            ( Y )   | 121  |   89  | 601  | 1113 |
|  z            ( Z )   | 122  |   90  | 602  | 1114 |
|  -            ( _ )   |  45  |   95  | 557  | 1069 |
|  =            ( + )   |  61  |   43  |      | 1085 |
|  [            ( { )   |  91  |  123  | 603  |      |
|  ]            ( } )   |  93  |  125  | 605  |      |
|  ;            ( : )   |  59  |   58  |      |      |
|  '            ( " )   |  39  |   34  |      |      |
|  `            (⨫줠)|  96  |  126  |      |      |
|  \            ( | )   |  92  |  124  | 604  |      |
|  ,            ( < )   |  44  |   60  |      |      |
|  .            ( > )   |  46  |   62  |      |      |
|  /            ( ? )   |  47  |   63  |      |      |
|  Esc                  | 256  |  273  | 279  |      |
|  Enter                | 257  |  274  | 280  |      |
|  BackSpace            | 258  |  275  | 281  |      |
|  Tab                  | 259  |  276  |      |      |
|  Gray *               | 260  |       | 282  |      |
|  Home                 | 261  |       | 283  |      |
|   (Up)               | 262  |       |      |      |
|  PgUp                 | 263  |       | 284  |      |
|  Gray -               | 264  |  277  |      |      |
|  <- (Left)            | 265  |       | 285  |      |
|  -> (Right)           | 266  |       | 286  |      |
|  Gray +               | 267  |  278  |      |      |
|  End                  | 268  |       | 287  |      |
|   (Down)             | 269  |       |      |      |
|  PgDn                 | 270  |       | 288  |      |
|  Ins                  | 271  |       |      |      |
|  Del                  | 272  |       |      |      |
|  F1                   | 2049 | 3585  | 2561 | 3073 |
|  F2                   | 2050 | 3586  | 2562 | 3074 |
|  F3                   | 2051 | 3587  | 2563 | 3075 |
|  F4                   | 2052 | 3588  | 2564 | 3076 |
|  F5                   | 2053 | 3589  | 2565 | 3077 |
|  F6                   | 2054 | 3590  | 2566 | 3078 |
|  F7                   | 2055 | 3591  | 2567 | 3079 |
|  F8                   | 2056 | 3592  | 2568 | 3080 |
|  F9                   | 2057 | 3593  | 2569 | 3081 |
|  F10                  | 2058 | 3594  | 2570 | 3082 |
|________________________|_____|_______|______|______|

B.2. १ࢨ஢  .

         ⨯ :
      
      - ᨬ , ⮡ࠦ  ⨨.
      -  ࠢ    .
      - ,   騥  ࠡ   ⠭騥 USE
        ६.
      - , ਩ 騥 ࠡ    ⠭-
        騥 USE ६.
      
         㭨 ᫮  祭,
뢠  .   ᨬ  ᮮ⢥ -
 ASCII  ᨬ,  ..   "A"  VAL('A')  65.
 몥  ⥬ Clarion ।    ⠫ ⨯ -
.

                               - 139 -
      STD_KEYS, SHF_KEYS, CTL_KEYS  ALT_KEYS - 室 䠩, -
 ᮤঠ   .  ਬ,  STD_KEYS - 䠩 -
ঠ騩 । EQUATE, ।騥     -
਩  .      䠩  ᯮ    ⥬
४ਨ Clarion.
       ।           䠩  ⮨
SOURCE.     䠩  ⨯  SOURCE    ந 䠩 ⨭
(.LST),    ந 䠩 ᥢ (.PRO). । SOURCE -
     䠩  㣨 ணࠬ  ᮢ⭮ -
樨.
           䠩 (STD_KEYS, SHF_KEYS, CTL_KEYS  ALT_
KEYS),  ᮤঠ     ਢ  ᫥-
 ࠭.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
             TITLE('STANDARD KEYS')
             SOURCE
      
!            CURSOR CONTROL KEYS
 
ESC_KEY      EQUATE(256)        !ESC KEY
BS_KEY       EQUATE(258)        !BACKSPACE KEY
TAB_KEY      EQUATE(259)        !TAB KEY
GAST_KEY     EQUATE(260)        !GRAY ASTERISK KEY
HOME_KEY     EQUATE(261)        !HOME KEY
UP_KEY       EQUATE(262)        !CURSOR UP KEY
LEFT_KEY     EQUATE(265)        !CURSOR LEFT KEY
RIGHT_KEY    EQUATE(266)        !CURSOR RIGHT KEY
END_KEY      EQUATE(268)        !END KEY
DOWN_KEY     EQUATE(269)        !CURSOR DOWN KEY
      
!            COMPLETION KEYS
 
ENTER_KEY    EQUATE(257)        !ENTER KEY
PGUP_KEY     EQUATE(263)        !PGUP KEY
GMINUS_KEY   EQUATE(264)        !GRAY MINUS KEY
GPLUS_KEY    EQUATE(267)        !GRAY PLUS KEY
PGDN_KEY     EQUATE(270)        !PGDN KEY
INS_KEY      EQUATE(271)        !INS KEY
DEL_KEY      EQUATE(272)        !DEL KEY
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
!            ALERT KEYS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
CTRL_ESC     EQUATE(279)        !CTRL-ESC KEY
CTRL_ENTER   EQUATE(280)        !CTRL-ENTER KEY
F1_KEY       EQUATE(2049)       !F1 KEY
F2_KEY       EQUATE(2050)       !F2 KEY
F3_KEY       EQUATE(2051)       !F3 KEY
F4_KEY       EQUATE(2052)       !F4 KEY
F5_KEY       EQUATE(2053)       !F5 KEY
F6_KEY       EQUATE(2054)       !F6 KEY
F7_KEY       EQUATE(2055)       !F7 KEY
F8_KEY       EQUATE(2056)       !F8 KEY
F9_KEY       EQUATE(2057)       !F9 KEY
F10_KEY      EQUATE(2058)       !F10 KEY
F11_KEY      EQUATE(2059)       !F11 KEY
F12_KEY      EQUATE(2060)       !F12 KEY
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               

                               - 140 -
             TITLE('SHIFTED ALERT KEYS')
             SOURCE
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
SHFT_SPACE   EQUATE(289)        !SHFT-SPACE BAR
SHFT_ESC     EQUATE(273)        !SHFT-ESC KEY
SHFT_BS      EQUATE(275)        !SHFT-BACKSPACE KEY
SHFT_TAB     EQUATE(276)        !SHFT-TAB KEY
SHFT_ENTER   EQUATE(274)        !SHFT-ENTER KEY
SHFT_GMINUS  EQUATE(277)        !SHFT-GRAY MINUS KEY
SHFT_GPLUS   EQUATE(278)        !SHFT-GRAY PLUS KEY
SHFT_F1      EQUATE(3585)       !SHFT-F1 KEY
SHFT_F2      EQUATE(3586)       !SHFT-F2 KEY
SHFT_F3      EQUATE(3587)       !SHFT-F3 KEY
SHFT_F4      EQUATE(3588)       !SHFT-F4 KEY
SHFT_F5      EQUATE(3589)       !SHFT-F5 KEY
SHFT_F6      EQUATE(3590)       !SHFT-F6 KEY
SHFT_F7      EQUATE(3591)       !SHFT-F7 KEY
SHFT_F8      EQUATE(3592)       !SHFT-F8 KEY
SHFT_F9      EQUATE(3593)       !SHFT-F9 KEY
SHFT_F10     EQUATE(3594)       !SHFT-F10 KEY
SHFT_F11     EQUATE(3595)       !SHFT-F11 KEY
SHFT_F12     EQUATE(3596)       !SHFT-F12 KEY
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
             TITLE('CONTROL ALERT KEYS')
             SOURCE
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
CTRL_SPACE   EQUATE(290)        !CTRL-SPACE BAR
CTRL_2       EQUATE(562)        !CTRL-2 KEY
CTRL_6       EQUATE(566)        !CTRL-6 KEY
CTRL_A       EQUATE(577)        !CTRL-A KEY
CTRL_B       EQUATE(578)        !CTRL-B KEY
CTRL_C       EQUATE(579)        !CTRL-C KEY
CTRL_D       EQUATE(580)        !CTRL-D KEY
CTRL_E       EQUATE(581)        !CTRL-E KEY
CTRL_F       EQUATE(582)        !CTRL-F KEY
CTRL_G       EQUATE(583)        !CTRL-G KEY
CTRL_H       EQUATE(584)        !CTRL-H KEY
CTRL_I       EQUATE(585)        !CTRL-I KEY
CTRL_J       EQUATE(586)        !CTRL-J KEY
CTRL_K       EQUATE(587)        !CTRL-K KEY
CTRL_L       EQUATE(588)        !CTRL-L KEY
CTRL_M       EQUATE(589)        !CTRL-M KEY
CTRL_N       EQUATE(590)        !CTRL-N KEY
CTRL_O       EQUATE(591)        !CTRL-O KEY
CTRL_P       EQUATE(592)        !CTRL-P KEY
CTRL_Q       EQUATE(593)        !CTRL-Q KEY
CTRL_R       EQUATE(594)        !CTRL-R KEY
CTRL_S       EQUATE(595)        !CTRL-S KEY
CTRL_T       EQUATE(596)        !CTRL-T KEY
CTRL_U       EQUATE(597)        !CTRL-U KEY
CTRL_V       EQUATE(598)        !CTRL-V KEY
CTRL_W       EQUATE(599)        !CTRL-W KEY
CTRL_X       EQUATE(600)        !CTRL-X KEY
CTRL_Y       EQUATE(601)        !CTRL-Y KEY
CTRL_Z       EQUATE(602)        !CTRL-Z KEY
CTRL_MINUS   EQUATE(557)        !CTRL-MINUS KEY
CTRL_LBRK    EQUATE(603)        !CTRL-LEFT BRACKET KEY
CTRL_RBRK    EQUATE(605)        !CTRL-RIGHT BRACKET KEY

                               - 141 -
CTRL_SLASH   EQUATE(604)        !CTRL-SLASH KEY
CTRL_BS      EQUATE(281)        !CTRL-BACKSPACE KEY
CTRL_GAST    EQUATE(282)        !CTRL-GRAY ASTERISK KEY
CTRL_HOME    EQUATE(283)        !CTRL-HOME KEY
CTRL_PGUP    EQUATE(284)        !CTRL-PGUP KEY
CTRL_LEFT    EQUATE(285)        !CTRL-CURSOR LEFT KEY
CTRL_RIGHT   EQUATE(286)        !CTRL-CURSOR RIGHT KEY
CTRL_END     EQUATE(287)        !CTRL-END KEY
CTRL_PGDN    EQUATE(288)        !CTRL-PGDN KEY
CTRL_F1      EQUATE(2561)       !CTRL-F1 KEY
CTRL_F2      EQUATE(2562)       !CTRL-F2 KEY
CTRL_F3      EQUATE(2563)       !CTRL-F3 KEY
CTRL_F4      EQUATE(2564)       !CTRL-F4 KEY
CTRL_F5      EQUATE(2565)       !CTRL-F5 KEY
CTRL_F6      EQUATE(2566)       !CTRL-F6 KEY
CTRL_F7      EQUATE(2567)       !CTRL-F7 KEY
CTRL_F8      EQUATE(2568)       !CTRL-F8 KEY
CTRL_F9      EQUATE(2569)       !CTRL-F9 KEY
CTRL_F10     EQUATE(2570)       !CTRL-F10 KEY
CTRL_F11     EQUATE(2571)       !CTRL-F11 KEY
CTRL_F12     EQUATE(2572)       !CTRL-F12 KEY
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
             TITLE('ALTERNATE ALERT KEYS')
             SOURCE
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
ALT_0        EQUATE(1072)       !ALT-0 KEY
ALT_1        EQUATE(1073)       !ALT-1 KEY
ALT_2        EQUATE(1074)       !ALT-2 KEY
ALT_3        EQUATE(1075)       !ALT-3 KEY
ALT_4        EQUATE(1076)       !ALT-4 KEY
ALT_5        EQUATE(1077)       !ALT-5 KEY
ALT_6        EQUATE(1078)       !ALT-6 KEY
ALT_7        EQUATE(1079)       !ALT-7 KEY
ALT_8        EQUATE(1080)       !ALT-8 KEY
ALT_9        EQUATE(1081)       !ALT-9 KEY
ALT_A        EQUATE(1089)       !ALT-A KEY
ALT_B        EQUATE(1090)       !ALT-B KEY
ALT_C        EQUATE(1091)       !ALT-C KEY
ALT_D        EQUATE(1092)       !ALT-D KEY
ALT_E        EQUATE(1093)       !ALT-E KEY
ALT_F        EQUATE(1094)       !ALT-F KEY
ALT_G        EQUATE(1095)       !ALT-G KEY
ALT_H        EQUATE(1096)       !ALT-H KEY
ALT_I        EQUATE(1097)       !ALT-I KEY
ALT_J        EQUATE(1098)       !ALT-J KEY
ALT_K        EQUATE(1099)       !ALT-K KEY
ALT_L        EQUATE(1100)       !ALT-L KEY
ALT_M        EQUATE(1101)       !ALT-M KEY
ALT_N        EQUATE(1102)       !ALT-N KEY
ALT_O        EQUATE(1103)       !ALT-O KEY
ALT_P        EQUATE(1104)       !ALT-P KEY
ALT_Q        EQUATE(1105)       !ALT-Q KEY
ALT_R        EQUATE(1106)       !ALT-R KEY
ALT_S        EQUATE(1107)       !ALT-S KEY
ALT_T        EQUATE(1108)       !ALT-T KEY
ALT_U        EQUATE(1109)       !ALT-U KEY
ALT_V        EQUATE(1110)       !ALT-V KEY
ALT_W        EQUATE(1111)       !ALT-W KEY

                               - 142 -
ALT_X        EQUATE(1112)       !ALT-X KEY
ALT_Y        EQUATE(1113)       !ALT-Y KEY
ALT_Z        EQUATE(1114)       !ALT-Z KEY
ALT_MINUS    EQUATE(1069)       !ALT-MINUS KEY
ALT_EQUAL    EQUATE(1085)       !ALT-EQUAL KEY
ALT_F1       EQUATE(3073)       !ALT-F1 KEY
ALT_F2       EQUATE(3074)       !ALT-F2 KEY
ALT_F3       EQUATE(3075)       !ALT-F3 KEY
ALT_F4       EQUATE(3076)       !ALT-F4 KEY
ALT_F5       EQUATE(3077)       !ALT-F5 KEY
ALT_F6       EQUATE(3078)       !ALT-F6 KEY
ALT_F7       EQUATE(3079)       !ALT-F7 KEY
ALT_F8       EQUATE(3080)       !ALT-F8 KEY
ALT_F9       EQUATE(3081)       !ALT-F9 KEY
ALT_F10      EQUATE(3082)       !ALT-F10 KEY


      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      

                               - 143 -
.  㫨 CLARION.
       㫨  Clarion  ᮤঠ ணࠬ,  ᠭ 
몥 ᥬ  㣨 몠 ணࠬ஢.  ।⠢
ᮡ 䠩, ᮤঠ騥 "ࠧ " ( ॡ騥 ன  -
),   ᮧ  䠩 .EXE   EXE2BIN. -
 㫨 ᯮ ७  䠩 .BIN.  .BIN ᮤন
, ᨢ  ᠭ ணࠬ,  ,   ணࠬ,
ᨢ ᠭ ࠬ஢.
      ࢠ  ⮣ ਫ 뢠 ଠ 筮  -
. ⥬  ᫥   ਬࠬ,  ன 㦤 ᠭ
筮 ,  ᯥ稢 䥩  ணࠬ, -
ᠭ  C.
      
.1. ଠ 筮 .
       6 ⮢ 筮  ⠢ .  -
 ᮤন  ᨣ 'BIO',   ன ᫥ १ࢭ ,  
⥬ ᫮,  ᮤঠ饥  .   ⥬ Clarion -
  . 騩  ᮤন ⢮ ணࠬ 
㫥.  몥 ᥬ   ᫥騬 ࠧ:
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
DB     'BIO'       ;ᨣ
DD     0           ;१
DW     BINEND      ; 
DB     3           ;3 ணࠬ

      ᫥  ᫥ ⥫   ணࠬ  -
㫥.
       ⥫ ⮨ :
      
      -  ணࠬ;
      - ᬥ饭  ணࠬ  筮 㫥;
      - ਧ 楤/㭪;
      - ⢮ ࠬ஢;
      - ᨢ ⥫ ࠬ஢.

       ணࠬ        12 ᨬ,   
  㫥묨 ⠬    13 .
       맮  ணࠬ  筮   稭
 믮  ᬥ饭  砫 ,  㪠    ⥫
ணࠬ.
      ਧ 楤/㭪 ⠭  0  楤   
1  㭪権.
       ⢠ ࠬ஢  ⢮ ࠬ஢, -
 楤ன   㭪樥.   몥 ᥬ ⥫ 㭪樨
 ᫥騬 ࠧ:
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
DB     'TRANSLATE'0,0,0,0     ; 㭪樨
DW     TRNSLATE               ;ᬥ饭 㭪樨
DB     1                      ; 㭪
DB     1                      ;  ࠬ஬

       ⥫ ࠬ ᮤন ⨯ ࠬ,   -
 ࠬ     ⮬ .  맮 -
   㭪樨  ८ࠧ  ࠬ  訢-
 ⨯,  ⠢    .
      ন ᫥騥 ⨯ ࠬ஢:
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
0 - ப (string)
1 - ᫮   (signed word-16 )

                               - 144 -
2 -  ᫮   (signed double word-32 )
4 - ᫮  饩 ⮩  筮 (ଠ 8087)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
      몥 ᥬ ⥫  ࠬ஢    ᫥騬
ࠧ:
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
        DB   0     ;ப
PARM1   DD   0     ; 
        DW   0     ; 
        DB   2     ;楫
PARM2   DD   0     ; 
        DW   0     ; 

         ,  ᯮ   (
१㦠 CS:IP).   祭  㭪樨, ⠭ AL
 祭,  ᮮ⢥饥 ⨯ 頥  祭  (ᯮ
祭, ᠭ  ),  ⠭ BX  祭 ⭮⥫쭮
ᬥ饭 頥 稭 ⭮⥫쭮  砫    (
   ⥫). ᫨ 頥 祭  -
 (AL=0),   ⠭ CX ࠢ  ப.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               

C.2. ᠭ 筮 ,  ᯥ稢 䥩
      ணࠬ, ᠭ  C.

       ᠭ 筮  室  뢠  ᫥騥
ᮣ襭:
-   ணࠬ஢   ᢮  ᯥ᪨  ᮣ襭
맮 楤  㭪権,   모  맮 ७-
 ணࠬ  믮 ८ࠧ  ..    室
  ᮣ襭  ᯥ᪮ 몠,     -
짮.   楫 㦤  ஡  ਬ 㤥 ᯮ-
  C.
-  ᮧ  㫥 ᯮ । 痢   ண-
ࠬ EXE2BIN.   ࠧ,   ணࠬ   ᨬ
 樨 㧪,    ᥣ 맮  -
室.
- ணࠬ EXE2BIN ࠭稢 ࠧ 䠩  64.

       蠣  ᠭ 筮  泌 ᮧ -
ᥬ୮ ,      ᮤন  筮  
, 室   ࠭樨 맮  Clarion  室 ᮣ-
襭  맮  ⭮ 몠. ଠ   
 ଠ  ᨢ 楤 / 㭪権   筮
㫥,    ணࠬ 楤ன  㭪樥,  ࠬ
  ணࠬ,  ⨯ ࠬ஢.   砥 ⭮-
⥫쭮 ᬥ饭 ணࠬ  筮 㫥.
      ᫥ ᮧ  室  ᥬ -
ணࠬ  ࠭᫨஢ । ࠬ஢  ,   -
 ணࠬ  㣮 몥.
      室  ⮬ ⢥  ᫥騥 :
      
      1.  । 㬥:   ⥪,  १  -
 ,   冷 ࠬ஢  । १ ⥪.
       ᯮ짮  Turbo C 1.0  ᮣ襭ﬨ  Turbo
Pascal', ࠬ  ।  ⥪  ⥬ 뢠 ணࠬ-
.  室  ணࠬ  C, । ࠬ 㤠
 ⥪   ᠬ ணࠬ.   ᯮ짮 ᮣ襭 몠 C
ࠬ 㤠  ⥪ 뢠饩 ணࠬ.    ᮣ襭

                               - 145 -
Pascal' ࠬ । ᫥ ࠢ,   ᯮ짮 ᮣ-
襭 C । ࠢ . -  뢠 ணࠬ? 
맮   室  ࠭   -?  -
 楤    맮  室,   ⮣,
⮡ 뫠   ८ࠧ    .EXE  .BIN.
      ணࠬ  C   ⪮஢   ᯮ짮
⭮   ஬ Turbo C.  ᯮ짮 ⮩
   㭪樨 C 뢠   ᥣ묨
맮.
      
      2.  頥 १饥 祭? ᫤  ॣ,
  ?  १  ?
       Turbo C 祭   ॣ.  ,  -
,  ᨬ 祭   ॣ AX; 㪠-
   DX:AX; 祭  饩 ⮩      ⥪
饩 ⮩,   祭   DX:AX.  -
頥 祭   ⥭ ࠭.
      
      3.   㣨  ७ ணࠬ   易 
 ?
       Turbo  C ᯮ  ७ 㭪樨 
८ࠧ  믮 䬥᪨ ⢨.   ।
⠪ 㭪権   ᯮ   -S  뢮 ᥬ୮ ⥪
 ணࠬ  C.      ᯮ짮 -
樨  饩 ⮩  㭪樨 ⨯ malloc, calloc  farmalloc.
      
      4.   ᥣ⮢  ᮢ  ᯮ  ஬?
 ⮣,    ࠡ  ᥣ  㯯,  室 
⮣, ⮡ ᤥ  㫨, ꥤ騥 㯯 .obj-䠩.
       ᥣ⮢, ᯮ㥬  Turbo C, 祭 .  -
室  ᥣ _TEXT,  樠஢    室  
ᥣ _BSS,  樠஢    ᥣ _DATA.
  ᥣ 㯯   DGROUP    ᫥饬  浪:
_TEXT, _DATA   _BSS.   㯯஢ ᮧ  ᥣ.  -
㥬 ⥫ ᥣ LEMEND  㢥७,    -
  LEM ࠢ쭮 ࠧ頥  ६ 뢠.
      
                                    
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      

                               - 146 -
D.  ।  訡.
        訡 (ERRORS.CLA)  ᮤন ।  -
᪨ 祭   訡.    ᯮ짮  
䠩  ᪠ ᮮ饭  訡,  ஥ ᮮ⢥ 祭,
頥 㭪樥 ERRORCODE().   䠩 ᯮ  -
⥬ ४ਨ Clarion.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
              TITLE('ERRORCODE EQUATES')
              SOURCE
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
!        頥 祭   頥 祭
!        㭪樥 ERRORCODE()    㭪樥 ERROR()
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
NO_ERROR      EQUATE(0)    ! ''
BADFUNC_ERR   EQUATE(1)    ! 'INVALID FUNCTION NUMBER'
NOFILE_ERR    EQUATE(2)    ! 'FILE NOT FOUND'
NOPATH_ERR    EQUATE(3)    ! 'PATH NOT FOUND'
TOOMANY_ERR   EQUATE(4)    ! 'TOO MANY OPEN FILES'
NOACCESS_ERR  EQUATE(5)    ! 'ACCESS DENIED'
BADHNDLE_ERR  EQUATE(6)    ! 'INVALID HANDLE'
BADMEM_ERR    EQUATE(7)    ! 'MEMORY CORRUPTED'
NOMEM_ERR     EQUATE(8)    ! 'INSUFFICIENT MEMORY'
BADBLOCK_ERR  EQUATE(9)    ! 'INVALID MEMORY BLOCK ADDRESS'
BADENVIR_ERR  EQUATE(10)   ! 'INVALID ENVIRONMENT'
BADFORM_ERR   EQUATE(11)   ! 'INVALID FORMAT'
BADACC_ERR    EQUATE(12)   ! 'INVALID ACCESS CODE'
BADDATA_ERR   EQUATE(13)   ! 'INVALID DATA'
BADDOS_ERR    EQUATE(14)   ! 'UNKNOWN DOS ERROR'
BADDRIVE_ERR  EQUATE(15)   ! 'INVALID DRIVE'
NODELETE_ERR  EQUATE(16)   ! 'CAN'T DELETE CURRENT DIRECTORY'
NOTSAME_ERR   EQUATE(17)   ! 'NOT SAME DEVICE'
NOFILES_ERR   EQUATE(18)   ! 'NO MORE FILES'
MNOTFND_ERR   EQUATE(19)   ! 'MODULE NOT FOUND'
PNOTFND_ERR   EQUATE(20)   ! 'PROCEDURE OR FUNCTION NOT FOUND'
BADSUB_ERR    EQUATE(21)   ! 'SUBSCRIPT OUT OF RANGE'
NUMPARM_ERR   EQUATE(22)   ! 'INCORRECT NUMBER OF PARAMETERS'
BINFNC_ERR    EQUATE(23)   ! 'DEFINED AS FUNCTION IN BINARY MODULE'
BINPRC_ERR    EQUATE(24)   ! 'DEFINED AS PROCEDURE IN BINARY MODULE'
BADEXT_ERR    EQUATE(25)   ! 'EXTERNAL PARAMETER NOR PASSED'
MATHERR_ERR   EQUATE(26)   ! 'FLOATING POINT EXCEPTION ERROR'
NOMATCH_ERR   EQUATE(27)   ! 'DATA FILE DOES NOT MATCH PROGRAM'
!NOT USED     EQUATE(28)
RETIMM_ERR    EQUATE(29)   ! 'RETURN LOCATION WOULD BE OVERLAID'
NOENTRY_ERR   EQUATE(30)   ! 'ENTRY NOT FOUND'
BADENTRY_ERR  EQUATE(31)   ! 'ENTRY NOT AVAILABLE'
ISLOCKED_ERR  EQUATE(32)   ! 'FILE IS ALREADY LOCKED'
BADREC_ERR    EQUATE(33)   ! 'RECORD NOT AVAILABLE'
EOF_ERR       EQUATE(34)   ! 'END OF FILE'
NOREC_ERR     EQUATE(35)   ! 'RECORD NOT FOUND'
BADDAT_ERR    EQUATE(36)   ! 'INVALID DATA FILE'
NOTOPEN_ERR   EQUATE(37)   ! 'FILE NOT OPEN'
BADKEY_ERR    EQUATE(38)   ! 'INVALID KEY FILE'
MAXKEY_ERR    EQUATE(39)   ! 'TOO MANY KEYS'
DUPKEY_ERR    EQUATE(40)   ! 'CREATES DUPLICATE KEY'
NOTCOMP_ERR   EQUATE(41)   ! 'MODULE NOT COMPILED
                           !  WITH CURRENT GLOBAL DATA'
INVALKEY_ERR  EQUATE(42)   ! 'INVALID KEY DECLARATION'
ISHELD_ERR    EQUATE(43)   ! 'RECORD IS ALREADY HELD'
BADPROG_ERR   EQUATE(44)   ! 'INVALID CLARION PROGRAM'
BADNAME_ERR   EQUATE(45)   ! 'INVALID FILENAME'
KEYBAD_ERR    EQUATE(46)   ! 'KEY FILE MUST BE REBUILT'

                               - 147 -
INVALDAT_ERR  EQUATE(47)   ! 'INVALID RECORD DECLARATION'
SYMFIL_ERR    EQUATE(48)   ! '.SYM FILE NOT FOUND'
CANTLOG_ERR   EQUATE(49)   ! 'UNABLE TO LOG TRANSACTION'
MISRET_ERR    EQUATE(50)   ! 'MISSING RETURN'
ISOPEN_ERR    EQUATE(51)   ! 'FILE ALREADY OPEN'
HASERR_ERR    EQUATE(52)   ! 'HAS COMPILE ERRORS'
BADFILE_ERR   EQUATE(53)   ! 'INVALID CLARION FILE'
NOCREAT_ERR   EQUATE(54)   ! 'NO CREATE ATTRIBUTE'
NOSHARE_ERR   EQUATE(55)   ! 'FILE MUST BE SHARED'
KEYMISM_ERR   EQUATE(56)   ! 'KEY AND FILE MISMATCH'
PARMMISM_ERR  EQUATE(57)   ! 'EXTERNAL PARAMETER TYPE MISMATCH'
NOOPSCRN_ERR  EQUATE(58)   ! 'NO OPEN SCREEN'
ISLOGOUT_ERR  EQUATE(59)   ! 'LOGOUT ALREADY ACTIVE'
BADMEMO_ERR   EQUATE(60)   ! 'INVALID MEMO FILE'
EXTPARM_ERR   EQUATE(61)   ! 'EXTERNAL PARAMETER EXPECTED'
BADIDLE_ERR   EQUATE(62)   ! 'ASK/ACCEPT IN IDLE PROCEDURE'
EXCLREQ_ERR   EQUATE(63)   ! 'EXCLUSIVE ACCESS REQUIRED'
SHARVIO_ERR   EQUATE(64)   ! 'SHARING VIOLATION'
CANTROL_ERR   EQUATE(65)   ! 'UNABLE TO ROLLBACK TRANSACTION'
BADFEXT_ERR   EQUATE(66)   ! 'INVALID FILE EXTENSION'
FILOPRO_ERR   EQUATE(67)   ! 'FILE OPENED READ-ONLY'
VMERR_ERR     EQUATE(68)   ! 'VIRTUAL MEMORY ERROR'
NORMAL_EXIT   EQUATE(69)   ! 'NORMAL END OF PROGRAM'
CTRLBRK_EXIT  EQUATE(70)   ! 'USER ABORTED BY CONTROL BREAK'
CRITERR_EXIT  EQUATE(71)   ! 'CRITICAL ERROR ABORT'
RUNHALT_EXIT  EQUATE(72)   ! 'RUN TIME HALT'
