          ᥬ  IBM PC.  4                             79


          
           4
          ------------------------------------------------------------
          
          ᥬ஢  믮 ணࠬ
          
          :        ᥬ஢,    
          믮 ணࠬ.
          
          
          ------------------------------------------------------------
          
                   ,        
          室  ᥬ  ⥪   ணࠬ,    ⢨
          ᥬ஢,     믮  ணࠬ. ஬
          ⮣,     ⠡  ४  뫮 
          楫 ⫠.
             
           
          ------------------------------------------------------------
          
              .3.2.    ⮫쪮 室 ⥪ ணࠬ,
          ।祭        ⥪⮢ ।.
             ᯮ짮  DOS EDLIN    㣮 ⥪⮢
          ।      ⮩  ணࠬ.  ᫨     
          짮  ணࠬ EDLIN,    ᥩ 室
          믮  ࠦ  㪮⢠   DOS.  ᪠
          ணࠬ  EDLIN  ⠢   ᪥  DOS     ᪮  A  
          ଠ⨧  ᪥   ᪮  B.  ⮡  㡥 
          稨   ᪥ ᢮     室 ⥪,
           CHKDSK B:.     ᫥ ਬ
          ᫥  ᯮ짮  C:    B:.      室
          ணࠬ EXASM1,  
             
                         EDLIN :EXASM1.ASM [Return]
             
              १  DOS 㧨   EDLIN       
          ᮮ饭 "New file"   ਣ襭 "*-".    I
              ப,    ⥬      ᥬ
           ⠪,    p     .  3.2.  ᫮
          ஡  ⥪  ᥬ   ⢥, ࠩ
          뢠 ⪨, , ࠭   ਨ, ஢
          묨  ,  ணࠬ 㤥     y⠥. 
          ⮣   EDLIN ᯮ  ⠡  १   ᥬ
          権.
             ᫥  ணࠬ 㡥    ࠢ쭮. ⥬
           E ( Return)   襭 EDLIN.  ஢
          稥 ணࠬ  ⠫  ᪥, 
             
                         DIR B:              (  䠩)
                      DIR B:EXASM1.ASM    (  䠩)
             


          
          ᥬ  IBM PC.  4                             80


             ᫨  ।     室   ⥪  襣
          ꥬ,   訬 ਬ 㤥 ࠭ ।.
            祭  ᯥ⪨  ணࠬ     ਭ  
          ⠭   㬠.  맮 ணࠬ PRINT ( DOS
          2.0  ). DOS 㧨 ணࠬ    ᯥ⠥
          ⥪  ਭ:
             
                         PRINT B:EXASM1.ASM [Return]
             
             ணࠬ EXASM.ASM      믮 - ०
          室  ஢    ᥬ஢    .  
          ᫥饬   p            ணࠬ  ᫥
          ᥬ஢  ᭥ ⠯ ᥬ஢  祭
          ⨭.
             
             
          ------------------------------------------------------------
          
             ᫥        室  ணࠬ     
          EXASM1.ASM 室  த   ᭮  蠣, ०
          祬  ணࠬ    㤥  믮.  砫 室
          ᥬp  ணࠬ,    ⥬  믮  .
          ணࠬ  몥 ᨪ  믮 ணࠬ ࠧ
          ᫥  室 ⥪,    ६   ᥬ
            몮 㦭 蠣 ࠭樨  .
              ᥬ஢ 砥   ᥡ ࠭ 室
            設 ꥪ    OBJ-.  㦥
          砫 ਬ 設    2  ਬ x
           ⥪  ⮩ .
             OBJ- 㦥  ਡ  ᯮ⥫쭮 ଥ, 
            ⮢  믮.   砥 ८ࠧ
            OBJ-    EXE  (ᯮ)  ,  ᮤঠ騩
          設 .  ண௬  LINK,  室    ᪥ DOS,
          믮 ᫥饥:
             
          1.   蠥 ନ஢    OBJ-㫥  ᮢ, 
               ⠫ ।묨 ᫥  ᥬ஢.  
                ᫥ ணࠬ ⠪   ᥬ ⬥
                 ----R.
          2.   , ᫨ 室,   ⤥쭮 ᥬ
               ஢    㧮 (믮) 
               ࠬ;        ᥬ ணࠬ
                ᥬ   ணࠬ  ணࠬ, ᠭ묨
                 몠  ᮪  ஢,  ⠪    ᪠  
               ᨪ.
          3.   樠   EXE-      㧪  
               믮.
          
             ᫥    OBJ-   (      )  
          EXE-,   믮 EXE-  ᫮ ࠧ. ,
          ᫨ 室         EXE-,
          ᫥ ᪮४஢  室  ணࠬ, ᥬ஢
            㣮  OBJ-  믮   OBJ- 

          
          ᥬ  IBM PC.  4                             81


           EXE-.  ,  ᫨   蠣    
          묨,    㦨,  , 稢  몠, 
           ⮢ EXE- 㤥    ⮬⨧.
          : । ⨯ EXE-ணࠬ  ८ࠧ
            o祭  䥪⨢  COM-ணࠬ.   ।騥  ਬ,
          ,   cᥬ 室   ⮩  楫.    
          ᬠਢ   6.
             
           
          ------------------------------------------------------------
          
               ⮣,  ⮡ 믮 室 ᥬ ணࠬ
          ,  室 ०  ஢  ᥬ஢   ⥬
          .   ᪥  ᥬ  ⮬   
          ᨨ aᥬ.  ASM.EXE - ᮪饭   ⢨
              ⥫  ⥩     MASM.EXE  -
           . ᫨ ࠧ  ,  ᯮ
            MASM (஡ .   ᮮ⢥饬 㪮⢥
           ᥬ).
               ᥬ஢,   ⠢  ᥬ  ᪥  
          ᪮  A,   ᪥  室 ணࠬ   ᪮ B.
              ᯮ짮   ᫥ ਬp
          C  A  B. ⥩訩 ਠ 맮 ணࠬ  
           MASM  (  ASM),   ਢ  㧪 ணࠬ
          ᥬ  ᪠  .  ࠭ :
             
                         source filename [.ASM]:
                         object filename [filename.OBJ]:
                         source listing [NUL.LST]:
                         cross-reference [NUL.CRF]:
             
               ⮬ ᯮ    ࢮ  ப, 
          室 㪠  䠩.    ᪮ (᫨
             । 㬮砭)    䠩   ᫥饬 :
          B:EXASM1.   ᫥  ⨯ 䠩 ASM,  ⠪  ᥬ
           ࠧ㬥 .
             -஬   ।  筮   䠩
          (     ).  ᫨  室,   
          ᪮ B:.
             ⨩   ।,   ⨭ ᥬ஢
          ணࠬ  ॡ.   祭 ⨭  ᪮
          B  B:   Return.
             ᫥   ।,   ⨭ ४
          c뫮  ॡ.   祭 ⨭  ᪮ B,
           B:   Return.
             ᫨   ⠢ 祭  㬮砭,    
          ᫥        Return.   ਢ
          ਬ  ᮢ   ⢥⮢,   १  ᥬ
           c OBJ, LST  CRF-䠩.  ⢥ ⠪, 
          ,   ᪫祭 ⮣,      ᪮ 
           .
             
                         source filename [.ASM]:B:EXASM1 [Return]

          
          ᥬ  IBM PC.  4                             82


                         object filename [filename.OBJ]:B: [Return]
                         source listing [NUL.LST]:B: [Return]
                         cross-reference [NUL.CRF]:B: [Return]
             
             ᥣ 室   室 䠩  , 筮,
          訢   OBJ-䠩  -      ॡ    
          ணࠬ  㧮 䠩.   ॡ 㪠
          LST-䠩,  ᮡ, ᫨ 室 ஢ ᣥ஢
            設  .   CRF-䠩      祭  
          ணࠬ,   室 ,   뫠 
              .  ஬  ⮣,  ᥬ    
          LST-䠩  ப,  ᯮ  CRF-䠩.
              ਫ 4  " ᥬ஢  ।஢"
          ᫥ ० (樨)  ᥬ ᨩ 1.0  2.0.
             ᥬ ८ࠧ 室    設   
          뤠    ࠭ ᮮ饭     訡. 묨
          訡    襭   ᥬ  ᮣ襭  
          , ࠢ쭮 ᠭ  (ਬ, MOVE 
          MOV),    ⠪  稥    p  । .
          ணࠬ ASM  ⮫쪮  訡,  ᭥ 
          㪮⢥   ᥬ,     ६   ணࠬ ASM
          뤠   訡,  ᭥  . ᥣ  
          100 ᮮ饭  訡.
             ᥬ      ⪨   ᪮४஢  
          訡,     砥  ᫥  १㧨 ⥪⮢
          ।,   ࠢ  室   ணࠬ  (EXASM1.ASM)  
           ᥬ஢.
               .  4.1.   ⨭,  祭  १
          c஢ ணࠬ  ᠭ       
          EXASM1.LST.
              砫 ⨭    ॠ ᥬ
            ४⨢  PAGE    TITLE.    ४⨢,  
          SEGMENT, PROC, ASSUME  END   設 .
             ⨭ ᮤন  ⮫쪮 室 ⥪,  ⠪ ᫥
          ࠭᫨஢ 設    ⭠筮 ଠ. 
          ᠬ   室 .   .
              ⥪ 稭  ⭮⥫쭮   0000. 
          ⢨⥫쭮   㦠      ᮮ⢥⢨ 
          pᮬ  ॣ SS  㫥 ᬥ饭 ⭮⥫쭮 ⮣
          p.  ४⨢ SEGMENT ⠭ 16-   
          㪠뢠  ᥬ,        砫  ⥪.  
          ४⨢      設  .   DB, ⠪
          室       0000,   ᮤন   12     ᫮
          'STACKSEG'; 設  ।⠢ .0C (筮 12)
           .  ।⠢ ASCII ᨬ.  ( 쭥襬 
          ᯮ짮  ⫠稪  ᬮ  १⮢  ).
           ⥪ 稢     .  0060, 
          ⥭ 筮 祭 96 (128).
             
          ------------------------------------------------------------
          ------------------------------------------------------------
               . 4.1. ⨭ ᥬ஢ ணࠬ
             

          
          ᥬ  IBM PC.  4                             83


                 ⠪ 稭    ⭮⥫쭮 
          0000.    㦠     ᮮ⢥⢨   ᮬ 
          p CS  㫥 ᬥ饭  ⭮⥫쭮  ⮣ .
          ᪮  ASSUME  ४⨢  ᥬ,  ࢠ
          ,   ⢨⥫ 設  
          PUSH DS -  ⮢  (1E), 室  㫥
          ᬥ饭.    SUB  AX,AX  塠
             設   (2B C0),  稭騩   ⭮⥫쭮
           0001.  ஡  ⠬ ⮫쪮   㤮⠥
          .   ਬ  -, -  塠⮢
          .
             ᫥   END  ᮤন  ࠭  BEGIN, 
          e ⭮襭    PROC    ᬥ饭 0000. 
            ᥣ ,   ண 稭 믮
          ᫥ 㧪 ணࠬ.
             ⨭  ᥬ஢ ணࠬ  EXASM1.LST,   
          ४⨢ PAGE p  132  ᨬ    ᯥ⠭.
            ਭ       ⥪   ᦠ  ⮬.
            ਭ   
             
                              MODE LPT1:132,6
             
              䨪஢
             
               ⨭ ᥬ஢  ணࠬ  ᫥ ⠡
          䨪஢.  ࢠ  ⠡ ᮤন ।
           ணࠬ ᥣ  㯯    ࠧ஬  ,
          ࠢ  ᮬ.    ᮤন 䨪
           -      ᥣ  (  襬 ਬ
           )  ⪨, 祭   ᥣ  (
           襬 ਬ).   ⮣, ⮡ ᥬ  ᮧ 
          ⠡, ᫥ 㪠 ࠬ /N ᫥   MASM,
          .. MASM/N.
             
             室 ᥬ
             
                  ࠭樨  室   ணࠬ  ᥬ
             ᬮ  室  ⥪,     室.
            ᭮  稭 ⮣  뫪  ।, 
          ந室  ⮬ 砥,    ன  
           ⪠, 祭 ன   । ᥬ஬.
               ࢮ  室 ᥬ  ᬠਢ   室
          ணp   ந ⠡  䨪஢, ᯮ㥬 
          ணࠬ,  ..       ⮪  ணࠬ  
          ⭮⥫   aᮢ     ணࠬ.     ࢮ  室
          뢠 ꥬ ꥪ⭮ ,  ᠬ ꥪ  
          .
               ஬ 室 ᥬ  ᯮ ⠡ 
          ஢,  ஥   ࢮ 室.    ⥯ 㦥
              ⭮⥫       
          ,   ᥬ  ᣥ஢  ꥪ  
           .  ᥬ ᮧ,  ᫨  ॡ, 䠩:
          OBJ, LST  CRF.

          
          ᥬ  IBM PC.  4                             84


             
           
          ------------------------------------------------------------
          
             ᫨  १  ᥬ஢   㦥 訡,
            c騩  蠣  -     ꥪ⭮  . 
          EXASM1.OBJ ᮤন ⮫쪮 設    ⭠筮
          ଥ.     ணࠬ  㦠     
                 믮,     ᥬ     
          ।      設   .   ஬   ⮣,  
          ᯮ짮  㣨  ()  ணࠬ    ꥤ 
          ᭮.  祭  ணࠬ  LINK   襭
          ।   뫮  ꥤ  (᫨ ॡ)
          ᪮쪨 ணࠬ.
                 ᥬ஢  ணࠬ    ᪥,
          ⠢ ᪥ DOS  ᪮  A,   ᪥  ணࠬ 
          ᪮   B.   짮⥫   ᪮   ᪠  
          㧨 騪  LINK  אַ    ᪮  C. 
            LINK      Return.  ᫥  㧪 
          ,  騪  뤠  ᪮쪮 ᮢ (筮
          MASM),   室 ⢥:
             
              騪        ⢥          ⢨
             
             Object Modules [.OBJ]:     B:EXASM1   EXASM1.OBJ
             Run file [EXASM1.EXE]:     B:         EXASM1.EXE
             List file [NUL.MAP]:       CON        EXASM1.MAP
             Libraries [.LIB]:          [Return]   㬮砭
             
               -    ꥪ 㫥   
          , ⨯ OBJ  .
             ன  -    ᯮ  (䠩),
          (   㬮砭  A:EXASM1.EXE).   ⢥  B:  ॡ,  ⮡
          騪 ᮧ 䠩  ᪮  . ࠪ⨪ ࠭
            (  ࠧ  ⨯)  䠩  頥  ࠡ 
          ணࠬ.
             ⨩  ।,  LINK 롨ࠥ 祭 
          y砭   -   NUL.MAP  (..  MAP  ).  MAP-䠩
          ᮤন ⠡   ࠧ஢ ᥣ⮢  訡, 
          㦨  LINK.   筮  訡    ࠢ쭮
          ।  ᥣ  ⥪.  ⢥  CON  ।, 
          ⠡ 㤥 뢥   ࠭,      .
                 ᪮     ࠧ
          ᬮ  ⠡  ।⢥    ࠭.    襬
          ਬ MAP-䠩 ᮤন ᫥ ଠ:
             
               Start     Stop      Length    Name
             
               00000H    00015H    0016H     CODESG
               00020H    0007FH    0060H     STACKSG
             



          
          ᥬ  IBM PC.  4                             85


               ⢥    ⢥   -   Return, 
          㪠  騪  LINK  ਭ  ⠫  ࠬ 
          y砭.  ᠭ    ।      
          㪮⢥  DOS.
               ⠯ ⢥  訡  
          y  ࠢ    䠩.  ࠢ    
          ⮫쪮 १᪮  ணࠬ LINK.   ਫ 4 
            p 騪 LINK.
             
           
          ------------------------------------------------------------
          
             ᫥   ᥬ஢       ணࠬ  
          (-!)  믮 .    .  4.2  ਢ 奬
            蠣  ᥬ஢,    믮
          ணࠬ EXASM1. ᫨ EXE-䠩 室  ᪮ B, 
          믮   :
             
                         B:EXASM1.EXE      B:EXASM1
             
             DOS  ।,   䠩  ⨯ EXE  (  COM), 
          㦠 䠩  믮.   ⠪   ணࠬ 
          ࠡ뢠  १⮢,  믮   ஢
           ⫠稪 DEBUG. 
             
                         DEBUG B:EXASM1.EXE
             
              १  DOS 㧨  ணࠬ  DEBUG,  , 
          ᢮  ।,  㧨  ॡ㥬 EXE-.  ᫥ ⮣
          ⫠稪  뤠    (-)    ⢥  ਣ襭.  
          ᬮ ᥣ ⥪ 
             
                                   D SS:0
             
                   㧭    12-⭮ 㡫஢
          ⠭ STACKSEG.  ᬮ ᥣ  
             
                                   D CS:0
             
             ࠢ 設   ⨭ ᥬ:
             
                         1E2BC050B823010525008BD803 ...
             
             ।⢥   ࠭,   ਢ      ⨭
          ᥬ஢  0123  0025   ।⠢  
          2301     2500   ᮮ⢥⢥.      砥  ⨭
          ᥬ஢   ᮮ⢥ 設  . 
          塠⮢   (᫮)    ।⢥ ࠭ 
          設  ࠭  ⭮ 浪.





          
          ᥬ  IBM PC.  4                             86


              R  ᬮ ᮤন ॣ஢  믮
          ணp         T  (஢).  
            ⢨   PUSH  ⥪ -  設
          ⥪ ⥯  室  ᮤন  ॣ  DS   㫥
          .
                 蠣   믮  ணࠬ  
              ᮤন  ॣ஢.        
           RET,     Q (Quit -  室)  襭
          ࠡ ⫠稪.
             ᯮ    dir,    ஢  稥 
          䠩  ᪥:
             
                              DIR B:EXASM1.*
             
          ------------------------------------------------------------
          ------------------------------------------------------------
                    . 4.2. 奬 ᥬ஢, 
                               믮 ணࠬ.
             
              १   ࠭   ᫥騥  䠩:
          EXASM1.BAK (᫨   ४஢ EXASM1.ASM ᯮ짮
          ।   EDLIN),   EXASM1.ASM,   EXASM1.OBJ,   EXASM1.LST,
          EXASM1.EXE    EXASM1.CRF.  ᫥⥫쭮    䠩
              ᨬ  ⮣,   㦥 室 
          ᪥.
             祢,  ࠧࠡ⪠ 鸞 ணࠬ ਢ  
          ᪮ ࠭⢠.   ஢ન ⠢襣 ᢮
            ᪥  ᯮ짮   DOS CHKDSK. 
          㤠 OBJ-,  CRF-,  BAK-    LST-䠩    ᪠ ᫥
          ᯮ짮  ERASE ( DEL):
             
                         ERASE B:EXASM1.OBJ, ...
             
               ⠢  (࠭)  ASM-䠩   ᫥
            EXE-䠩  믮.
               ᫥饬 ࠧ  ।⠢  ।   
          ᥣ .    㤥 ᠭ  ⠡ ४
          c뫮.
             
            
          ------------------------------------------------------------
          
             ᮡ ணࠬ, ਢ  . 4.1, ⮨ 
          ⮬,      ᮤন  ।  .  筮 
          ணࠬ   ।  ⠭,  ࠡ稥   
          䬥᪨    ᫥             権
          -뢮.
               2 (.2.3) 뫠 ᬮ७ ணࠬ  設
          ,   ன 뫨  ।     .  ⮩
            .  4.3  ਢ 筠 ணࠬ,   
           ࠧ ᠭ  몥 ᥬ    ⪮ 㦥
          ᥬ஢.     ணࠬ      ᪮쪨
          묨 ᮡﬨ.

          
          ᥬ  IBM PC.  4                             87


              ⥪ ᮤন ४⨢ DW (Define Word - ।
           c),  뢠  32  ᫮,   
          ।  祭  祭     (?).
          ।  ࠧ  ⥪    32  ᫮   
          ॠ,  ⠪     ணࠬ  ॡ
           "뢠"   -뢮  맮 ணࠬ -
             ᯮ  ⥪.  ।  ⥪ 㡫஢
          ⠭ 'STACKSEG'   ਬ  p. 3.2  室 
           㤮⢠  ࠡ  ⫠稪 DEBUG.
             砭: । ࠧ ⥪   32 ᫮. 
           ࠧ  ⥪   ᥬ,   騪  ᬮ-
           । ⮣  믮 ணࠬ   ࠧ
           ᠬ ।᪠㥬 ࠧ.
               ਬ   .  4.3 । ᥣ  DATASG,
          稭騩   ⭮⥫쭮    0000.   ᥣ
          ᮤন  祭   ଠ  DW.    FLDA ।
          ᫮  (  ),  ᮤঠ饥  筮  祭  250,
          ஥ ᥬ ࠭᫨  .  00FA (.   㭪
          ᫥).
              FLDB  ।  ᫮    祭 125,
          p ࠭᫨  .  007D. ⢨⥫ 祭
             ⠭    -  FA00  7D00 ᮮ⢥⢥,
            ஢ c  ⫠稪 DEBUG.
             
          ------------------------------------------------------------
          ------------------------------------------------------------
               . 4.3. ⨭ ᥬ஢ ணࠬ
                          ᥣ⮬ .
          
               FLDC  ।  ᫮      祭,
          祭   (?).
                  ਬ    CODESG   ⫨-
          砥 묨 ᮡﬨ,  易묨  ᥣ⮬ .
          -,  ४⨢ ASSUME 㪠뢠   । DATASG
          १ ॣ DS.   ணࠬ  ॡ ॣ ES,
            ணࠬ 뢠    ⠭⨧樨.
          -,  ᫥  PUSH, SUB  PUSH,  樠-
            ⥪,  ᫥  , ᯥ稢騥 
          ᥣ :
             
                         0004  B8 ---- R     MOV  AX,DATASG
                         0007  8E D8         MOV  DS,AX
             
             ࢠ    MOV  㦠  DATASG     ॣ  AX.
          筮,   ᠬ     㧨 ᥣ 
          ॣ -  㦠   ᥣ DATASG. 
            設  ᫥:
             
                               B8 ---- R
          
              ⮬,   ᥬ    ।
            a DATASG;    ।     ꥪ⭠
          ணࠬ 㤥  ᪮    㦥   믮.

          
          ᥬ  IBM PC.  4                             88


          ᪮  p稪    ᯮ  ணࠬ   
           ,  c  ⠢     
          뢠   ᨬ R;  騪  㤥 
              ⢨⥫ .
                MOV 뫠  ᮤন  ॣ AX 
          ॣ DS.   ࠧ,  ணࠬ  ४⨢
          ASSUME,   ᮮ⭮ ॣ DS   ᥣ⮬ , 
          ,  樠騥 ॣ  DS ⭮⥫ ᮬ
          DATASG.
                      ⮩ ணࠬ.
          -,  祬  ᯮ짮    樠
          樨 ॣ DS, ਬ,
             
                              MOV  DS,DATASG ?
             
               ⮬,      ।⢥
          c뫪     ॣ DS.  ⥫쭮, 
          樠樨 DS 室 ஢  .
             -,  祬 ணࠬ 樠 ॣ DS, 
          ॣ  SS    CS  ?  뢠,  ॣ  SS    CS
          樠 ⮬᪨    㧪  ணࠬ 
          믮,   ⢥⢥  樠  ॣ DS
          , ᫨ ॡ ES,    ᠬ ணࠬ.
                 ॡ      쬠 㬠
          묨,   c  室  .  ᫥
          騥 ணࠬ ᯮ   ⠭ 樠
           ⥪  ᥣ . ⮬   ஢
                 ணࠬ.  ⢨⥫쭮, 
           ࠭  ᪥ ⠭   ணࠬ  
            ணࠬ ஢      ,
          ,   ᯮ  ⥬   ।,     ⥫
          .
               ⢥  ࠦ,   ᮧ        襣
          । ணࠬ,  ਢ  . 4.3,  믮 
          ᥬ஢    .  ⥬     ⫠稪
          DEBUG ᬮ ᥣ ,  ᥣ , ॣ 
          த 蠣 믮 ணࠬ.
             
            
          ------------------------------------------------------------
          
                   ࠭樨   ᥬ   ᮧ   ⠡
          䨪஢  (CRF),       ।⠢ 
            ⨭ ४ 뫮   ⪨, 䨪
            ६    ணࠬ.    祭    䠫,
          室    ⢥    ᥬ,  o⢥ B:,
          ,  䠩   ᮧ  ᪥ B:
             
                    cross-reference [NUL.CRF]:B: [Return]
             




          
          ᥬ  IBM PC.  4                             89


               室  ८ࠧ  祭  CRF-䠩  
          p  ⠡ ४  뫮.   ⮣ 
          ᥬ୮ ᪥   ᮮ⢥ ணࠬ. ᫥
          ᯥ譮  ᥬ஢    CREF.   ࠭
            :
             
                         Cref filename [.CRF]:
                         List filename [cross-ref.REF]:
             
                  CRF-䠩, .. B:EXASM1. 
          ன    ⮫쪮  ᪮  
            㬮砭.   롮 ਢ   CRF   䠩
          ४ 뫮   EXASM1.REF  ᪮ B.
               ᯥ⪨  䠩  ४  뫮  ᯮ
           DOS  PRINT.    ਫ  4  ਢ   ०
          ணࠬ CREF.
             
          ------------------------------------------------------------
          ------------------------------------------------------------
                    . 4.4.  ४ 뫮
             
              .  4.4    ⠡  ४  뫮 
          ணࠬ,  ਢ    .  4.3.  䨪 
          ⠡ ।c⠢   䠢⭮ 浪     
            㪠 p  ப    室  ணࠬ,   
          ।      뫪.    ᥣ⮢   ⮢
            ।⠢    䠢⭮  p浪.  ࢮ  ᫮
          ࠢ  ଠ n#  㪠뢠   ப   LST-䠩,
            ।  ᮮ⢥騩  䨪.    ࠢ
          室  ᫠,  㪠뢠騥   ப,   
          c뫪    䨪.  ਬ, CODESG । 
          ப 17   뫪  ப 19  32.
             
             
          ------------------------------------------------------------
          
              ᥬ ८ࠧ 室 ணࠬ   OBJ-䠩, 
               騪  -   OBJ-䠩    㧮  EXE-䠩.
              ⥫쭮  ஢      ⢥    
               ணࠬ  (M)ASM, LINK  CREF ० 祬  
               Return.  ᮡ ⥫  㪠  ᪮
               .
              ணࠬ CREF ᮧ ᯥ  ४ 뫮.
                㦭  䠩    襣  ᪠.  ୮
                ணࠬ  CHKDSK   ஢ન ᢮
                   ᪥.  ஬  ⮣  ਮ᪨ ᮧ
               १ࢭ    襩  ணࠬ,  ࠭  १ࢭ
               ᪥               ᫥饣
               ணࠬ஢.
          
            
          ------------------------------------------------------------
          

          
          ᥬ  IBM PC.  4                             90


          4.1.      MASM    ⢥       
               ᥬ஢   ணࠬ         TEMPY.ASM  
               祭 䠩 LST,  OBJ  CRF, ,  ᪥
                 ணࠬ  室   ᪮ B.
          
          4.2.    ணࠬ TEMPY (  4.1) )
                믮 १ ⫠稪 DEBUG,  )  ।
                믮    DOS.
          
          4.3. ᭨ 祭     ᫥  䠩: )
               file.BAK,  )  file.ASM,  )  file.LST, ) file.CRF, )
               file.OBJ, ) file.EXE, ) file.MAP.
          
          4.4.        樠樨  ॣ DS,
               ,     ᥣ  -  DATSEG.
          
          4.5. ⠢ ᥬ ணࠬ :
          
               - 뫪  . 30  (।⢥  祭)  
                 ॣ AL;
               - ᤢ ᮤন ॣ AL    
                 ( SHL);
               - 뫪 . 18 (।⢥ 祭) 
                 ॣ BL;
               - 㬭 ॣ AL  BL ( MUL BL).
          
                뢠  RET.  ணࠬ  室
               ।   樠஢ ᥣ  .  
                ⠪ ஢ ⠭   ணࠬ (
                 ணࠬ)   ᯮ짮 ।    ࠧ
               .  믮 ᥬ஢  . ᯮ
               ⫠稪 DEBUG,  ஢ ᥣ , ॣ  
                蠣  믮  (஢) ணࠬ.
          
          4.6.  ணࠬ   4.5 :
          
               - । ⮢ ⮢ (४⨢ DB) 
                  FLDA, ᮤঠ饣 . 28,    FLDB,
                 ᮤঠ饣 . 14;
               - । 塠⮢  (४⨢ DW) 
                  FLDC,  饣 祭;
               - 뫪 ᮤন  FLDA  ॣ AL  ᤢ
                   ;
               - 㬭 ᮤন ॣ AL  祭  
                 FLDB (MUL FLDB);
               - 뫪 १  ॣ AX   FLDC.
          
                 ணࠬ 室  ᥣ . 믮
                ᥬ஢,  ணࠬ  ஢
                 ⫠稪 DEBUG.




          
