          ᥬ  IBM PC                                       1


          
           1
          ------------------------------------------------------------
          
            ᥬ⢮ ᮭ ஢ IBM PC
          
          :  ᭨ ᮡ 孨᪨ । ப
            ࣠樨 ணࠬ ᯥ祭.
          
          
          ------------------------------------------------------------
          
             ᠭ  ᥬ ணࠬ ॡ   ࣠
          樨  ᥩ  ⥬  .    ᭮   
             .    ⥬ ।⢮, 
            ୮  ।⠢   .
             ணࠬ  設  ⮨   ࠧ ᨣ⮢
           । ,   設    ᨣ,
           ⥪,  ࠭ ᮢ.  믮 
          ᪨ ⢨,  뫪   樨 
            ॣ஢.    ᮤন  室
          ਠ   ⨬ ⠬ ,  ⠪    ᬮ
          த   2   襩 ࢮ ணࠬ   設
          몥.
             
            
          ------------------------------------------------------------
          
               믮  ணࠬ    ६ 뢠
          ணࠬ      ᭮ .   , 
             ,  ⢥ত,    ,
          ਬ,  512 .   ⠪  p஢,
            ᯮ  ६ ᫥.
             쭮  楩  ଠ樨     
          .       몫祭,  ⠪    祭 
          ,     祭,  ⮣    祭  ࠢ  .
          ⢥      ।⠢    ଠ樨 
          ⫨稥  㯯 ⮢.
             㯯     ⮢ ।⠢ ᮡ  ; ᥬ
          ⮢ ண ᮤঠ     -  ஫  
          .   ᥬ  ⮢  ᯥ稢   ᭮    筮
          䬥⨪   ।⠢ ᨬ,  ⠪   㪢 A
           ᨬ  *.  ᥬ  ⮢   256 ࠧ 権
          祭    몫祭  ﭨ:    "  몫祭"
          (00000000)  " 祭" (11111111). ਬ, ⠭
          祭   몫祭 ⮢    ।⠢  㪢 A
          룫廊  01000001,     c  *  -   00101010 (
            ).       
          㭨 , 稭  .
             ॡ ஫   ⭮ 砥   ⮬, 
          ⢮  祭 ⮢    ᥣ    
          ⭮. ஫   㪢 A 㤥  祭 -
          ,     ᨬ *  -  .   頥 

          
          ᥬ  IBM PC                                       2


             ,   ஢  .  ᫨ ᫮
          祭  ⮢  ,  ⥬ 뤠 ᮮ饭
           訡.  訡 ⭮      १⮬ ᡮ
          㤮  砩  ,      砥, 
          뢠 ࠩ ।.
                 ,  㤠    "", 
          祭  01000001  ।⠢ 㪢 A.   
              A,  ⥬  ਭ  ᨣ   ⮩
          ⭮    .   ᨣ ⠭
            祭 01000001.  ᫠    
          ,  ᫨  ।      ࠭    ਭ,    㤥
          ᣥ஢ 㪢 A.
              ᮣ    ஭㬥஢  0  7 ࠢ
          ,     㪢 A:
             
                     :         7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
                    祭 :       0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
             
             ᫮ 2    ⮩ ⥯   ࠢ 1024,   ⠢
             砥 㪢 . ਬ,  
            512 ᮤন 512  1024, .. 524288 .
               PC     ᮢ⨬    ᯮ 16-
          ⮢ ⥪,  ⮬       16-⮢
          祭      ,  ⠪      ॣ. 16-⮢
          (塠⮢)     뢠  ᫮.        ᫮
          ஭㬥஢  0  15 ࠢ ,    
          㪢 PC:
             
                :    15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8   7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
               祭 :   0  1  0  1  0  0 0 0   0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1
             
          ASCII 
          ------------------------------------------------------------
          
              楫 ⠭⨧樨   ப ᯮ
          aਪ᪨ 樮 ⠭    ଠ
          樥 ASCII (American National Standard Code  for Information
          Interchange).  ⠥  "᪨"   (ਬ. ॢ稪).
              ⮩ 稭    01000001 砥
          㪢 A.  稥 ⠭⭮  砥   묨
             ࠧ묨   ன⢠    .   8-⮢
          ७  ASCII-,   ᯮ㥬    PC  ᯥ稢
          ।⠢  256   ᨬ,    ᨬ    樮
           䠢⮢.   ਫ 1  ਢ ᯨ᮪ ᨬ
          ASCII ,     8    뢥  ࠭ 
          設⢮  256 ᨬ.
             
           
          ------------------------------------------------------------
          




          
          ᥬ  IBM PC                                       3


                 ࠧ ⮫쪮 㫥  
           ﭨ ,      ࠡ⠥  ⥬  ᫥ 
           2    筮 ⥬.  ᪨  㭠᫥
          c      ᪮  "BInary   digiT"  (筠
          ).
             ⠭   (⮢)   ।⠢ 
          祭.  祭 筮 ᫠  । ⭮⥫
           樥     稥   ⮢. 
           쬨⮢ ᫮ ᮤঠ饥   :
             
               樮 :        128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
               祭 :           1  1  1  1 1 1 1 1
             
           ࠢ   ᮢ 祭  1,  ᫥ 
           -  2,  ᫥ - 4  ..  㬬  쬨 
           ⮢   砥 ⠢ 1 + 2 + 4 + ... + 128,
           255 (2  쬮 ⥯ - 1).
              筮 ᫠ 01000001    ।⠢
          祭 1   64,  ..  65.   01000001 ।⠢ ⠪
          㪢 A!  ⢨⥫쭮,    ,   室
          ⪮  ᭨.   01000001   ।⠢  ᫮
          65, ⠪  㪢 A:
             
             - ᫨ ணࠬ ।      䬥
               ᪨ 楫,   01000001  ।⠢ 筮 ᫮
               ⭮ 筮  65;
             
             - ᫨ ணࠬ ।     (  
                ᬥ  ),     ⥫ ࠪ,
               ,  ਬ,  , ⮣ 01000001 ।⠢
               ᮡ 㪢  "ப".
             
              ணࠬ஢  ࠧ稥 ⠭  , ⠪
           祭    ।.
             筮  ᫮ ࠭祭  ⮫쪮   ⠬. 
             8088  ᯮ  16-⮢  ⥪, o
          ⮬᪨   16-⮢묨 ᫠.  2   ⥯
          16    1    祭  65535,     ⢮᪮
          ணࠬ஢  ࠡ뢠 ᫠  32   (2 
          ⥯ 32  1 ࠢ 4294967295)   .
             
             筠 䬥⨪
             
             ப 믮 䬥᪨ ⢨ ⮫쪮 
          筮 ଠ.  ⮬ ணࠬ    몥 ᥬ
               ଠ⮬   ᫮:
             
                              0 + 0 = 0
                              1 + 0 = 1
                              1 + 1 = 10
                          1 + 1 + 1 = 11
             


          
          ᥬ  IBM PC                                       4


             ⭮   ७ 筮    ᫥
           .  ,  ᫮ 01000001  00101010.
          㪢 A  ᨬ *? , ᫮ 65  ᫮ 42:
             
                                 
             
                    01000001                  65
                    00101010                  42
                    01101011                 107
             
             ஢,  筠 㬬 01101011 ⢨⥫쭮
          ࠢ 107. ᬮਬ 㣮 ਬ:
             
                                 
             
                    00111100                  60
                    00110101                  53
                    01110001                 113
             
             
             ⥫ ᫠
             
              ।⠢    ᫠   ⥫
            祭,    砥  㫥  祭 ᠬ
            (襣)  ࠧ鸞.  ⥫    ᫠
          ᮤঠ    襬 ࠧ拉   ࠦ 
            .  ..,    ।⠢  ⥫쭮
          筮   ᫠   室  ஢       
          ਡ 1. ᬮਬ ਬ:
             
                    ᫮ 65:           01000001
                    :           10111110
                     1:             10111111  (ࠢ -65)
             
             ᫨ ਡ  祭   10111111, 65 
          .  ᪨ 筮  ᫮  ⠥ ⥫
          ,  ᫨  訩  ࠢ 1.   । ᮫
            祭  ⥫쭮  筮  ᫠, 室
            ।騥  樨:  ஢     
          ਡ 1:
             
                    筮 祭:  10111111
                    :           01000000
                     1:             01000001  (ࠢ +65)
             
             㬬 +65  -65  ⠢ :
             
                                        01000001  (+65)
                                        10111111  (-65)
                                     (1)00000000
             



          
          ᥬ  IBM PC                                       5


              ᥬ   㫥 祭. ७ 筮
            .  ,  ᫨    ७   
          p     ࠧ來  ⪨,    १   
          ४.
             筮 ⠭ 믮 :  
          ⠥  ᪫뢠   ᫠.  ⥬, ਬ, 42
           65.  筮 ।⠢  42    00101010,  e
          筮 : - 11010110:
             
                              65        01000001
                           +(-42)       11010110
                              23     (i)00010111
             
              23  ४.  ᬮ७ ਬ
          ந襫 ७   ࠧ   ࠧ來 ⪨.
             ᫨ ࠢ  筮    ࠧ 
          ,  ᬮਬ ᫥騥 :   祭 室
          ਡ  筮  00000001,  ⮡   ᫮
          00000000?   ନ  筮 ᫥  ⢥⮬ 㤥
          -1.  筮 ᬮਬ 11111111:
             
                                        00000001
                                        11111111
                         :   (1)00000000
             
              ७  (1),   ,  筮 ᫮
          11111111 ⭮ 筮 -1  ᮮ⢥⢥:
             
                              0         00000000
                           -(+1)       -00000001
                             -1         11111111
             
               ⠪  ࠧ  묨  ᫠ ।
          c⠢ 㬥騥 ᫠:
             
                              +3        00000011
                              +2        00000010
                              +i        00000001
                               0        00000000
                              -1        11111111
                              -2        11111110
                              -3        11111101
             
             ᪨ 㫥     ⥫쭮  筮 ᫥
          ।   稭:  ᬮ  樮 祭
          㫥 ⮢  ᫨  뫨   , ᫮ 
          祭  ਡ .
               ਠ   筮 䬥⨪   ⥫
          ᫠ 㤥 ᮡ   祭  12  13.
             
           
          ------------------------------------------------------------
          

          
          ᥬ  IBM PC                                       6


             ।⠢,   室 ᬮ ᮤন 
          p        (      ᫥饩 ).
          ॡ  o।  ᮤন    ᫥⥫
           ( ᫮),     祭.   
                  ᥡ  32  ,    ᯥ樠
          ࠧࠡ⠫ "⥭᪨"  ⮤ ।⠢ 
          .  ⮬ ⮤      
            ࠦ  ᮮ⢥騬  祭. ᬮਬ
          ᫥騥  :
             
               筮:   0101 1001 0011 0101 1011 1001 1100 1110
             筮:     5    9    3    5   11    9   12   14
             
                   ᥫ  ॡ   ,
          ਬ  ⥬ ᫥  ⠪,  ⮡  10=A,  11=B, 12=C,
          13=D,  14=E,  15=F.  ⠪ ࠧ 稬  ᮪饭
          ,  ।⠢ ᮤন 㪠 :
             
                              59  35  B9  CE
             
              ⥬ ᫥ 砥 ""  0  F,  ⠪
           ⠪  16,  뢠 ⭠ ।⠢
          e.    ⠡  1.1  ਢ  ,   
          ⭠ 祭 ᥫ  0  15.
             ⭠ ଠ 襫 讥 ਬ  몥
          ᥬ.   ⨭ ᥬ஢ ணࠬ  ⭠-
          筮 ଠ   , 設  
           ᮤন  ⠭.    ⫠  ᯮ짮
          ணࠬ  DOS DEBUG    ᮤন  ⮠ 뤠 
          ⭠筮 ଠ.
             ᫨  ࠡ  ⭠  ଠ⮬, 
             ਢ몭   .  ᬮਬ ᪮쪮 -
          c ਬ஢ ⭠筮 䬥⨪.  ,
           ᫥ ⭠筮 ᫠ F  ᫥ ⭠
           10,  ࠢ 筮  16.
             
                         6   5   F   F   10   FF
                         4   8   1   F   10    1
                         A   D  10  1E   20  100
          
          ------------------------------------------------------------
          ------------------------------------------------------------
           1.1. 筮, 筮  ⭠筮
                       ।⠢.
          
              ⠪,   .20 ⭮ 筮 32,
          .100 - 筮 256  .100 - 筮 4096.
                   ⭠  ᫠  뢠,
          ਬ,    .4B,   ᫠   .01001011, 
           ᫠,   75  (⢨  - ᠭ
          ।  筮 ᫮).  ᪫祭 , 
            ᫠  祢    ⥪.     樨  .
          ᫠  ᥬ୮  ணࠬ ।⢥  ᫥ ᫠

          
          ᥬ  IBM PC                                       7


          ⠢ ᨬ "H", ਬ, 25H (筮 祭 37).
          .  ᫮ ᥣ 稭  c筮  0-9, ⠪
          ࠧ, B8H 뢠  0B8H.
              ਫ  2    ८ࠧ뢠 ⭠
          p 祭      ⭮.   cਬ
            ࠪ⨪  PC,   x
            室   2.
             
          
          ------------------------------------------------------------
          
             ⮬  뢠 ,  稭  -
           ࠣ, ..   ,    16
           ⪠.   ᥣ  ᯮ   
               ࠧ    64  ,    ॡ ⮫쪮
          , c쪮 室  믮 ணࠬ. 
            ᥣ:
             
          1.    .   ᮤন 設 ,
                  믮.  筮  ࢠ 믮塞
                室  砫  ⮣ ᥣ   樮
                ⥬  । ࠢ     ᥣ
                 믮 ணࠬ.   ᥣ 
               (CS)   ᥣ.
          
          2.    .      ᮤন ।
               ,   ⠭     ࠡ稥  ,  室
               ணࠬ.  ᥣ  (DS)  
               ᥣ.
          
          3.     ⥪.  ⥪ ᮤন     
               ணࠬ      樮  ⥬, ⠪ 
                맮 ணࠬ      ணࠬ
               .     ᥣ  ⥪   (SS)    
               ᥣ.
          
                 ᥣ  ॣ,  ॣ  ⥫쭮
          ᥣ  (ES), ।祭  ᯥ樠쭮 ᯮ짮.
            p.1.2  ᪨ ।⠢  ॣ SS,  DS  CS.
          ᫥⥫쭮  ॣ஢  ᥣ⮢   ࠪ⨪ 
           .  ᥣ ॣ ᮤঠ 砫 
          ᮮ⢥ ᥣ⮢      ᥣ  稭 
          ࠭ ࠣ.
              ணࠬ    ⭮⥫   砫
          c.       뢠  ᬥ饭    砫
          ᥣ.   塠⮢  ᬥ饭  (16-)      
          ।  .  0000  . FFFF   0  65535. 
          饭      ணࠬ,  ᪫뢠
            ॣ ᥣ  ᬥ饭.  ਬ,  
           ᥣ   ᬥ饭  0,  ன  -  01  ⠪
            ᬥ饭 65535.



          
          ᥬ  IBM PC                                       8


               ⢥  ਬ  樨,  ⨬,    ॣ
          ᥣ    ᮤন  .  045F    
          頥    祩       ᥣ    
          ᬥ饭 0032.  ᬮp  ,  ॣ ᥣ 
          ᮤন 045F,   㪠뢠   045F0, ..  ࠭
          ࠣ.   ⢨⥫  a      ⮬  㤥
          ᫥騩:
             
                           DS:         045F0
                         饭:            0032
                          :     04622
          
              ࠧ  8086/8088    
            ?   ॣ ᮤন 16  .   
          ᥣ  ᥣ   ࠭ ࠣ,  訥  
           p .  . FFF0  ᮢ  65520
          ( ᬥ饭)  .  ᯥ樠 訫,   ᫠
              ⮢,   ᥣ  ࠢ . ⮬
           ࠭   c⭮  ॣ    .  nnnn,  
           ,       㫥 
            ( .  ),  .. . nnnn0.  ࠧ,
          .  FFFF0   ᮢ  1048560  . ᫨ 
          ᮬe,      .  F   筮
          1111,   㫥   ᫮  祭  
          .
              80286 ᯮ 24   樨 ⠪, 
          FFFFF0     ᮢ    16     ,  
           80386  ᮢ   म .
             
          
          ------------------------------------------------------------
          
               8086/8088    14  ॣ஢, ᯮ㥬
            yࠢ  믮饩   ணࠬ,    樨
             ᯥ祭  䬥᪨  ᫥. 
          ॣ      ᫮ (16  )    
          .  ॣ ਭ 㬥஢ ᫥ ࠢ:
             
                    15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
             
              80286   80386   ⥫ ॣ
          ஢,       16-⮢.    ॣ  
          ᬠਢ.
             
              ॣ CS, DS, SS  ES
             
               ᥣ  ॣ  ᯥ稢    64
          ,   뢠 ⥪騬 ᥣ⮬.   
          ࠭,  c ࠢ  ࠭ ࠣ     
          ᥣ⭮  p  ।  稥  ࠢ  
          㫥 ⮢.



          
          ᥬ  IBM PC                                       9


          1.   CS.    ᥣ    ᮤন 砫
              ᥣ .     稭 ᬥ饭 
               㪠⥫   (IP)   ।    ,
                 ࠭   믮.  
             ணࠬ  室  뫪  ॣ CS.
          2.  DS.   ᥣ   ᮤন  砫
              ᥣ .    稭 ᬥ饭,
             ।   ,  㪠뢠    祩
              ᥣ .
          3.  SS.   ᥣ  ⥪  ᮤন  砫
               ᥣ ⥪.
          4.  ES.   樨   ப  ᯮ
             ⥫  ᥣ ॣ   ࠢ 
             樥 .    ⥪ ॣ ES  易   
              ॣ஬  DI.  ᫨  室  ᯮ짮 
              ES,  ᥬୠ ணࠬ   樠
             .
          
              饣 祭: AX, BX, CX  DX
             
               ணࠬ஢     ᥬ   ॣ  饣
          祭   "ࠡ稬  蠤". ᮡ 
          ॣ஢  ⮨   ⮬,         
           楫 ᫮   o⮢  .   
           襩   (high),  a ࠢ -  襩 
          (low).  ਬ,  塠⮢ ॣ CX  ⮨   
          ⮢:  CH   CL,    뫪    ॣ  
              . 騥  ᥬ 
          뫠 㫨  ॣ CX, CH  CL, ᮮ⢥⢥:
             
                              MOV  CX,00
                              MOV  CH,00
                              MOV  CL,00
             
          1.  AX.  AX    ᭮  㬬஬  
             ਬ      権  -뢮, 
             権   ப     䬥᪨ 
             権.   ਬ,    㬭,      ᤢ
             । ᯮ짮 ॣ AX.  
               䥪⨢ ,  ᫨    뫪
              ॣ AX.
          
                              AX:  AH  AL 
          
          2.  BX.   BX    ॣ஬.  
             ⢥  ॣ  饣  祭,   
             ᯮ짮  ⢥ ""   ७ 
             樨. 㣮 饥 ਬ  - ᫥.
          
                              BX:  BH  BL 
          



          
          ᥬ  IBM PC                                      10


          3.  CX.  CX  稪.    室
               ࠢ  ᫮ ७ 横    権
             ᤢ   ࠢ.    CX  ᯮ ⠪
              ᫥.
          
                              CX:  CH  CL 
          
          4.  DX.  DX     ॣ஬  .  
             ਬ     権  /뢮   
             権 㬭     訬  ᫠, 
              ᯮ ॣ஢  DX  AX.
          
                              DX:  DH  DL 
          
              ॣ 饣 祭  ᯮ짮 
          c  ⠭  8-, ⠪  16- ⮢ 祭.
             
             ஢ 㪠⥫: SP  BP
             
             ஢ 㪠⥫ SP  BP ᯥ稢 ⥬ 
                ᥣ  ⥪.      ᯮ  
          権 ᫮  ⠭.
             
          1.  SP.  ⥫ ⥪  ᯥ稢  ᯮ짮
             ⥪  ,   ६ ࠭   
              .   ॣ 易  ॣ஬ SS  
             樨 ⥪.
          
          2.  BP. ⥫  砥   ࠬࠬ:
               ᠬ । १ ⥪.
          
              ॣ: SI  DI
             
               ॣ   ७ 樨
            ᯮ짮   ᫮  ⠭.
             
          1.  SI.  ॣ   ᮬ  筨  
             ਬ   権  ப.  
             ⥪ ॣ SI 易  ॣ஬ DS.
          
          2.  DI.  ॣ   ᮬ 祭  
             ਬ  ⠪    ப  権.     
             ⥪ ॣ DI 易  ॣ஬ ES.
          
               㪠⥫: IP
             
              IP  ᮤন ᬥ饭   ,  
           믮.  筮  ॣ  ணࠬ  ᯮ
          ,      ᢮  祭  ᯮ짮
          ⫠稪 DOS DEBUG  ஢ ணࠬ.
             
              ॣ
             

          
          ᥬ  IBM PC                                      11


               16  ⮢ 䫠 ॣ  ⨢묨
           । ⥪饥 ﭨ 設   १⮢ 믮
          .    䬥᪨        ࠢ
           ﭨ 䫠. 祭 䫠 ⮢:
             
                                    祭
             
          O (९)          뢠  ९ 襣
                                      䬥᪨ .
          D (ࠢ)           砥   ࠢ ࠢ
                                     뫪  ࠢ
                                    ப  (  
                                    ॢ   ᫮).
          I (뢠)            뢠   譨
                                    뢠.
          T (蠣 ०)       ᯥ稢  ࠡ
                                      蠣 ०. 
                                    ਬ, ணࠬ DOS DEBUG 
                                      䫠 ⠪,  
                                     蠣 믮 
                                      ஢ન 
                                    ᮤন ॣ஢  .
          S ()                  ন १騩  ᫥
                                    䬥᪨ 権 (0 - ,
                                    1 - ).
          Z ()                  뢠 १ 䬥
                                     権  権 ࠢ
                                    (0 - 㫥, 1 - 㫥
                                    १).
          A (譨 ७)       ন ७  3-  
                                    8- , ᯮ 
                                    ᯥ樠 䬥᪨
                                    権.
          P (஫ ⭮)     뢠 ⭮ 
                                    8-⮢  (1 - ⭮  0 -
                                    ⭮ ᫮).
          C (७)               ন ७  襣 ,
                                    ᫥ 䬥᪨ 権, 
                                    ⠪ ᫥   ᤢ
                                     横᪨ ᤢ.
          
              ணࠬ஢  ᥬ    ᯮ
           䫠 O,  S,  Z,    C   䬥᪨ 権 
          権 ࠢ,   䫠 D  祭  ࠢ 
              ப.    ᫥   ᮤন
           ஡ ଠ  䫠 p.
             
           PC
          ------------------------------------------------------------
          
             ᭮묨 ⠬  ।  
          :  c⥬  ,  ,  ன⢮  ⮡ࠦ,
          ᪮,   饥  ன⢮  (ਭ)    ࠧ

          
          ᥬ  IBM PC                                      12


          ।⢠  ᨭ஭ 㭨樨   ࠢ ஢묨
          ணࠬ.  ⥬    ⮨    ⥬ ,
             ⠭     祩   ७    ⥫
          .  ⥬  ࠧ饭:
             
          - ய (Intel);
          - ﭭ  (ROM 40);
          - ⨢  (RAM  512  ᨬ  );
          - ७  ᨪ-.
          
             祩  ७   ᯥ稢  祭  ன
          ⮡ࠦ,  ᪮   ᪮ (᪥), 
          ⥫㭨権, ⥫쭮   ஢ ன.
              ᮤন  ᮡ⢥  ய, 
          oᯥ稢 ஢  祭 , ᪠஢
          ,   "ॡ" 襩  ਧ 
          20 ᨬ.
             ""       ய,  
          믮  ࠡ      .   8088
          ᯮ  16-⮢ ॣ,    ࠡ뢠
            o६.   8088  宦  8086,  
            ࠧ稥:  8088  ࠭祭  8-⮢묨  (  16-
          ⮢)  設,  ᯥ稢 ।  
          ஬,    譨 ன⢠.   ࠭
           ᮮ⭮ ⮨ ।   먣  
          ⭮  ॠ樨.   80286    80386 
          ७묨 ﬨ  8086.
                . 1.3  ࠧ   :
          o樮 ன⢮  ()   設 䥩 (). 
            砥   믮  ,      ६   
          ⠢     믮. 樮
          ன⢮ cন 䬥⨪-᪮  ன⢮ (),
          ன⢮  yࠢ  ()    ॣ஢.  ன
          ⢠ ᯥ稢 믮  , 䬥᪨ ᫥
            ᪨  o樨 (ࠢ   ,  
          ࠢ).
                設  䥩:  ன⢮ ࠢ
          設, ।   ᥣ ॣ ⢫ 
           㭪樨:  -,  ࠢ ।祩  
          樮  ன⢮,       譥 ன⢮
          /뢮.  -,  ᥣ ॣ ࠢ
           樥  ꥬ  1 .
              㭪   롮ઠ .   ணࠬ
           室  ,       
          롮ન   । .    ।  ࠧ 4
             ,    ᨬ    ,   
          "뢠 ।"    롨   ⠪, ⮡ ᥣ
          ⢮  ।  ⮢  믮.
             樮 ன⢮  設 䥩 ࠡ ࠫ
          쭮,  祬   ०      蠣. 樮
          னc⢮  ᮮ頥  設  䥩     室
          㯠          ன⢮ /뢮.
          ஬  ⮣    訢  設      ।

          
          ᥬ  IBM PC                                      13


          .    믮 ࢮ  । ,
            롨ࠥ  ᫥      .     롮ઠ
          ந室    ६  믮,     蠥  c
          ࠡ⪨.
             
             
             
             筮  ப    ⨯ ७ .
           ⨯  ﭭ    ()   ROM (read-only
          memory).  ROM ।⠢ ᮡ ᯥ樠  奬, 
          p (   ᫥   )   ⮫쪮 
          .  ᪮   ROM  ᯥ樠 ࠧ "஦
          "     ஢.
             ᭮  祭  ROM    প  楤
          砫쭮  㧪:    祭 ⠭   ROM
          믮  p  ஢ન    㦠    ⨢
           (RAM)     ⥬ ᪥  (ਬ, DOS).
           楫  ணࠬ஢      ⮬ ROM
           BIOS  (Basic  Input/Output  System)  ⥬
          /뢮,    ᬠਢ   ᫥ .
          (Basic -   筮 ᫮,     ணࠬ஢).
          ROM  ஬ ⮣  ন   몠  ᨪ 
            ᪨ ᨬ.
             ,   ன     ணࠬ, ।⠢
          ᮡ RAM (Random  Access Memory)   , .. ⨢
          ,  㯭    ⥭,  ⠪     . RAM
            ᬠਢ    ࠡ      ६
          ࠭ ணࠬ    ६ 믮.
                ᮤন  RAM    ⪫祭 ⠭
          ,   室          ࠭
          ணࠬ  .  ᫨ ⠭ ᪥   樮
          ⥬  e ⪨    ⨯  ,   
          祭  ⠭  ROM  㦠  ணࠬ  DOS     RAM.
          (㦠  ⮫쪮 ᭮  DOS,      
          ணࠬ DOS).  ⥬ 室 o⢥  ਣ襭 DOS
            ⠭              DOS  
          믮    ⢨.      ⠪ ⢨
            㧪 ணࠬ  ᪠  RAM. ᪮ DOS 
            ,        (筮)   
          짮⥫᪨   ணࠬ.    짮⥫᪠   ணࠬ
          믮  RAM    筮  ⢫  뢮   ࠭,
          ਭ    .    砭    㧨  
          ணࠬ  RAM.  । ணࠬ ࠭   ᪥ 
            ணࠬ   㧪     ()
          । ணࠬ  RAM.
             
             뤥  .     ᥣ   ꥬ 
          64      ⨯  ᥣ⮢,    ।
          饥 ⢮ 㯭   RAM :  4  64 = 256. 
            ⢮ ᥣ⮢.   ⮣, ⮡ 
           㣮  c,  室 ᥣ    
          ᥣ⭮ ॣ.


          
          ᥬ  IBM PC                                      14


             RAM 砥  ᥡ   ⢥  ,   ROM -
          ᫥  ⢥.    ᮮ⢥⢨    ⮩  䨧᪮
            ப,  ਢ    .  1.4, 
          256 RAM  室   ⥬ .    
             RAM १ࢨ஢   ,   
          640  㯭  ᯮ짮 ணࠬ⮬,   ࠩ
            ⥪  DOS.  ROM 稭   768 
          oᯥ稢  প   権  /뢮     ⠪
          னc⢠  ஫ ⪮  ᪠.  ROM, 稭騩
            c  960  ࠢ  묨  㭪ﬨ ,
          ⠪        祭  ⠭,   ࠧ
          ᪨ ᨬ  ⮧稪  ᪥.
              쭥訥 㯮  RAM ᯮ  騩 ନ -
          .
             
             .   祩  ஭㬥஢ ᫥⥫
            00  - 쭮  .  ᯥ稢
             ⠬  ᫮   .  ᬮਬ 
            ᫮ 1025.         . ।⠢
          ⮣ ᫠ -  0401  ॡ     ᫮. 
          ⮨  c襩  -  04  襩  - 01. ⥬
          ࠭     ᫮   ⭮ ᫥⥫쭮:
              襬 ,     -  襬
          .  ।,    ᠫ  . 0401  
          ॣ  祩  5612  5613, ᫥騬 ࠧ:
             
                                   0104
                                       
                          祩 5612,  祩 5613
                          訩   訩 
             
              ,     ᫮    
          ।⠢   ⭮  ᫥⥫쭮   ࠡ뢠
            ᮮ⢥⢥.   ᬮ    ,       ᢮⢮
            a⮬⨧஢,  ᫥ ᥣ   ⮬
          䠪  ணࠬ஢  ⫠ ᥬ ணࠬ.
             
             
          ------------------------------------------------------------
          
          -  楩      ,   騩    쬨
             ଠ樮    ஫쭮 ⮢.   ᬥ
              ࠧ ᫮.
          -  楬   ய,  
               ⠬  ᫮  .
          -  ASCII   ଠ ।⠢ ᨬ .
          -   ᯮᮡ  ࠧ ,  騥 ࠧ 
             :  0  1,  믮 䬥᪨ 樨 ⮫쪮
              筮 ଠ.
          -  祭 筮 ᫠  । ᯮ 
              ⮢.  , 筮 1111 ࠢ 2**3 + 2**2 + 2**1 +
             2**0,  15.


          
          ᥬ  IBM PC                                      15


          -  ⥫ ᫠ ।⠢   :
              祭  ⥫쭮  ।⠢ ᫠
             +1.
          -  饭    㯯     ⮢ ।⠢
             ᮡ  ⭠ ଠ.  .   0-9   A-F
             ।⠢  ᫠  0000  1111.
          -  ணࠬ    ᥣ⮢:  ᥣ ⥪  ࠭
               ᮢ  ,  ᥣ     ।
               ࠡ ⥩  ᥣ    믮塞
             .      ணࠬ  ।⠢  ⭮
             ⥫ ᬥ饭  砫 ᥣ.
          -   ࠢ 믮 , 樥, 䬥
             ᪨ ﬨ  ﭨ 믮.
          -  ROM ()  RAM () ।⠢ ᮡ  ⨯ ७
              .
          -    ࠭ 塠⮢ ᫮   (᫮) 
               ⭮ ᫥⥫쭮.
          
            
          ------------------------------------------------------------
          1.1.   ⮢ ।⠢ ASCII    ᫥
                 ⮢ ᨬ.  (ᯮ ਫ 1 
                ⢥ ࠢ筨): ) P, ) p, ) #, ) 5.
          1.2.   ⮢ ।⠢  ᫥ ᥫ: )
                5, ) 13, ) 21, ) 27.
          1.3.  C ᫥騥 :
          
                         ) 00010101    ) 00111110    ) 00011111
                            00001101       00101001       00000001
          
          1.4.  ।     ᫥ 
                ᥫ: ) 00010011, ) 00111100, ) 00111001.
          1.5.  । ⥫ 祭  ᫥ 
                ⥫  ᥫ:  )  11001000, ) 10111101, )
                10000000.
          1.6.  । . ।⠢  ) ASCII ᨬ Q,
                )  ASCII  ᫠ 7,  )  筮 ᫠  01011101, )
                筮  01110111.
          1.7.   ᫥騥 . ᫠:
          
                         ) 23A6   ) 51FD   ) 7779   ) EABE
                            0022         3       887      26C4
          
          1.8.  ।  .  ।⠢  ᫥ 
                 ᥫ.  ⮤ ८ࠧ ਢ  ਫ
                2.  ஢ ⠪ 祭 १, ८ࠧ
                .  祭    ᫮  . )
                19,  ) 33, ) 89, ) 255, ) 4095, ) 63398.
          1.9.   ।⠢  ᮡ  ⨯  ᥣ⮢,  
                ᨬ ࠧ  ,     稭
                .



          
          ᥬ  IBM PC                                      16


          1.10.  ॣ  ᯮ짮  ᫥ 楫:
                )  ᫮  ⠭,  )  ᫠ 横, )
                㬭  ,  )   ᥣ⮢, ) 
                 㫥  १,  )   믮塞
                ?
          1.11.  ।⠢ ᮡ  ᭮ ⨯  
                    ᭮ 祭?















































          
