
cabs

㭪            ᮫⭮ 祭 ᭮ ᫠.

⠪          #include <math.h>
                   double cabs(struct complex z);

, ᮤঠ騩   math.h
⨯

ᠭ           cabs -  ப,  
                   ᮫⭮ 祭   ᭮   ᫠   z.   z
                      ன   ⨯   complex;   
                   ।  math.h ᫥騬 ࠧ:

                     struct complex {
                        double x,y;
                     };

                    x   ⢨⥫쭠  ,    y  -  
                   .

                   맮 cabs     ⥭     맮    sqrt    
                   ⢨⥫쭮       z,    
                   :

                     sqrt(z.x * z.x + z.y + z.y)

                    ᯮ짮 ++,   ᯮ짮 ⨯
                   complex, ।  䠩 complex.h,  㭪樥
                   abs.

頥       cabs 頥 ᮫⭮ 祭 z ⨯ double.
祭            ९ cabs 頥 HUGE_VAL 
                   ⠭ errno 

                     ERANGE   ॢ蠥 ⨬ ।.

                   ࠢ 訡     cabs      
                    㭪樨 matherr.

७ᨬ      cabs ন  ⥬ UNIX.

 ⠪     abs, complex, fabs, labs, matherr.

ਬ:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>

int main()
{
    struct complex z;
    double val;
    z.x=2.0;
    z.y=1.0;
    val = cabs(z);
    printf("᮫⭮ 祭  (%.2lfi %.2lfj) = %.2lf",z.x,
                 z.y,val);
    return 0;
}


calloc

㭪            뤥 ⨢ .

⠪          #include <stdlib.h>
                   void * calloc(size_t nitems, size_t size);

, ᮤঠ騩   stdlib.h,alloc.h
⨯

ᠭ           calloc ᯥ碠   ᪮ 
                   . ᪠      㯭 
                   ᪮    ।         
                   ६    .         ,
                   ਬ,    ॢ        ᯨ᪨,     ᯮ
                   । ᪮  .

                    ࠭⢮        殬  ᥣ
                     誮 ணࠬ ⥪ 㯭  
                   ᯮ짮    small (tiny,  small,
                   medium),  ஬ 让    ᠬ  孥
                    ⥪.   ࠭⢮ 室  
                   ⥪ ਪ ணࠬ     ,
                   ᯮ㥬 DOS.

                      ⨯ large (compact,  large, huge)
                    ࠭⢮  ࠭楩 ணࠬ ⥪  
                    䨧᪮    㯭  ᪮
                    .

                   calloc 뤥   ࠧ஬ nitems x size.
                    .  ᫨      뤥  ,
                   ࠧ ண ॢ蠥 64  㦭 ᯮ짮
                   㭪 farcalloc.

頥       calloc 頥 㪠⥫  뤥 .
祭           calloc 頥 NULL, ᫨ ⠮筮 
                    뤥    ,    nitems  size
                   ࠢ 0.

७ᨬ      ন  ⥬ UNIX  ।  ANSI
                   C. ᠭ  ୨  .

 ⠪     faralloc, free, malloc, realloc.

ਬ:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<alloc.h>
#include<string.h>

int main(void)
{
   char *str = NULL;
   /* 뤥   ப */
   str = calloc(10,sizeof(char));
   if(str)
   {
      /* ᪮஢  ப "Hello" */
      strcopy(str,"Hello");
      /* 뢥 ப */
      printf("ப : %s\n",str);
      /* ᢮  */
      free(str);
   }
   else
   {
      printf("筮 \n");
   }
   return(0);
}


ceil

㭪            㣫.

⠪          #include <math.h>
                   double ceil(double x);

, ᮤঠ騩   math.h
⨯

ᠭ           ceil 室 襥 楫 ᫮,  襥 x.

頥       ceil 頥  ᫮ (⨯ double).
祭

७ᨬ      ন  ⥬ UNIX  ।  ANSI
                   C.

 ⠪     floor, fmod.

ਬ:

#include<math.h>
#include<stdio.h>

int main(void)
{
   double number = 123.54;
   double down,up;
   down = floor(number);
   up = ceil(number);
   printf("室 ᫮:%5.21f\n",number);
   printf("㣫  :%5.21f\n",down);
   printf("㣫  :%5.21f\n",up);
   return 0;
}


cgets

             C뢠 ப  ᮫.

⠪          #include<conio.h>
                   char *cgets(char *str);

, ᮤঠ騩   conio.h
⨯

ᠭ           cgets 뢠 ᨬ ப  ᮫ 
                   ࠭  (  ப)  , 㪠뢠
                   ࠬ஬ str.

                   cgets 뢠   ᨬ       ,    
                               CR/LF      (
                   ⪨/ॢ ப),     㤥 ⠭
                   ᨬ쭮  ᫮  ᨬ.  ᫨  cgets
                   ⠫    CR/LF,       \0
                   (㫥 ࠭⥫  ப)   ।   ⥬,   
                   ࠭ ப.
                   
                    맮   cgets   㬥   str[0]    
                   ⠭     ᨬ      뢠
                   ப.      str[1]  ᮤন ⢮
                   ⠭ ᨬ.    ࠭,  稭  
                   str[2],    稢  㫥 ᨬ.  ⠪,
                   㬥 str   ࠧ,   ࠩ ,
                   str[0]  2 .

頥        ᯥ譮 襭 cgets 頥 㪠⥫
祭            str[2].

७ᨬ       㭪 ন ⮫쪮  
                   IBM PC      ᮢ⨬      .  㭪  
                   ᮢ⨬  Windows.

 ⠪     cputs, fgets, getch, getche, gets.

ਬ:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

main()
{
    char buffer[83];
    char *p;
    /*   80 ᨬ  㫥 騩 ᨬ   */
    buffer[0] = 81;
    p = cgets(buffer);
    printf("\ncgets ⠫ %d ᨬ: \"%s\"\n",buffer[1], p);
    printf("頥 㪠⥫ %p, buffer[2]  %p\n",p,&buffer);
    /*   5 ᨬ  騩 0 */
    buffer[0] = 6;
    printf(" ᪮쪮 ᨬ\n");
    p = cgets(buffer);
    printf("\ncgets ⠫ %d ᨬ: \"%s\"\n,buffer[1], p);
    printf("頥 㪠⥫ %p, buffer[2]  %p\n",p,&buffer);
    return 0;
}


chdir

㭪             ⥪騩 ⠫.

⠪          #include<dir.h>
                   int chdir(const char * path);

, ᮤঠ騩   dir.h
⨯

ᠭ           㭪 chdir        ⠫,    ।塞
                   㬥⮬ path,    ⥪騬    ࠡ稬   ⠫.
                   㬥  path      ।   騩
                   ⠫.

                   䨪 ன⢠ ⠪   
                   㬥 path, ਬ:

                     chdir("a:\\bc")

                      ⮫쪮  ⥪騩  ⠫      ⮬
                   ன⢥; ᠬ ⨢ ன⢮  .

頥        ᯥ譮 襭 㭪 chdir 頥
祭           祭 0. , 㭪 頥 祭 -1,
                    errno ᢠ ᫥饥 祭:

                     ENOENT -    䠩  .

७ᨬ      㭪 chdir ন  ⥬ UNIX.

 ⠪     getcurdir, getcwd, getdisk, mkdir, rmdir, setdisk,
                   system.

ਬ:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<dir.h>

char old_dir[MAX_DIR];
char new_dir[MAX_DIR];
                   
int main(void)
{
   if(getcurdir(0,old_dir))
   {
      perror("getcurdir()");
      exit(1);
   }
   printf("騩 ⠫: \\%s\n",old_dir);
   if(chdir("\\");
   {
      perror("chdir()");
      exit(1);
   }
   if(getcurdir(0,new_dir))
   {
      perror("getcurdir()");
      exit(1);
   }
   printf(" ⥪騩 ⠫: \\%s\n",new_dir);
   if(chdir(old_dir);
   {
      perror("chdir()");
      exit(1);
   }
   return 0;
}


_chmod

㭪             ० 㯠  䠩.

⠪          #include <dos.h>
                   #include <io.h>
                   int _chmod(const char * path, int func[,int attrib]);

, ᮤঠ騩   io.h
⨯

ᠭ           㭪 _chmod    ⠭
                   ਡ 䠩 DOS.  ᫨ func ࠢ 0,  㭪
                   頥 ⥪騥 ਡ DOS    䠩.
                   ᫨  func  ࠢ 1,   ਡ ⠭ 
                   ᮮ⢥⢨  㬥⮬ attrib.

                   attrib        ᫥  ᨬ
                   ⠭ 祭 (।  dos.h):

                     FA_RDONLY   쪮 ⥭.
                     FA_HIDDEN    䠩.
                     FA_SYSTEM   ⥬ 䠩.
                     FA_LABEL    ⪠ ⮬.
                     FA_DIREC    ⠫.
                     FA_ARCH     娢.

頥        ᯥ譮 襭 _chmod 頥 ᫮ 
祭           ਡ⠬ 䠩; , 頥 祭 -1.

                    砥   訡   errno   ᢠ    
                   ᫥ 祭:

                     ENOENT -    䠩  .
                     EACCES - ⪠ 㯠.

७ᨬ      _chmod 㭨쭠  DOS.

 ⠪     chmod, _creat.

ਬ:

#include<errno.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<dos.h>
#include<io.h>

int get_file_attrib(char *filename);

int main(void);
{
   char filename[128];
   int attrib;
   printf("  䠩:");
   scanf("%s",filename);
   attrib = get_file_attrib(filename);
   if(attrib == -1)
      switch(errno)
      {
         case ENOENT:printf("   䠩  \n");
                     break;
         case EACCES:printf("⪠ 㯠\n");
                     break;
         default:    printf("訡  %d\n",errno);
                     break;
      }
   else
   {
      if(attrib & FA_RDONLY)
         printf("%s  ਡ ⮫쪮  ⥭\n",filename);
      if(attrib & FA_HIDDEN)
         printf("%s - c 䠩\n",filename);
      if(attrib & FA_SYSTEM)
         printf("%s - ⥬ 䠩 \n",filename);
      if(attrib & FA_LABEL)
         printf("%s - ⪠ ⮬\n",filename);
      if(attrib & FA_DIREC)
         printf("%s - ⠫\n",filename);
      if(attrib & FA_ARCH)
         printf("%s - 娢 䠩\n",filename);
   }
   return 0;
}
/*  頥 ਡ 䠩 */
int get_file_attrib(char *filename)
{
   return(_chmod(filename,0));
}


chmod

㭪             ० 㯠  䠩.

⠪          #include <sys\stat.h>
                   int chmod(const char * path, int amode);

, ᮤঠ騩   io.h
⨯

ᠭ           㭪 chmod ⠢ ० 㯠  䠩,
                    㬥⮬ path  ᮮ⢥⢨   ᪮,
                   ᮤঠ饩     㬥  amode.  㬥  path
                   㪠뢠   ᨬ  ப;  *path   
                    ᨢ ⮩ ப.

                   amode    ᮤঠ        ᨬ
                   ⠭ S_IWRITE  S_IREAD (।   䠩
                   sys\stat.h).

                   
                   祭, amode      㯠
                   
                   S_IWRITE             襭  .
                   S_IREAD              襭  ⥭.
                   S_IREAD|S_IWRITE     襭  ⥭  .
                   

頥        ᯥ譮 襭  ० 㯠 
祭           䠩 㭪 chmod 頥 祭 0. ,
                   chmod 蠥 祭 -1.

                    砥   訡   errno   ᢠ    
                   ᫥ 祭:

                     ENOENT -    䠩  .
                     EACCES   ⪠ 㯠.

७ᨬ      㭪 chmod ন  ⥬ UNIX.

 ⠪     access, _chmod, fstat, open, sopen, stat.

ਬ:

#include<errno.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<dos.h>
#include<io.h>

int get_file_attrib(char *filename);

int main(void);
{
   char filename[128];
   int attrib;
   printf("  䠩:");
   scanf("%s",filename);
   attrib = get_file_attrib(filename);
   if(attrib == -1)
      switch(errno)
      {
         case ENOENT:printf("   䠩  \n");
                     break;
         case EACCES:printf("⪠ 㯠\n");
                     break;
         default:    printf("訡  %d\n",errno);
                     break;
      }
   else
   {
      if(attrib & FA_RDONLY)
         printf("%s  ਡ ⮫쪮  ⥭\n",filename);
      if(attrib & FA_HIDDEN)
         printf("%s - c 䠩\n",filename);
      if(attrib & FA_SYSTEM)
         printf("%s - ⥬ 䠩 \n",filename);
      if(attrib & FA_LABEL)
         printf("%s - ⪠ ⮬\n",filename);
      if(attrib & FA_DIREC)
         printf("%s - ⠫\n",filename);
      if(attrib & FA_ARCH)
         printf("%s - 娢 䠩\n",filename);
   }
   return 0;
}
/*  頥 ਡ 䠩 */
int get_file_attrib(char *filename)
{
   return(chmod(filename,0));
}


chsize

㭪             ࠧ 䠩.

⠪          #include<io.h>
                   int chsize(int handle, long size);

, ᮤঠ騩   io.h
⨯

ᠭ           chsize  ࠧ 䠩, 易 
                   ਯ஬ handle.        㬥   
                   㢥  䠩 ⭮⥫쭮  砫쭮 ࠧ
                    ᨬ  祭 㬥 size.

                   ,  ஬  뢠  䠩,    
                   ࠧ襭  .

                   ᫨ chsize    㢥稢    䠩,         
                   ᮥ  㫥  ᨬ  (\0).  ᫨  䠩
                   㬥蠥,         ਧ 
                   䠩 .

頥        ᯥ譮 襭 chsize 頥 0. 
祭           訡 頥 -1,  ६ errno
                   ᢠ   ᫥ 祭:

                     EACCES - ⪠ 㯠.
                     EBADF  -   䠩.
                     ENOSPC - UNIX -   DOS.

७ᨬ      chsize 㭨쭠  DOS.

 ⠪     close, _creat, creat, open.

ਬ:

#include<string.h>
#include<fcntl.h>
#include<io.h>
                   
int main(void)
{
   int handle;
   char buf[11] = "0123456789";
   /* ᮧ ⥪⮢ 䠩  10  */
   handle = open("DUMMY.FIL",O_CREAT);
   write(handle,buf,strlen(buf));
   /* १ 䠩  5  */
   chsize(handle,5);
   /*  䠩 */
   close(handle);
   return 0;
}


circle

㭪             㦭  ࠤ  業஬ 
                   窥  न⠬ (x,y).

⠪          #include <graphics.h>
                   void far circle(int x,int y,int radius);

, ᮤঠ騩   graphics.h
⨯

ᠭ           circle  㦭 ⥪騬 梥⮬  業஬ 
                   窥 (x,y)  ࠤᮬ radius.

                   砭. ࠬ    linestyle        뢠
                   ⢨     ஥   ,   㦭⥩,
                   ᮢ    ᥪ஢.  ᯮ ⮫쪮 ࠬ
                   thickness.

                   ᫨  ࠭  㦭    룫  㣫묨,
                     ४騩 䠪 ࠪ᪮
                   ⭮襭.

頥       .
祭


७ᨬ      㭪 㭨쭠  Borland C++.  ࠡ⠥
                   ⮫쪮    IBM PC  ᮢ⨬  ,
                   ᭠饭 ᯫ묨 ࠬ,  ন騬
                   ᪨ ०. 㭪  ᮢ⨬  Windows.

 ⠪     arc, ellipse, fillelipse, getaspectratio, sector,
                   setaspectratio.

ਬ:

#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

int main(void)
{
/*  ⮮। */
int graphdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int midx,midy;
int radius = 100;

/* 樠 䨪   ६ */
initgraph(&graphdriver,&gmode,"");

/* 祭 १ 樠樨 */
errorcode = graphresult();
if(errorcode != grOk)  /* ᫨ 訡 */
{
   printf("訡 :%s\n",grapherrormessage(errorcode));
   printf(" ⠭   \n");
   getch();
   exit(1);  /* 襭   訡 */
}
midx = getmaxx() / 2;
midy = getmaxy() / 2;
setcolor(getmaxcolor(1));

/*  㦭 */
circle(midx,midy,radius);

/*  */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}


_clear87

㭪            頥 ᫮ ﭨ 権  饩
                   窮.

⠪          #include<float.h>
                   unsigned int _clear87(void);

, ᮤঠ騩   float.h
⨯

ᠭ           㭪 _clear87 頥 ᫮ ﭨ 権
                    饩 窮,  ஥    樥
                   ᫮  ﭨ  ᮯ  8087/80287  㣨
                   ᫮,    㦥    ணࠬ    ࠡ⪨
                   ᪫⥫ 権 ᮯ 8087/80287.

頥       ,   ⮨ 頥 祭
祭           㭪樨, ᮤঠ ஥ ᫮ ﭨ 権 
                   饩 窮   ⪨.   ᠭ
                   ⠭    float.h,            
                   । ⮢ ᫮ ﭨ.

 ⠪     _control87, _fpreset, _status87.

ਬ:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<float.h>
                   
int main(void)
{
   float x;
   double y=1.5e-100;
   printf("ﭨ 8087 । 訡: %X\n",_status87());
   x = y; /* ᮧ ﭨ ९   筮 */
   printf("ﭨ 8087 ᫥ 訡: %X\n",_status87());
   _clear87();
   printf("ﭨ 8087 ᫥ 㫥: %X\n",_status87());
   return 0;
}


cleardevice

㭪            頥 ᪨ ࠭.

⠪          #include <graphics.h>
                   void far cleardevice(void);

, ᮤঠ騩   graphics.h
⨯

ᠭ           cleardevice ࠥ (  - ᮢ뢠
                   ⥪騬 梥⮬  䮭)    ᪨  ࠭   
                   ७  CP  (⥪  )    砫 ࠭
                   (0,0).

頥       .
祭

७ᨬ      㭪 㭨쭠  Borland C++.  ࠡ⠥
                   ⮫쪮   IBM PC  ᮢ⨬   ,
                   ᭠饭 ᯫ묨 ࠬ,  ন騬
                   ᪨ ०. 㭪  ᮢ⨬  Windows.

 ⠪     clearviewport.

ਬ:

#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

int main(void)
{
/*  ⮮। */
int graphdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int midx,midy;

/* 樠 䨪   ६ */
initgraph(&graphdriver,&gmode,"");

/* 祭 १ 樠樨 */
errorcode = graphresult();
if(errorcode != grOk)  /* ᫨ 訡 */
{
   printf("訡 :%s\n",grapherrormessage(errorcode));
   printf(" ⠭   \n");
   getch();
   exit(1);  /* 襭   訡 */
}
midx = getmaxx() / 2;
midy = getmaxy() / 2;
setcolor(getmaxcolor(1));

/* ⠭ ࠢ ⥪ */
settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT,CENTER_TEXT);
/* 뢮  ࠭ ᮮ饭 */
outtextxy(midx,midy," ⪨ ࠭   );
/*    */
getch();
/* ⪠ ࠭ */
cleardevice();
/* 뢥 㣮 ᮮ饭 */
outtextxy(midx,midy," 襭   ");
/* ⪠ */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}


clearerr

㭪             樨 訡.

⠪          #include<stdio.h>
                   void clearerr(FILE * stream);

, ᮤঠ騩   stdio.h
⨯

ᠭ           clearerr 뢠  0 訡  ਧ 
                   䠩 㪠   ⮪.   ᫥  ⮣,    
                   ⠭  ਧ  訡,   ⮪   樨
                     ﭨ  訡    ,   
                   㤥 ᤥ 饭  clearerr  rewind.

                   ਧ    䠩   뢠      
                   樨 .

頥       .
祭

७ᨬ      clearerr ন  ⥬ UNIX  ।-
                     ANSI C.

 ⠪     eof, feof, ferror, perror, rewind.

ਬ:

#include<stdio.h>
                   
int main(void)
{
   FILE *fp;
   char ch;
   /*  䠩   */
   fp = open("DUMMY.FIL","w");
   /* 맢 訡筮 ﭨ */
   ch = getc(fp);
   if(ferror(fp)
   {
      /* 뢥 ᮮ饭  訡 */
      printf("訡 ⥭  DUMMY.FIL\n");
      /*  ਧ  䠩  訡 */
      clearerr(fp);
   }
   fclose(fp);
   return 0;
}


clearviewport

㭪            頥 ⥪  ᬮ.

⠪          #include <graphics.h>
                   void far clearviewport(void);

, ᮤঠ騩   graphics.h
⨯

ᠭ           clearviewport 頥 ⥪  ᬮ
                   ࠭  ७ CP ( ⥪  )   (0,0),
                   ⭮⥫쭮  ᬮ.

頥       .
祭

७ᨬ      㭪 㭨쭠  Borland C++.  ࠡ⠥
                   ⮫쪮    IBM PC  ᮢ⨬  ,
                   ᭠饭 ᯫ묨 ࠬ,  ন騬
                   ᪨ ०. 㭪  ᮢ⨬  Windows.

 ⠪     cleardevice, getviewsettings, setviewport.

ਬ:

#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

#define CLIP_ON 1 /* ⨢樨 ஢   ᬮ */

int main(void)
{
/*  ⮮। */
int graphdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int ht;

/* 樠 䨪   ६ */
initgraph(&graphdriver,&gmode,"");

/* 祭 १ 樠樨 */
errorcode = graphresult();
if(errorcode != grOk)  /* ᫨ 訡 */
{
   printf("訡 :%s\n",grapherrormessage(errorcode));
   printf(" ⠭   \n");
   getch();
   exit(1);  /* 襭   訡 */
}
setcolor(getmaxcolor(1));
ht = textheight("W");
/* ᮮ饭 뢮   ᬮ,  㬮砭  
   ࠭ */
outtextxy(0,0,"<-- 0,0  ᬮ  㬮砭");
/* ᮧ   ᬮ */
setviewport(50,50,getmaxx()-50,getmaxy()-50,CLIP_ON);
/* 뢥 ᮮ饭 */
outtextxy(0,0,"<-- 0,0    ᬮ");
outtextxy(0,2*ht," ⪨  ᬮ  ");
/*    */
getch();
/* ⪠  ᬮ */
clearviewport();
/* 뢥 㣮 ᮮ饭 */
outtextxy(midx,midy," 襭   ):
/* ⪠ */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}


clock

㭪            । ६ .

⠪          #include <time.h>
                   clock_t clock(void);

, ᮤঠ騩   time.h
⨯

ᠭ           clock   ᯮ짮  ।
                   ࢠ ६   ᮡﬨ.

                    ।  ६     ᥪ㭤,   祭,
                   頥  㭪樥 clock,    
                    祭  CLK_TCK.

頥       㭪  clock 頥 ६ 襤襥  
祭           砫 믮 ணࠬ. ᫨ ६ 
                   㯭       祭         
                   ஢,    㭪  頥 祭
                   -1.

७ᨬ      clock ᮢ⨬  ANSI C.

 ⠪     time.

ਬ:

#include <time.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <dos.h>

int main(void)
{
    clock_t start, end;
    start = clock();
    delay(2000);
    end = clock();
    printf("The time was: %f\n",
                   (end - start) / CLK_TCK);
    return 0;
}


_close

㭪            뢠 䠩.

⠪          #include<io.h>
                   int _close(int handle);

, ᮤঠ騩   io.h
⨯

ᠭ           _close 뢠 䠩, 易  ਯ஬
                   handle. 㬥   handle   砥   ਯ
                   䠩, ᢠ   맮 㭪権 _creat,
                   creat,  creatnew,  creattemp,  dup, dup2, _open 
                   open.

                   ਬ砭.  㭪  뢠 ᨬ Ctrl-Z
                      䠩.  ᫨    䠩 ⨬
                   ᨬ,  ᫥  뢥.

頥        ᯥ譮 襭 _close 頥 祭
祭           0.  頥 祭 -1.

                   ᫨ 㬥   handle       ਯ஬
                   ⮣  䠩,      ਢ      㤠筮
                   襭   樨.   errno  砥  ᫥饥
                   祭:

                     EBADF -   䠩.

७ᨬ      _close 㭨쭠  DOS.

 ⠪     close, _creat, open, read, write.

ਬ:

#include<string.h>
#include<fcntl.h>
#include<io.h>
                   
int main(void)
{
   int handle;
   char buf[11] = "0123456789";
   /* ᮧ 䠩 ᮤঠ騩 10  */
   handle = open("DUMMY.FIL",O_CREAT);
   write(handle,buf,strlen(buf));
   /*  䠩 */
   _close(handle);
   return 0;
}


close

㭪            뢠 䠩.

⠪          #include<io.h>
                   int close(int handle);

, ᮤঠ騩   io.h
⨯

ᠭ           close 뢠 䠩, 易  ਯ஬
                   handle. 㬥   handle   砥   ਯ
                   䠩, ᢠ   맮 㭪権 _creat,
                   creat,  creatnew,  creattemp,  dup, dup2, _open 
                   open.

                   ਬ砭.  㭪  뢠 ᨬ Ctrl-Z
                     䠩.  ᫨    䠩  ⨬
                   ᨬ,  ᫥  뢥.

頥        ᯥ譮 襭 close  祭
祭           0.  頥 祭 -1.

                   ᫨ 㬥  handle        ਯ஬
                   ⮣   䠩,      ਢ     㤠筮
                   襭  樨.  errno   砥   ᫥饥
                   祭:

                     EBADF -   䠩.

७ᨬ      close ন  ⥬ UNIX.

 ⠪     chsize, _close, creat, creatnew, dup, fclose, open,
                   sopen.

ਬ:
                                              
#include<string.h>
#include<fcntl.h>
#include<io.h>
                   
int main(void)
{
   int handle;
   char buf[11] = "0123456789";
   /* ᮧ 䠩 ᮤঠ騩 10  */
   handle = open("DUMMY.FIL",O_CREAT);
   write(handle,buf,strlen(buf));
   /*  䠩 */
   _close(handle);
   return 0;
}


closegraph

㭪            ४頥 ࠡ ᪮ ⥬.

⠪          #include <graphics.h>
                   void far closegraph(void)

, ᮤঠ騩   graphics.h
⨯

ᠭ           closegraph ᢮  ,뤥 
                    ⥬,  ⥬ ⠭ ࠭ 
                   ०,              맮   initgraph.
                   (᪠ ⥬ ᢮  ,    ⠪
                   ࠩ,       譨    ।⢮
                   맮 _graphfreemem).

頥       .
祭

७ᨬ      㭪 㭨쭠  Borland C++.  ࠡ⠥
                   ⮫쪮   IBM PC  ᮢ⨬   ,
                   ᭠饭 ᯫ묨 ࠬ,  ন騬
                   ᪨ ०. 㭪  ᮢ⨬  Windows.

 ⠪     initgraph, setgraphbufsize.

ਬ:

#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

int main(void)
{
/*  ⮮। */
int graphdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int x,y;

/* 樠 䨪   ६ */
initgraph(&graphdriver,&gmode,"");

/* 祭 १ 樠樨 */
errorcode = graphresult();
if(errorcode != grOk)  /* ᫨ 訡 */
{
   printf("訡 :%s\n",grapherrormessage(errorcode));
   printf(" ⠭   \n");
   getch();
   exit(1);  /* 襭   訡 */
}

x = getmaxx()/2;
y = getmaxy()/2;
/* 뢮 ᮮ饭 */
settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT,CENTER_TEXT);
outtextxy(x,y," 襭 ࠡ ᪮ ⥬ 
                  ");
/*    */
getch();
/* ⨥ ᪮ ⥬ */
closegraph();

printf("   ⥪⮢ ०\n");
printf(" 襭   \n");
getch();
return 0;
}


clreol

㭪               ப  ⥪⮢ .

⠪          #include<conio.h>
                   void clreol(void);

, ᮤঠ騩   conio.h
⨯

ᠭ           clreol 㤠  ᨬ  樨  
                    ப      ⥪饬   ⥪⮢      
                   ६饭 .

頥       .
祭

७ᨬ      clreol ন ⮫쪮   IBM PC
                    ᮢ⨬  .  㭪    ᮢ⨬  
                   Windows.

 ⠪     clrscr, delline, window.

ਬ:

#include<conio.h>
int main(void)
{
   clrscr();
   cprintf("㭪 CLREOL   ᨬ, 稭\r\n");
   cprintf(" 樨 ,   ப,  \r\n");
   cprintf("⥪饣 ⥪⮢ ,  ६饭 .\r\n");
   cprintf(" த   ...");
   gotoxy(14,4);
   getch();
   clreol();
   getch();
   return 0;
}


clrscr

㭪            頥   ⥪⮢ ०.

⠪          #include<conio.h>
                   void clrscr(void);

, ᮤঠ騩   conio.h
⨯

ᠭ           clrscr 頥 ⥪饥 ⥪⮢   ६頥
                     孨  㣮 ࠭ (  1,1).

頥       .
祭

७ᨬ      clrscr ন ⮫쪮   IBM PC
                    ᮢ⨬  .  㭪    ᮢ⨬  
                   Windows.

 ⠪     clreol, delline, window.

ਬ:

#include<conio.h>
int main(void)
{
   int i;
   clrscr();
   for(i=0;i<20;i++)
     cprintf("%d\r\n",i);
   cprintf("\r\n ⪨ ࠭   ");
   getch();
   clrscr();
   cprintf("࠭ 饭!");
   getch();
   return 0;
}


complex

㭪              ᫠.

⠪          #include<complex.h>
                   complex complex(double real,double imag);

, ᮤঠ騩   complex.h
⨯

ᠭ            ᭮ ᫮   ⢥ 
                    .  ᫨ ࠬ  imag  ᪠,  
                       ⠥  ࠢ  0.
                   
                   complex -         ++  complex,
                     ।    complex.h.  㣨  㭪樨,
                      ⠪      ࠡ    complex,
                   ਢ  ࠧ "  ⠪".    
                    ⠭ 㭪権 ८।  math.h.
                    ࠡ   묨  ﬨ    㭪権
                   ॡ ++.
                   
                   ᫨    ࠡ  ++,   ।⠥
                    ,   㯭 ⮫쪮 樨 ⨯ struct
                   complex    cabs,  騥 ᮫⭮ 祭
                   ᭮ ᫠.    ।    math.h.
                   
                    complex.h,  ஬ ⮣ ८। 樨
                   +,  -,  *,  /,  +=,  -=,  *=,  /=,  =, ==  !=. 
                     ᯮ짮     묨   ᫠
                       樨.      ࠦ      
                   ᯮ짮   묨 ᫠,  楫,
                   ⢥    㣨  ᫮  ⨯.  
                   ⮪ /뢮 <<  >> ८।  
                     ᥫ,  ⠪         ⠫
                   ᥫ.

頥       ᭮ ᫮  묨 ⢥  
祭           ﬨ.

७ᨬ       㭪樨 ॡ ++  ⮬ -
                   ᨬ. ᪮  ᫥㥬 ++ AT&T  ᨨ  2.0,
                         ஡   㭪樨 
                   㣨  ,  ਤন  ⮣   
                   ⠭.

 ⠪     abs, acos, arg, asin, atan, atan2, conj, cos, cosh,
                   imag, log, log10,  norm,  polar,  pow,  real,  sin,
                   sinh, sqrt, tan, tanh.

ਬ:

#include<iostream.h>
#include<complex.h>
                   
int main(void)
{
   double x = 3.1, y=4.2;
   complex z = complex(x,y);
   cout << "z= " << z << "\n";
   cout << " ⢥  =" << real(z) << "\n";
   cout << "   =" << imag(z) << "\n";
   cout << "z  ᮯ殮 祭 = " << conj(z) << "\n"
   return 0;
}


conj

㭪            頥 ᭮ ᮯ殮 ᭮
                   ᫠.

⠪          #include<complex.h>
                   complex conj(complex x);

, ᮤঠ騩   complex.h
⨯

ᠭ           conj(z) 筮 complex(real(z), -imag(z)).

頥       頥 ᭮-ᮯ殮   ᫮.
祭
                   
७ᨬ       㭪樨 ॡ ++  ⮬ -
                   ᨬ.
                   
 ⠪       complex, imag, real.

ਬ:

#include<iostream.h>
#include<complex.h>
                   
int main(void)
{
   double x = 3.1, y=4.2;
   complex z = complex(x,y);
   cout << "z= " << z << "\n";
   cout << " ⢥  =" << real(z) << "\n";
   cout << "   =" << imag(z) << "\n";
   cout << "z  ᮯ殮 祭 = " << conj(z) << "\n"
   return 0;
}


_control87

㭪            㫨 ᫮ ࠢ 権  饩
                   窮.

⠪          #include<float.h>
                   unsigned int _control87(unsigned int newcw,
                                           unsigned int mask);

, ᮤঠ騩   float.h
⨯

ᠭ           _control87    ᫮ ࠢ
                   ﬨ  饩 窮.

                    ࠢ 饩 窨  ⨯ unsigned
                   int,   ஬     ⮬  ᫥  ०
                   権    饩  窮,    :  ०
                   筮,  ᪮筮    㣫.  
                     ०   ᪨஢ ᪫⥫
                   ﭨ 権  饩 窮.

                   _control87 ࠢ   mask  ⠬  newcw.
                   ᫨    mask ࠢ 1,   ᮮ⢥騩  
                   new ᮤন  祭  ⠪      
                   ᫮  ࠢ  権   饩 窮,  
                   _control87   ⠭            ᫮
                   ࠢ   祭.

                   ਬ:

                   室 ᫮ ࠢ: 0100  0011  0110  0011
                   mask                       1000  0001  0100  1111
                   newcw                      1110  1001  0000  0101
                   騥           1xxx  xxx1  x0xx  0101

                   ᫨ mask ࠢ 0,   _control87 頥  ᫮
                   ࠢ   ﬨ     饩  窮  
                   .

                   _control87       Denormal,   ᪮
                   Borland   C++   ᯮ  ଠ  ࠡ
                   ᪫⥫ 権.

頥         頥 祭 ।⠢ ᮡ
祭            ᫮ ࠢ ﬨ  饩
                   窮.    ᠭ    ⮢,    頥
                   㭪樥 _control87, ਢ   䠩 float.h.

७ᨬ      _control87 㭨쭠  DOS.

 ⠪     _clear87, _fpreset, signal, _status87.

ਬ:            control.c
                   


coreleft

㭪            頥 ࠧ ᯮ㥬 ⨢
                   .

⠪             tiny, small, medium:
                   #include <alloc.h>
                   unsigned coreleft(void);

                      compact, large, huge:
                   #include <alloc.h>
                   unsigned long coreleft(void);

, ᮤঠ騩   alloc.h
⨯

ᠭ           coreleft 頥 ࠧ ᯮ㥬
                   ⨢ .  뢮 ࠧ 祭 
                   ᨬ   .

頥           coreleft 頥
祭           ⢮ ᯮ㥬   設
                   heap    ⥪.        ,  
                   頥  ꥬ        ᠬ   孨
                   뤥   殬 ⨢ .

७ᨬ      coreleft 㭨쭠  DOS. 㭪  ᮢ⨬ 
                   Windows.

 ⠪     allocmem, brk, farcoreleft, malloc

ਬ:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<alloc.h>
                   
int main(void)
{
   printf("  ᠬ 孨 뤥   \n");
   printf("設 heap ࠢ %lu ",(unsigned long)coreleft());
   return 0;
}


cos

㭪             ᨭ.

⠪          ⢥      ᭠ 
                   #include <math.h>       #include<complex.h>
                   double cos(double x);   complex cos(complex x);

, ᮤঠ騩   ⢥      ᭠ 
⨯           math.h                  complex.h

ᠭ           cos 頥 ᨭ  祭. 
                     ࠤ.

                   ᨭ ᭮   ᫠   ।  ᫥騬
                   ࠧ:

                       cos(z)=(exp(i*z)+exp(-i*z))/2

頥       ⢥  cos 頥 祭  -
祭             -1  1.  ࠢ  訡    ⮩
                   㭪樨     㭪樨 matherr.

७ᨬ      cos ন  ⥬ UNIX  । 
                   ANSI C.    ᭠      ॡ   ++   
                   ७ᨬ.

 ⠪     acos, asin, atan, atan2, complex, matherr, sin,
                   tan.


ਬ:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
                   
int main(void)
{
   double result;
   double x = 0.5;
   result = cos(x);
   printf("ᨭ  %1f ࠢ %1f\n",x,result);
   return 0;
}


cosh

㭪             ࡮᪨ ᨭ.

⠪          ⢥      ᭠ 
                   #include <math.h>       #include<complex.h>
                   double cosh(double x);  complex cosh(complex x);

, ᮤঠ騩   ⢥      ᭠ 
⨯           math.h                  complex.h

ᠭ           cosh 頥 ࡮᪨ ᨭ 
                   祭. (e^x+e^-x)/2

                   ࡮᪨ ᨭ      ᭮     ᫠
                   । ᫥騬 ࠧ:

                       cosh(z)=(exp(z)+exp(-z))/2

頥       cosh 頥 ࡮᪨ ᨭ 㬥.
祭
                    砥  ९  cosh  頥   祭
                   HUGE_VAL      ⢥騬   ,      errno
                   ⠭  ERANGE.

                   ࠡ 訡  ⮩ 㭪樨    
                    㭪樨 matherr.

७ᨬ      cosh ন  ⥬ UNIX  । 
                   ANSI C.  ᭠  ॡ  ++    ᪮॥
                   ᥣ ७ᨬ.

 ⠪     acos, asin, atan, atan2, complex, cos, matherr,
                   sin, sinh, tan, tanh.

ਬ:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
                   
int main(void)
{
   double result;
   double x = 0.5;
   result = cosh(x);
   printf("࡮᪨ ᨭ  %1f ࠢ %1f\n",x,result);
   return 0;
}


country

㭪            頥 ଠ, ᨬ  ⭮
                   ࠭.

⠪          #include<dos.h>
                   struct country * country(int xcode,
                                            struct  country * cp);

, ᮤঠ騩   dos.h
⨯

ᠭ           㭪 country ।,  ࠧ 
                    ନ஢  ⠪  ଠ,      ,
                   ६,   . 祭, ⠭
                    㭪樥,      ᯮ㥬  ᨨ
                   ⥬ DOS.

                   ᫨ ࠬ   cp      祭  -1,  ⥪騩
                   㤠⢥      ⠭       ⠭
                   ᮮ⢥⢥  祭  㬥 xcode,  
                        㫥.      ⠫   
                    country, 㪠뢠 ᭮ 뫪 cp,
                         ଠ樥      ᨬ      
                   㤠⢥  ⠭⮢  ⥪饩  ࠭  (᫨
                   xcode ⠭   0),    ࠭,  ।塞
                   㬥⮬ xcode.

                    country । ᫥騬 ࠧ:

                   struct contry {
                     int co_date;          /* ଠ  */
                     char co_curr[5];      /*   */
                     char co_thsep[2];     /* ⥫  */
                     char co_desep[2];     /*  ࠧ⥫ */
                     char co_dtsep[2];     /* ⥫  */
                     char co_tmsep[2];     /* ⥫ ६ */
                     char co_currstyle;    /* ࠦ  */
                     char co_digits;       /* ᫮   */
                                           /*  ᠭ  */
                     char co_time;         /* ଠ ६ */
                     long co_case;         /* 롮 ॣ */
                     char co_dasep[2];     /* ⥫  */
                     char co_fill[10];     /* ⥫ */
                   };

                   ଠ   ६ co_date  祭:
                   
                   - 0  ⠭    (,  ,  ).
                   
                   - 1  ய᪮ ⠭ (, , ).
                   
                   - 2  ﯮ᪮ ⠭ (, , ).

                    ࠦ            
                   ६ co_currstyle ᫥騬 ࠧ:
                   
                     0       ।   祭   
                        ஡  ᨬ  ᫮.
                   
                     1    ᫥  祭 
                        ஡  ᫮   ᨬ.
                   
                     2    । 祭  ஡
                        ᫥ ᨬ.
                   
                     3    ᫥  ᫮  
                        ஡ । ᨬ.

頥       㭪 country 頥  ⢥ 祭
祭            㪠⥫ cp.   砥 訡
                   頥 NULL.

७ᨬ      country ন ⮫쪮  DOS ᨨ 3.0 
                   .

ਬ:

#include<dos.h>
#include<stdio.h>

#define USA 0

int main(void)
{
   struct country country_info;
   country(USA,&country_info);
   printf("   : %s\n",country_info.co_curr);
   return 0;
}


cprintf

㭪            ⢫ ଠ஢ 뢮  ࠭.

⠪          #include<conio.h>
                   int cprintf(const char *format[,argument,...]);

, ᮤঠ騩   conio.h
⨯

ᠭ           cprintf 砥  㬥⮢, ਬ 
                    㬥       ᯥ䨪       ଠ,
                   ᮤঠ   ப ଠ  㪠⥫ format,
                     뢮  ଠ஢      ࠭  
                   ⥪饥   ⥪⮢   .   ᫮   㬥⮢  
                   ᯥ䨪権   .
                   
                   ப        -,  
                   १  㭪樨  BIOS,    ᨬ    祭
                   쭮   ६    directvideo.
                   
                   ᠭ ᯥ䨪樨 ଠ ਢ    㭪樨
                   printf.
                   
                    ⫨稥   㭪権 fprintf  printf,  cprintf 
                   ८ࠧ  ᨬ   ॢ   ப   (\n)   
                   ᫥⥫쭮 ॢ ⪨/ॢ ப
                   (\r\n).

頥       cprintf 頥 ⢮ 뢥 ᨬ.
祭

७ᨬ      cprintf ন ⮫쪮   IBM PC
                    ᮢ⨬  .  㭪    ᮢ⨬  
                   Windows.

 ⠪     directvideo(६), fprintf, printf, putch,
                   sprintf, vprintf.

ਬ:

#include<conio.h>
                   
int main(void)
{
   /*  ࠭ */
   clrscr();
   /* ᮧ ⥪⮢  */
   window(10,10,80,25);
   /* 뢥    ⥪ */
   cprintf("ਢ !!!\r\n");
   /*    */
   getch();
   return 0;
}


cputs

㭪            뢮 ப  ࠭.

⠪          #include<conio.h>
                   int cputs(const char * str);

, ᮤঠ騩   conio.h
⨯

ᠭ           cputs 뢮 ப str, 稢 㫥, 
                   ⥪饥 ⥪⮢ .   ப  ᮥ
                   ᨬ  ப.

                   ப 뢮        ࠭   
                     맮  BIOS,    ᨬ  祭 
                   directvideo.

                    ⫨稥  㭪樨  puts,  cputs    ८ࠧ
                   ᨬ  ॢ  ப (\n)  ᫥⥫쭮
                   ॢ ⪨/ॢ ப (\r\n).

頥       cputs 頥 ᫥ 뢥 ᨬ.
祭

७ᨬ      cputs ন ⮫쪮   IBM PC
                    ᮢ⨬  .  㭪    ᮢ⨬  
                   Windows.

 ⠪     cgets, directvideo(६), fputs, putch, puts.

ਬ:

#include<conio.h>
                   
int main(void)
{
   /*  ࠭ */
   clrscr();
   /* ᮧ ⥪⮢  */
   window(10,10,80,25);
   /* 뢥    ⥪ */
   cputs("뢮   \r\n");
   /*    */
   getch();
   return 0;
}


_creat

㭪              䠩  १뢠 騩.

⠪          #include <dos.h>
                   int _creat(const char * path, int attrib);

, ᮤঠ騩   io.h
⨯

ᠭ           _creat  㬥 attrib -  ᫮ ਡ⮢
                   DOS.  ᥣ 뢠  筮 ०. 
                   ᯥ譮    ᮧ    䠩    㪠⥫    䠩
                   ⠭    砫   ⮣   䠩.   
                   뢠 ࠧ  ⥭  .

                   ᫨ 䠩    㦥    ,         ࠧ
                   ⠭   ࠢ   0.   (   ⭮
                   㤠  䠩    ᮧ  䠩  ⨬ 
                   ).

                   㬥 attrib    _creat         
                   ᫥ ⠭ (।  dos.h):

                     FA_DRONLY   쪮 ⥭.
                     FA_HIDDEN    䠩.
                     FA_SYSTEM   ⥬ 䠩.

頥        ᯥ譮 襭 _creat 頥 ਯ-
祭             䠩, ⥫쭮 ᫮;  -
                   頥 -1.

                    砥  訡  errno ਭ   ᫥
                   祭:

                     ENOENT -    䠩  .
                     EMFILE - 誮   䠩.
                     EACCES - ⪠ 㯠.

७ᨬ      _creat 㭨쭠  DOS.

 ⠪     _chmod, chsize, _close, close, creat, creatnew,
                   creattemp.

ਬ:

#include<sys\stat.h>
#include<process.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<fcntl.h>
#include<errno.h>
#include<io.h>

int main(void)
{
   int handle;
   char buf[] = "0123456789";
   /* ᮧ 䠩  ⥭    筮 ० */
   if((handle = _creat("DUMMY.FIL",0)) < 0)
   {
      switch(errno)
      {
      case ENOENT: printf("訡:   䠩  .\n");
                   break;
      case EMFILE: printf("訡:誮   䠩.\n");
                   break;
      case EACCES: printf("訡: ⪠ 㯠\n");
                   break;
      default:     printf("訡  ᮧ 䠩\n");
                   break;
      }
      exit(1);
   }
   /*   䠩 ப  騬 㫥 ᨬ */
   write(handle,buf,strlen(buf)+1);
   /*  䠩 */
   close(handle);
   return 0;
}


creat

㭪              䠩  १뢠 騩.

⠪          #include <sys\stat.h>
                   int creat(const char * path, int amode);

, ᮤঠ騩   io.h
⨯

ᠭ           㭪 creat ᮧ  䠩  ⠢
                    १  騩  䠩,     ண
                   室     㬥  path.  amode  ਬ
                   ⮫쪮   ᮧ 䠩.

                    ᮧ  ०,  㪠뢠   쭮
                   ६ _fmode (O_TEXT  O_BINARY).

                   ᫨ 䠩   㦥      ⠭  ਡ
                   ,  㭪 creat  ᥪ  䠩      0
                   , ⠢  묨  ਡ 䠩.  ᫨
                   騩 䠩   ਡ  "⮫쪮  ⥭",
                   맮   㭪樨   creat  ௨  㤠    䠩
                   ⠭ .

                   맮 㭪樨 creat ஢ ⮫쪮  S_IWRITE 
                   ᫮  ० 㯠 amode.  ᫨   ࠢ
                   1,  䠩  ࠧ襭  . ᫨  ࠢ
                   0,      䠩  ࠧ襭  ⮫쪮  ⥭.  
                   ⠫  ਡ  DOS  ⠭   ࠢ묨
                   .

                   amode   ਭ     ᫥ 祭
                   (।  䠩 sys\stat.h):

                   
                   祭 amode         㯠
                   
                   S_IWRITE              襭  .
                   S_IREAD               襭  ⥭.
                   S_IREAD|S_IWRITE      襭  ⥭ 
                                         .
                   

                   ਬ砭.   DOS  ࠧ襭     
                   ᮡ ࠧ襭  ⥭.

頥        ᯥ譮 襭 頥 ⥫-
祭            楫 ᫮ -  ਯ 䠩;
                    頥 祭 -1.

                    砥 訡 errno ਭ     ᫥
                   祭:

                     ENOENT -    䠩  .
                     EMFILE - 誮   䠩.
                     EACCES - ⪠ 㯠.

७ᨬ      creat ন  ⥬ UNIX.

 ⠪     chmod, chsize, close, _creat, creatnew, creattemp,
                   dup, dup2, _fmode(६), fopen, open, sopen,
                   write.

ਬ:
                                            
#include<sys\stat.h>
#include<process.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<fcntl.h>
#include<errno.h>
#include<io.h>

int main(void)
{
   int handle;
   char buf[] = "0123456789";
   /* ᮧ 䠩  ⥭    筮 ० */
   if((handle = _creat("DUMMY.FIL",0)) < 0)
   {
      switch(errno)
      {
      case ENOENT: printf("訡:   䠩  .\n");
                   break;
      case EMFILE: printf("訡:誮   䠩.\n");
                   break;
      case EACCES: printf("訡: ⪠ 㯠\n");
                   break;
      default:     printf("訡  ᮧ 䠩\n");
                   break;
      }
      exit(1);
   }
   /*   䠩 ப  騬 㫥 ᨬ */
   write(handle,buf,strlen(buf)+1);
   /*  䠩 */
   close(handle);
   return 0;
}
                   


creatnew

㭪              䠩.

⠪          #include <dos.h>
                   int creatnew(const char * path, int mode);

, ᮤঠ騩   io.h
⨯

ᠭ           creatnew 筠 㭪樨 _creat,  ᪫祭
                   ⮣,    ᫨   䠩   ,    creatnew
                   頥 訡    䠩.

                   㬥 mode    creatnew         
                   ᫥ ⠭ (।  dos.h):

                     FA_DRONLY   쪮 ⥭.
                     FA_HIDDEN    䠩.
                     FA_SYSTEM   ⥬ 䠩.

頥        ᯥ譮 襭 creatnew 頥 ਯ-
祭             䠩, ⥫쭮 ᫮;  -
                   頥 -1.

                    砥  訡  errno ਭ   ᫥
                   祭:

                     EEXIST -  㦥 .
                     ENOENT -    䠩  .
                     EMFILE - 誮   䠩.
                     EACCES - ⪠ 㯠.

७ᨬ      creatnew 㭨쭠  DOS 3.0   ࠡ⠥ 
                    ࠭  DOS.

 ⠪     close, _creat, creat, creattemp, dup,
                   _fmode(६), open.

ਬ:
              
#include<string.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<errno.h>
#include<dos.h>
#include<io.h>

int main(void)
{
   int handle;
   char buf[11] = "0123456789";

   /* ⪠ ᮧ 騩 䠩 */
   handle = creatnew("DUMMY.FIL",0);
   if(handle == -1)
      printf("DUMMY.FIL 㦥 \n");
   else
   {
      printf("DUMMY.FIL ᯥ譮 ᮧ\n");
      write(handle,buf,strlen(buf));
      close(handle);
   }
   return 0;
}


creattemp

㭪             㭨 䠩  ⠫, ।塞
                   ⮬.

⠪          #include <dos.h>
                   int creattemp(char * path, int attrib);

, ᮤঠ騩   io.h
⨯

ᠭ             ᮧ   ०, 㪠뢠  쭮
                   ६ _fmode (O_TEXT  O_BINARY).

                   path      ,   稢騬
                   ᨬ  (\).  쭮    䠩 롨ࠥ 
                   ⠫, 㪠뢠  㬥 path.   
                   ᮧ  䠩  ࠭    ப  path.  path
                     筮   ࠧ饭  
                   १饣 䠩.      䠩    㤠
                   ⮬᪨  襭 ணࠬ.

                   creattemp  㬥 attrib -  ᫮  ਡ⮢
                   DOS.  ᥣ 뢠  筮 ०. 
                   ᯥ譮    ᮧ    䠩    㪠⥫    䠩
                   ⠭      砫   ⮣  䠩.  
                   뢠 ࠧ  ⥭  .

                   㬥 attrib  creattemp        
                   ᫥ ⠭ (।  dos.h):

                     FA_DRONLY   쪮 ⥭.
                     FA_HIDDEN    䠩.
                     FA_SYSTEM   ⥬ 䠩.

頥        ᯥ譮 襭 頥 ਯ-
祭             䠩, ⥫쭮 ᫮;  -
                   頥 -1.

                    砥  訡  errno ਭ   ᫥
                   祭:

                     ENOENT -    䠩  .
                     EMFILE - 誮   䠩.
                     EACCES - ⪠ 㯠.

७ᨬ      creattemp 㭨쭠  DOS 3.0   ࠡ⠥ 
                    ࠭  DOS.

 ⠪     close, _creat, creat, creatnew, dup,
                   _fmode(६), open.

ਬ:

#include<string.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<io.h>

int main(void)
{
   int handle;
   char pathname[128];
   strcpy(pathname,"\\");
   /* ᮧ 㭨 䠩  ୥ ⠫ */
   handle = creattemp(pathname,0);
   printf(" ᮧ 䠩 %s\n",pathname);
   close(handle);
   return 0;
}


cscanf

㭪            믮 ଠ஢   ᮫.

⠪          #include<conio.h>
                   int cscanf(char * format[,address,...]);

, ᮤঠ騩   conio.h
⨯

ᠭ           cscanf 뢠  ᮫  ᬠਢ 
                       ᨬ. ⥬  
                   ଠ      ᮮ⢥⢨    ᯥ䨪樥
                   ଠ,  ।  㭪樨  cscanf     ப
                   ଠ    format.    ,    cscanf   頥
                   ଠ஢     ᠬ,  ᫥騬  
                   㬥⮬  format,   ⮡ࠦ  ᨬ
                    ࠭. ⢮ ᯥ䨪権 ଠ, ᮢ
                                   .
                   
                   䨪 ଠ ਢ   ᠭ  㭪樨
                   scanf.
                   
                       稭   cscanf       ४
                   ᪠஢  ।    ଠ쭮
                   襭 (ᨬ ஡),     
                   .  ᠭ    稭    ᠭ
                   㭪樨 scanf.

頥       cscanf 頥 ᫮ ᯥ譮 ,
祭           ८ࠧ  ࠭ ; 頥
                   祭    砥   ᬮ७,        
                   ࠭   .  ᫨          뫮
                   ࠭,  頥 祭 0.

                   ᫨ cscanf  ⠥       䠩,   
                   頥 祭 EOF.

७ᨬ      cscanf 㭨쭠  DOS.

 ⠪     fscanf, getche, scanf, sscanf.

ਬ:

#include<conio.h>

int main(void)
{
   char string(80);
   /*  ࠭ */
   clrscr();
   /*    짮⥫ */
   cprintf(" ப:");
   /*  ப */
   cscanf("%s",string);
   /* 뢥  ப */
   cprintf("  ᫥ ப: %s",string);
   return 0;
}


ctime

㭪            ८ࠧ뢠   ६  ப.

⠪          #include <time.h>
                   char * ctime(const time_t * time);

, ᮤঠ騩   time.h
⨯

ᠭ           㭪 ctime ८ࠧ ६,  㪠⥫
                   ண 室  㬥 time  (  祭
                   頥  㭪樥 time)  26-ᨬ ப
                   ᫥饣 ,  稢  ᨬ  
                   ப  :

                     Mon Nov 21 11:31:54 1983\n\0

                      ﭭ ਭ.

                   쭠 ६ timezone  (⨯  long)  
                   ᮤঠ  ࠧ    ᥪ㭤    ६ 
                   ਭ (GMT)    ⠭  ६  (
                   PST timezone ࠢ 8*60*60).  쭠 ६
                   daylight    㫥  祭  ⮫쪮,  ᫨
                   ਬ   ⠭⭮   ८ࠧ  ⭥
                   ६  USA.

頥       㭪 ctime  頥 㪠⥫   ᨬ
祭           ப, ᮤঠ      ६.   ப
                    ᪮      ६,       
                   १뢠   맮 㭪樨 ctime.

७ᨬ      ctime ন  ⥬ UNIX  ।
                    ANSI C.

 ⠪     asctime, daylight(६), difftime, ftime,
                   getdate, gmtime, localtime, settime, time,
                   timezone(६), tzset.

ਬ:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<time.h>

int main(void)
{
   time_t t;
   t = time(NULL);
   printf(": %s\n",ctime(&t));
   return 0;
}


ctrlbrk

㭪            ⠭ ணࠬ ࠡ⪨ Ctrl-Break.

⠪          #include<dos.h>
                   void ctrlbrk(int(*handler)(void));

, ᮤঠ騩   dos.h
⨯

ᠭ           㭪 ctrlbrk    ⠭       㭪
                   ࠡ⪨ 뢠,    㪠⥫  ன
                   室   ६ handler.   뢠
                   0x23   맮  㭪樨.

                    㭪                 뢠
                   ।⢥. 㭪 ctrlbrk 뢠 ணࠬ
                   ࠡ⪨ 뢠 ⥬ DOS,  ,   ᢮
                   ।, 뢠  㭪.

                   㭪 ࠡ⪨ 뢠  믮  
                   ⢮  権    ⥬ 맮.  
                   㭪      ।⢥  
                   ணࠬ;     ணࠬ    ࠡ⪨    뢠
                   頥 0  襭  ⥪饩  ணࠬ,  
                   ⨢ 砥 ணࠬ த ᢮ ࠡ.

頥       㭪 ctrlbrk  頥  祭.
祭

७ᨬ      㭪 㭨쭠  ⥬ DOS.

 ⠪     getcbrk, signal.

ਬ:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <dos.h>

#define ABORT 0
int c_break(void)
{
   print(" Control-Break. 믮 ணࠬ 蠥.\n");
   return(ABORT);
}

main()
{
   ctrlbrk(c_break);
   for (;;)
   {
      printf(" ...\n");
   }
}
