
                        모 ணࠬ஢ / ++

                               
                           ணࠬ஢ ++

       . 㯠 " ணࠬ஢ ++"  ᠭ 몠,
   祢 ⨩  ᭮ ਥ ணࠬ஢  . 
  襭 㪮⢮, ᠭ ᮧ⥫ 몠, ஥ ᮤন
  ᠭ  । ++,  ⮬ ᫥ ࠢ ᪫⥫- 묨
  ﬨ, 蠡 ⨯ (ࠬਧ ⨯ )  - ⢥
  ᫥.

          .     祡,
  㦠騬   ,  ⢮ ᮡ⢥ .  
  ᫥  㦤  ஥஢  ᮧ
  ணࠬ ᯥ祭   ++.  蠥 
  ࠢ 㪮⢮  .

         :
  * 祭 祡  㪮⢮  .
  *  ᢥ饭 । 몠, 楫  ࠪ ⨯ 
     ꥪ⭮-ਥ஢ ணࠬ஢.
  * 㦤 ணࠬ᪨  孨᪨ ᮢ,   -
     ஥஢  ᮧ  ணࠬ ⥬.
  * ᠭ ᯮᮡ ஥ ⥪ ᮪ .
  * ਬ ॠ樨 祢 ⨯ , ।塞 짮⥫,
    ⠪  ᪨ ꥪ, 樠⨢ ᨢ  ⮪ -
    뢮.

        㤥 訬 魨 ⭮ ணࠬ, 訢襬
  ᯮ짮 ++  ਢ .    祢 
   ᮡ࠭   ++.

       :

         ࠧࠡ稪 몠 ++  ᮧ⥫ ࢮ
  ࠭.  - 㤭 筮-᫥⥫᪮ ᫨⥫쭮
  業 AT&T Bell Laboratories  ३  (-, ).  稫
    ⥬⨪  ᫨⥫쭮 孨  㭨 .
   (),  ᪮   ᫨⥫쭮 孨 
  ਤ᪮ 㭨 ().  ᯥ樠   -
  । ⥬, 樮 ⥬, ஢  ணࠬ-
  .   . .    ஬  㪮⢠ 
   ++ - "㪮⢮  ++  ਬ砭ﬨ".


                                 
                     " ண     "
                               (졮 )

       뫮 頭  ࢮ  ,  짮⥫
  । ࠧ⨥ ++.  ࠢ  ப 㣠 짮⥫,
  ࠡ  ࠧ  ணࠬ஢.    , ⤥
    ࢮ  ᠭ ++, ᫮ 짮⥫ ᫮  ⭨
  ࠧ.    뫨 ᢮  ப, 뫨 ।  ⢥न
  ࠪ⨪ ᢮ ࠢ  ⢮ ࠧ ਥ ணࠬ஢. 
        .

           ७ 몠 ० ᥣ 뫨
  ࠢ  襭 ࠧ⥫쭮 ++  몠 ࠪ樨  
  ꥪ⭮-ਥ஢ ணࠬ஢    ।⢠ 
  ᮧ ᮪⢥ ⥪  짮⥫᪨ ⨯  
  ⭮. ⥪ ᮪ ⢠  ⠥ ⥪,
   짮⥫ ।   ᮢ , ࠡ 
  묨 ⠥ 㤮⢮, 䥪⨢  .  
   ,   ।⠢ 饭  ⨯ 䥩 
  짮⥫ﬨ ⥪   ࠧࠡ稪. 䥪⨢ ।,
   ᯮ짮 ᮢ    ᮡ   室 
    ६  ࠢ  "묨" ணࠬ  .

          ᠭ 몠 ++.   1  10
  ।⠢ ᮡ 祡, 騩  몮.    11  13
  㦤  ஥஢  ࠧ ணࠬ ᯥ祭.
  蠥  ࠢ 㪮⢮   ++. ⢥, 
   ७ 몠  ᯮᮡ  ᯮ짮,   ᫥
  室  ᢥ ࢮ ,   .   ⭮
  筥 ࠢ  ࠧ襭 ॣ㧪 , ।⢠ ࠢ
    ।⢠ ஫ 㯠,   ⨯ 楤
  뢠, ᪨  ﭭ 㭪樨-童, ࠪ ,
  ⢥ ᫥, 蠡 ⨯  ࠡ⪠ ᮡ 権.

      ++  몮 ணࠬ஢ 饣 祭.
  ⢥    ਬ - ⥬ ணࠬ஢,
    ப ᫥ ⮣ ᫮. ஬ ⮣, ++ ᯥ譮
  ᯮ    ਫ,  室 
  㪠 ࠬ. 樨 ++ ⥯    設, 稭
   ᠬ ஬ ப஢ -  ᠬ  㯥-, 
  ࠪ᪨   樮 ⥬. ⮬    ᠭ
  ᮡ⢥ 몠,   ᮡ  ॠ権, ।
  ணࠬ஢  ⥪.

      ⥫     ਬ஢  ᠬ, , ᬮ
   ᮬ ,   묨.  ⨫ 
    뤥 ᭮    ਥ, ⮣  
  , 祭 ணࠬ  뫨   ᮩ ⠫.  
  設⢠ ।  ᮢ,   易 ᯨ᪨, ᨢ,
  ப ᨬ, , ᪨ , 樠⨢ ᨢ 
  .., - ਢ ᨨ " 100% ࠭⨥"   ࠢ쭮,
  祭  ᭮ ᮢ  ᠬ ࠧ ᪨  ᪨
  ணࠬ.   "஬諥" ᮢ  ⥪ 稫 
    ᢥ ⮬  ᮢ, ਢ  
  ਬ.

       ⮬    ࠢ     㤥
   祭.   ⥬, ஢   ࠢ  뢠 
   ணࠬ⮢,   祬  㬠    ᨮ.
  㦤 ᮢ ஥஢ ᮯ஢  ப 祩
  ਠ, 室饩  ࠬ ᠭ 権 몠  ᯮᮡ 
  ᯮ짮.  ⮬  ਢ  孨᪨ ⠫ 
  襭 ண .  ᮡ  ⭮  ࠢ筮
  㪮, ஥ ࠫ  ᥡ ⭨  ࠡ  ⮬
  ࠢ. । ᮧ   筮 ᮪ ஢
  ,   㦨 ணࠬ⠬  ⮫쪮   ⥭.
  ⠪, ।    ᠭ 몠 ++,  ᭮ ਭ樯 
  ⮤ ணࠬ஢. ,   ⠢  ࠤ.


                          ࠦ ਧ⥫쭮

      ஬ , ᫥  ᮮ⢥饬 ࠧ ।᫮ 
  ࢮ  ,  ⥫  ࠧ ᢮ ୮ 
  , ⨢ ,  ,  ᥭ,  , ࠩ
  ୨,  ,  , ३ , ७
  ⣮,  ,  , ⠭ ,   
     ਨ ୮ ਠ⮢ ண  .
   ࠧ⨨ 몠 ++  ਮ  1985  1991 .  ਭ ⨥
   ᯥ樠.   㯮  ᪮쪨  :  ,
  ࠩ ୨,    ⠭ .  ஬ ⮣, ࠦ
  ਧ⥫쭮  ⭨ ᮧ ࠢ筮 㪮⢠ ++,
  ।訬 ᢮ ਠ,  ⠪ ⥬,     寧 
   祭 ࢮ  ࠡ  X3J16  ⠭⨧樨 몠 ++.

         ३-, .                   




                           


    " ࠧ  । 諥  ନ
    ।⠢  ⮬,  祬  㬠".
                                    (..)

      ++ -  饣 祭  㬠  ⮣, ⮡ 騥
  ணࠬ 稫 㤮⢨  ᠬ  ணࠬ஢.
   ᪫祭 ⥯ ⠫  ᮤন    ⢮.
        䥪⨢ ।, ।祭
   ஥  ⨯. ணࠬ  ᢮ ,
  ।  ⨯,  筮 ᮮ⢥  ।⭮
   .  ⮤ ஥ ணࠬ 筮 뢠
  ࠪ樥 . ଠ  ⨯ ᮤন   ꥪ
  ⨯, । 짮⥫.  ⠪ ꥪ⠬  ࠡ
        ,   ⨯  ⠭ 
  ⠤ ࠭樨. ணࠬ஢  ᯮ짮 ⠪ ꥪ⮢ 筮
  뢠 ꥪ⭮-ਥ஢. ᫨  ⮤ ਬ ࠢ쭮,
   ணࠬ ⠭   ⭥,  ᮯ஢  頥.

      祢 ⨥ ++  .  -  ।塞
  짮⥫ ⨯.  ᯥ稢 뢠 , 
  樠,  ८ࠧ 짮⥫᪨ ⨯, ᪮
   ⨯, ஫㥬 짮⥫ ࠢ   ।⢠
   ॣ㧪 権.  몥 ++ 楯樨 ஫ ⨯  쭮
  ஥ ணࠬ ॠ  , 祬  . ஬ ⮣, ++
  ᮤন ᮢ襭⢮, אַ  ᠬ  易: ᨬ᪨
  ⠭, 㭪樨-⠭, ⠭ 祭 ࠬ஢ 㭪権,
  ॣ㧪  㭪権, 樨 ࠢ ᢮   뫮
  ⨯.  ++ ࠭    䥪⨢ ࠡ  ᭮묨
  ꥪ⠬, ࠦ騬  "ॠ쭮" (ࠧ, , ᫮,
    ..).   筮 䥪⨢ ॠ뢠
  짮⥫᪨ ⨯.

       , ⠪  ⠭ ⥪ ++ ஥஢  
   ७ᨬ. 騥 ॠ樨 몠  ࠡ  設⢥
  ⥬, ন .  ணࠬ  ++  ᯮ짮
  ⥪ . 設⢮ 㦥 ணࠬ, ⠭  , 
  ᯮ짮   ++.

          । ⠭  ᨮ
  ணࠬ⮢,      ᯮ짮  
  ਢ .     ᠭ ++, ᮤন 
  襭 ਬ஢    ࠣ⮢ ணࠬ.


                          ࠦ ਧ⥫쭮

       ++    ⠫ ॠ쭮 , ᫨  ﭭ 
  ᯮ짮 ।  ᮢ   뢠 ⨢
  ⨪  ஭  㧥  . ᮡ ᫥ 㯮 
  द,  ,  줬,  , ⨢ ᮭ,
  ࠩ ୨,  ,  ,  , 
  ᫥,     ,  ᫨   ࠧ
  몠 .   ॠ ⥪  ⥪ ⮪
  /뢮.

         ࠧ⨥ ++  ᮧ ࠭ ᫨ ⭨ ,
   뫠  ।  ᮢ襭⢮ 몠, ᠭ
  㤭⥩,  묨  ⠫,  訡 ࠭.   
   㯮    :  讯,  , 
  ,  ,  ,  , ࠩ  
   .

       ⢮  ⮢   , ᮡ  ⫨,
   , ࠩ ୨,  ᪨, ⨢ 堭,   
  ⭨ ᥬ   ++,  ஢ ମ Bell Labs 
  㬡, , 26-27  1985 .

         ३-, .-                  



                           


     "  -  ,-
      諠   ".
      .஫

        ᮤন ⪨  , ᯨ᮪  
   ⥫ 砭  몥 ++. 砭  ਨ
  ᮧ ++, ,   ⢥ ﭨ  ࠧࠡ
  몠,   ᫥   ணࠬ஢  ++.   
   ; ਢ 砭   室묨 
   ᫥ .    । ⢮
  ⥫  ++.


                                

       ⮨   ⥩.   1  10  祡 
  .    11  13 㦤  ஥஢  ࠧ
  ணࠬ ᯥ祭  ⮬ ⥩ ++.   
  ਢ  ࠢ筮 㪮⢮  . 뢠饥 ᠭ
  権 ++ ᮤন ⮫쪮 ⠬. 祡   ᮤন
  ਬ, ᮢ, ।०  ࠦ,    諮
    㪮⢥.

        ᭮ 饭 ,    몠 C++
  ஢ ணࠬ,   ,     .
  ⥫쭮, ⠬,   뫮 롨, ।⥭ ⤠ 
  ᨮ,  ᫮  ,  ਢ ⬠. 
     ਬ஢ ᯮ 쪮 ஢,  
  ன ஢  室  饩 ணࠬ.  
     ணࠬ,    䥪⨢ ⬮, ।
    ࠦ.

       1 ᮤন ⪨  ᭮ 楯権  権 ++.
      몮   . ஡ ᭥
  権 몠  ᯮᮡ  ਬ ᮤঠ  ᫥
  . 㦤   । ।⢠, ᯥ稢騥 ࠪ
    ꥪ⭮-ਥ஢ ணࠬ஢. ᭮ ।⢠
  楤୮ ணࠬ஢ 㯮 ⪮.

        2, 3  4 뢠 ।⢠ ++,   ᯮ
   ।  ⨯: ᭮ ⨯, ࠦ  
  ࠢ. 㣨 ᫮,   ᮤঠ ᠭ ⮩  몠,
     ।⠢ .   㪠   
  㣫㡫 .

       5 - 8 饭 ।⢠ ஥  ⨯,  
     .   5  ᭮ ⨥ - .  
  ,   । 짮⥫᪨ ⨯ (),
  樠஢ ,   , , ,  㭨⮦ .
   6 饭  ந ᮢ, ஥  ந
    ᮢ  ᫮.   ⠪  䥪⨢ 
  ᭮ ( ᫥ ⨯) ࠡ   ,  ⨯ ꥪ⮢ 
  ⠤ ࠭樨 .    7 ,   ।
  㭠   樨  짮⥫᪨ ⨯,  
  ८ࠧ ⠪ ⨯,   ࠧ  ᮧ, ஢ 
  㤠 ꥪ, ।⠢騥 짮⥫᪨ ⨯.  8 饭
  蠡 ⨯, .. ⠪ । ++, ஥  ।
  ᥬ⢮ ⨯  㭪権.

        9 㦤 ࠡ⪠ ᮡ 権, ᬠਢ
   ॠ樨  訡  ⮤ ஥ ⮩稢  訡
  ⥬.   10 ।  ostream  istream, ।⠢塞
  ⠭⭮ ⥪  ⮪ -뢮.

       11 - 13 饭 ᠬ, 易  ਬ ++ 
  ஥஢  ॠ樨  ணࠬ ⥬.   11 
  ᭮ ᬠਢ  ஥஢  ࠢ ணࠬ묨
  ஥⠬.    12 㦤   몮 ++ 
  ஡ ஥஢.   13  ᯮᮡ ᮧ ⥪.

      蠥  ࠢ 㪮⢮  ++.

      뫪  ࠧ      $$2.3.4,  砥
  ࠧ 3.4  2.  祭 ࠢ筮 㪮⢠ ਬ
  㪢 R, ਬ, $$R.8.5.5.


                           砭  ॠ樨

       ᪮쪮 ࠭塞 ᨬ ॠ権 ++.
   讥 ᫮ ࢨ ணࠬ, ⥪  ⥣஢
  ⥬ ணࠬ஢.   , 㪮, ୠ, ⥩,
  ᮮ饭  ஭ , 孨᪨ ⥭, ⮢ 
  ७  ᮢ,      室 ᢥ
   ᫥   ++,  ᯮ짮, ࢨ ணࠬ,
  ⥪,  ࠭  .. ᫨  쥧 뢠 
  ++, ⮨       筨 ଠ樨, ᪮
    筨   ᢮ .

      設⢮ ணࠬ ࠣ⮢, ਢ  , 
  ।⢥  ⥪⮢ ணࠬ,  뫨 ࠭᫨஢  設
  DEC VAX 11/8550  ࠢ 10- ᨨ ⥬ UNIX [25].
  ᯮ짮 ࠭, 騩  ⮬ ࠭ ++,
  ᮧ ஬.  뢠 " ++", ..  ᯮ
   騥  ॠ樨 ७. ⥫쭮, ਬ 
     ॠ樨 몠. , 蠡 ⨯  ࠡ⪠ ᮡ
  権 ⭮  ᠬ ᫥ ७ 몠,  , 
   ࠭   ᮤন.


                                 ࠦ

      ࠦ     .  ᥣ  ।
   ணࠬ. 襭   ணࠬ, 
  ࠭᫨  ࠢ쭮 ࠡ⠥    ᪮쪨 .
  ࠦ  ⥫쭮 ࠧ  ᫮, ⮬ 
  ਡ⥫쭠 業 ⥯  ᫮.  ᫮
  ᯮ樠, ⠪ , ᫨  ࠦ (*1)   㩤  ,
   (*2)   ,  (*3) - 楫 .  ६ ᠭ 
  ⫠ ணࠬ     ⥫, 祬  ᠬ
  ࠦ.   ࠦ (*1)  ॡ 楫 , ᫨ ।
  ᪮ ணࠬ ⥫ ਤ    ᫨⥫쭮
  ⥬.  㣮 ஭, ,    㪮  㦭 
  ணࠬ,  ᤥ ࠦ (*5)   .

         ணࠬ஢  몥   ᯮ짮 
  筨 ⥫ ࠦ  祭  2 - 4.   
  ([1]) ਢ      ⬮  ନ
  ࠪ ⨯ .    ⠪  ᯮ짮  筨
  ࠦ  祭  5 - 8. , ᯮ짮    
  ⠥ 㭪権-童  ந ᮢ.  ⮬ ।塞
  짮⥫ ⨯  ++    ⭮.

                         砭  ஥ 몠

       ࠧࠡ⪥ 몠 ++    ਥ 롮 뫠
  .   ,  : 㪮⢮   
   㬥  ࠭, -  롮    ࢮ.
  ஬ 祭 ਤ ᮢ⨬  몮 ,  蠫
  㤠  ᨭ⠪.

       ++  ⨯    権 ᮪ ஢.
  ਬ,   ⨯   樥 饭  ⨯ ப
   樥 ⥭樨. ᫨ 짮⥫   ⨯, 
   ।   ᠬ 몥.  ணࠬ஢  ++  
  ᢮  । 㭨ᠫ     ਫ
  ⨯.  த㬠 짮⥫᪨ ⨯ ⫨砥  ஥
  ⨯ ⮫쪮 ᯮᮡ ।,   ᯮᮡ ਬ.

       몠 ᪫砫 ,   ਢ  
  室   ६ 믮,  ᫨  ।⢥ 
  ᯮ  ணࠬ. ਬ, 뫮 ⢥࣭ । ࠭ 
   ꥪ  㦥 ଠ. ᫨ 짮⥫ ᠫ
  , ᮤঠ  稭, 騥  16 ࠧ冷, 
  ࠭,     32- ࠧ來 ॣ.

       ++ ஥஢  ᯮ짮  쭮 ࠤ樮
  ।,  :  ⥬ ணࠬ஢  樮 ⥬ UNIX.
     ᭮    ᯮ짮 ++  
  ⮩ ணࠬ ।.  ,  ᪠ 㧪,
  ࠧ ⥬ ࠭樨     ࠭ । ⨯,
   ᯥ譮 ᯮ짮  ࡠ  몠.

       ++  堭 뢠  ⠭  ।
  ᨭ⠪᪨ , ஢ ࠭஬  㦥 砩
   .   ᯥ稢 ᥪ⭮    
  諥 襭 ࠢ 㯠  . ,  ।⢠ 
  ᢮ ᯮ짮,    室   ६
  믮 ணࠬ. ⥭,   몠 ⨢ ᯮ
  ⮣,    ⮫쪮 魮 뢠  ,    
  ।⢠  ணࠬ.

                            ᪠ ࠢ

      ᫮ ++  易   [8],  ࠭  
  ⢮. ࠭   ᢮⢥  ।⢠  ஢,
  ।祭  襭 ᠬ   ⥬
  ணࠬ஢. ,  ᢮ ।,  易 ᢮ ।⢥
   BCPL [13]. ਩ 몠 BCPL  ⠭  ++.  ᫨
  ⥫   몮 BCPL,   ,   ++ -०
    VALOF.   筨 孮   SIMULA-67
  [2,3];    뫠 ⢮ 楯 ᮢ ( c
  ந묨 ᠬ  㠫묨 㭪ﬨ).   inspect 
  SIMULA-67 ७   祭  ++.  稭 - 
  ᯮᮡ⢮ 쭮   ᯮ짮 㠫 㭪権.
    ++ ॣ㧪 権  ᢮ ࠧ饭 ᠭ ,
     ,   -68 [24].

        室  ᢥ ࢮ  ⮩   ++ 
  ⢥   筥.  ᭮  ᠥ ࠧ襭
  筮  ॣ㧪, 뢠  ࠢ .  
  ⥬, 뫨 ᥭ ⥫   楫 㢥 ᮢ⨬
   몮 . 뫨 ⠪   饭  ⢥
  ७,  : ⢥ ᫥, 㭪樨-童 
  ᯥ䨪ﬨ static  const, 饭 童 (protected), 蠡 ⨯
   ࠡ⪠ ᮡ 権.   ७  ࠡ⪨ 뫨 楫
   , ⮡ ++ ⠫ 몮,  ஬  ᮧ  ᯮ짮
  ⥪.   뢠  [10,18,20,21  23].

       ⨯  筮 -  ଠ
  ।⢠,  筮 뫨 ᯨ஢ ᠭ ᪨
  ꥪ⮢  몥  ( ⮬  ⮨  ⪮) 
  ࠬਧ஢묨 ﬨ 몠 CLU. 堭 ࠡ⪨ ᮡ
  権    ﭨ 몮   CLU [11],  
   ﭨ ML [26]. 㣨 ७,   ਮ  1985 
  1991 .. (⠪  ⢥ ᫥, ᪨ 㭪樨-童
    㠫 㭪樨), ᪮॥   १ 饭
   ணࠬ஢  ++, 祬 뫨 ௭  㣨 몮.

       ࠭ ᨨ 몠, 稢訥  "  ᠬ" [16],
  ᯮ짮, 稭  1980 .    ⮬,  
  ॡ  ணࠬ ஢, ࠢ塞 뢠ﬨ.
   SIMULA-67 쭮 室  ⮣, ᫨  뢠
  䥪⨢.  "  ᠬ" ᯮ짮   
  ஢. ண ஢થ ࣫ ⮣  ᠭ 
   ணࠬ,     ६  .  ⮬ 몥
  ⠢ ॣ㧪 権, 뫮, 㠫 㭪権  
  㣨 ⥩.   ++ 襫  । ᫥⥫᪮
  㯯,  ன ࠡ⠫ ,   1983 .,  ⮣ 
   ++   뫨 ࠧࠡ⠭.

       ++ (  ) , 뫮 ਤ㬠  ᪨ ⮬ 1983
  .   ࠦ 樮 ࠪ  몠 .
  祭 ++ ⭮  樨 騢 .   ⪮ 
  +  ᨭ⠪᪮ 訡. ஬ ⮣,  㦥 뫮 ᯮ짮
    ᮢᥬ 㣮 몠. ⮪ ᥬ⨪  室,  ++
  㦥, 祬 ++.   稫  D, ᪮  
  ७ ,      ⮪  - ஡ 
   ⪠  ⥩ .     
  ++    ਫ  [12].

      砫쭮 ++  㬠  ⮣, ⮡     
   뫮 ணࠬ஢  ᥬ,   㣨 ᮢ६ 몠
  ᮪ ஢. ᭮  ।祭 -   ᤥ 
    ணࠬ஢  ⤥쭮 ணࠬ.  
   ६  뫮  ࠧࠡ⪨ ++  㬠. ஥஢,
  ॠ  㬥஢ 諨 ࠫ쭮.   ⢮
  "஥ ++"  "  ࠧࠡ⪥ ++". ⮬  ࠧ 
  த ࠧ ⠪, ⮡ ८  ஡,  묨
  ⮫㫨 짮⥫. 窠  ࠧ 㦠 ⠪  㦤
  ஬  ஡   ﬨ  .

       裡  ࠧ ᮬ 㢥祭 ᫠ 짮⥫ ++,
  諮 ᤥ ᫥騥 . ਬ୮  1987 . ⠫ 祢,
   ࠡ  ⠭⨧樨 ++    ᫥ ⥫쭮
  㯨  ᮧ ᭮   [22].   १ 뫨 ।ਭ
  楫ࠢ ⢨, ⮡ ⠭ ⠪  ࠧࠡ稪
  ++  設⢮ 짮⥫.  ਬ﫠 筠  ஭
  ,  ⠪ 뫮 ।⢥ 饭  ७  ++ 
  㣨 .

      ଠ AT&T Bell Laboratories ᫠ ᭮    ࠡ,
  ।⠢  ࠢ  ᨨ ࠢ筮 㪮⢠  
    㯮訬 ࠧࠡ稪  짮⥫ﬨ.   ᫥
  業  , ..    ࠡ  , 
    ७⠬  AT&T.   ᢥ饭  
    祣  ,   १   ᪮쪮
  ᮣᮢ ᨩ 몠.    ।⠢⥫  浪 20
  ࣠権 砫  ஢ ,  ⠫ ᮢ६ ᨥ
  ࠢ筮 㪮⢠  室묨 ਠ  ANSI  ⠭⨧樨
  ++.      "஢ ࠢ筮 㪮⢥ 
   ++" [4].  ࠢ筮 㪮⢮  諮   .
  ,  樠⨢  Hewlett-Packard   1989 .  ⠢
  ANSI  ࠧ  X3J16. ,  ࠡ  ⠭⨧樨
  ++  ANSI (ਪ᪨ ⠭) ⠭ ⠢  ࠡ 
  ⠭⨧樨 ᨫ ISO (㭠த ࣠樨  ⠭⨧樨).

      ++ ࠧ ६  ࠧ⨥  㭤⠫
  ᮢ, ।⠢   . ਬ,  ࠧࠡ뢠
   complex, vector  stack, ᮧ ६ 
  ॣ㧪 権.   १   ᨫ   ᮤ⢨
  .   ப  ᯨ .   ⠫ 묨
  묨 ᠬ,  砫 ⨢ ᯮ짮. ⥪
  task, 뢠  [19]   ࠦ 13  $$6.8 ⠫  ᠬ
  ࢮ ணࠬ, ᠭ  몥 "  ᠬ".  ணࠬ 
  ᯮ㥬    뫨 ᮧ  ஢  ⨫ .
  ⥪ task 뫠 ⢥ ࠡ⠭ .   த
  ⨢ ᯮ짮  饣 ६. ⮪ ⥪, 
  㪠뢠  ࢮ  , 뫠 ࠧࠡ⠭  ਬ ஬.
  .  ८ࠧ   ⮪ ⥪ -뢮 ($$10),
  ᯮ   㣨 ਥ ⮤ ஢ .
  ($$10.4.2).  map ($$8.8)  । ..    ᮧ 
  Pool ($$13.10), ⮡ ᯮ짮  ⥪ । ஬
  ᯮᮡ ।   ᮢ ($$5.5.6).  ᮧ ⠫
  蠡 﫨 蠡 Vector, Map, Slist  sort, ।⠢ 
   8.

                          ࠢ 몮 ++  

      롮   ⢥  몠  ++  ᫥騬 
  ⮨⢠:

  (1) 㭨ᠫ쭮, ⪮  ⭮⥫쭮  ஢;
  (2) ⭮ 設  ⥬ ணࠬ஢;
  (3)     ⥬    設;
  (4)  室  ணࠬ । UNIX.

         ᢮ ஡,   몥, ࠧࠡ뢠 " " 
    ⮦,  ஡ ,  ࠩ ,  . 
   ,  ਥ    ᯮ짮  "  ᠬ"
    (   祭 㤮) 㬥  祭  楢
  ࠧ㬨     ᮢ  ⨫ .

      ++ ⠫ ᯮ짮 ,      ⥩,
  室  । ,     ஡ ᮢ⨬.
  ᭮,  ⪠   ᫥⢠ ,   
  ஡ (., ਬ, [15]).   뫮 ᤥ  ᫥騬 稭:

      (1)   ப ணࠬ  ,    
   ++,   ᫮,   ९    ++ 
  ॡ;

      (2)   ப  㭪権  㦥
  ணࠬ  ,   뫮  ᯮ짮  ++  ᫮
  ᮢ⨬  몮  ⠤ 뢠   讣
  ᨭ⠪᪮ 室⢠;

      (3)  ⭨  ணࠬ⮢,  ;  筮
   ⮫쪮 묨 ।⢠ ++     ᭮ 몠;

      (4) ᪮   ++  ᯮ짮   ⥬  쬨 
      ⥬  , ࠧ  몠  
   묨,  ᨬ묨, ⮡ ᢥ   ⢮
  訡  ࠧ㬥.  ᠭ ++ 뫮 ࠡ⠭ ⠪, ⮡
  ࠭஢,   ⨬   몠  砫 
      .

        ᠬ ࠧ  ᫥ ᪮쪮 ,   뫮
  易  ࠧࠡ⪮ ++ [14]. ⠭ ANSI   [27] ᮤন,
  ਬ, ᨭ⠪ ᠭ 㭪権, ⢮  몠 " 
  ᠬ". ந室  ⢮, ਬ, ⨯ 㪠⥫
  void*  ਤ㬠  ANSI ,   ॠ  ++.  뫮
  頭  ࢮ  ⮩ , ᠭ ++ 뫮 ࠡ⠭, ⮡
  ᪫ ࠢ 宦.   ++  ᮢ⨬  몮
  , 祬  뫮 砫 ($$R.18).    ++  ᨬ쭮
  ਡ  ANSI C,    [9].  ⮯業⭮ ᮢ⨬
    뫮   㤥, ᪮    ⨯ 
  ᮣᮢ ᯮ짮 ஥  짮⥫᪨ ⨯,  
  ᢮⢠ ᥣ 뫨     ++.

       祭 ++  易⥫쭮  . ணࠬ஢  
  ᯮᮡ ᢮ ਥ   ,   ணࠬ஢
   ++ ⠭  㦭묨. ਬ,  ८ࠧ ⨯
  (ਢ) ,  ++ 㦭 ࠧ ०, 祬   (.  "砭 
  ணࠬ⮢  " ).   , 訥 ணࠬ  몥  
    ணࠬ  ++. ਬ,  ணࠬ  ᪮
  ᠭ  [8]  ணࠬ  ++.   祭 ++ 㤥
    ࠡ   몮  ᪨ ⨯.

                          䥪⨢  

      ⨥ 몠 ++ ந室   몠 , ,  訬
  ᪫祭,   ࠭  ⢥ ⢠ C++.   
   ஥஢ ⠪ ࠧ,   祭 ᭠  
  ⨯, ﬨ, ࠬ  ꥪ⠬,  묨 ।⢥
  ࠡ⠥ 設, .. ᫠, ᨬ  ᠬ.  ᪫祭
  権 new, delete  throw,  ⠪ ஢塞 ,  믮
  ஢  ࠦ ++  ॡ ⮩ ᪮ ⭮
   ணࠬ প.

       ++ ᯮ   (   䥪⨢)
  ᫥⥫쭮   맮 㭪権    ,    .
  ᫨   쭮 䥪⨢ 樨 ⠭ ᫨誮 ண,
   맮 㭪樨    ⠭  ⥫, 祬
  ࠭ 㤮 㭪樮쭠   直 室  맮
  㭪樨.

      ࢮ砫쭮   뢠  ७ ᥬ, ᯮᮡ
  ᭨   ᭮   ॡ⥫  ᠬ 
  ⥬ ணࠬ஢.  ஥ ++ 뫨 ਭ , ⮡ ᯥ
    ⮩     ஧. 稥   몠
  ०  ⮨  ⥯ , 㤥塞 ⨯  ࠬ. 
   ࠧ⥫     ६ ᭨室⥫  ⭮襭  ⨯.  ++
    ࠧ⥫,  ⠪ ࠧ⥫쭮    ⮣,
   ⨯ 㤥 讥 .  ⨯ ꥪ⮢ ,
  ࠭ ࠢ쭮 ᯮ ⠪ ࠦ,   
  ணࠬ 諮  뢠 樨  ⮬⥫묨
  ஡ﬨ.  ஬ ⮣,  ⨯  ࠭
  㦨 ⠪ 訡,   ⨢ 砥 뫨  
  ⮫쪮  ஢.  ⬥⨬,  ᠬ  ᥡ ᯮ짮 ண
  ⨯樨 몠  ஫ ࠬ஢ 㭪樨,   
   㯠, ।  ⨯  権  
  ⥫ 室   㢥祭 ६ 믮 ணࠬ.

       ஥ ++ ᮡ  㤥 ஢ ணࠬ.
   맢 㢥祭 ࠧ஢ ணࠬ  ६  .
   ணࠬ (᪠,   1000 ப)  ⠢ 
  ⢠ ࠡ,   ࠢ 襣 ⨫ ணࠬ஢.
  ,  ⠪, 祫 㦥  ᬮ ࠢ  让
  ணࠬ. ᫨  襩 ணࠬ  10 000 ப  ,  
  㦨,   訡    ⠪  ,  㤠
  . ++ ᮧ  楫, ⮡  ணࠬ  뫮
  ஢ ⠪ ࠧ, ⮡  祫  諮 ࠡ
   ⥪⮬  25000 ப.  饥 ६  ,   楫
   ⨣.

      , 筮, ணࠬ  襣 ࠧ.    ,
   ⢨⥫쭮 ᯮ, 筮  ࠧ  ᪮쪮
  ࠪ᪨ ᨬ ⥩,     ⥫쭮
  訩 㯮⮣ ࠧ. ⢥, 㤭 ᠭ 
  ᮯ஢ ணࠬ ।  ⮫쪮 ᫮ ப ⥪,  
  ᫮ ।⭮ .   ਢ  ᫠, 묨
  ᭮뢠  ᮮࠦ,   ਭ ᫨誮 쥧.

       ᮦ,    ணࠬ   ஢,
  ᤥ ᨬ  , 筮 ⭮  ..   ++ 
  ।⢠, ।⢥  䥪⨢ ।⠢騥 
  .  ᯮ짮    ᯮ⢠ 
      ணࠬ.   ணࠬ 
  뢠, ।⠢   ⮩ 䥩  .

      ⢥, ᫨ ++ ᯮ  让 ணࠬ,  
  砥,   ᯮ 㯯 ணࠬ⮢.  ஫ 
   ᢮⢥  쭮,   ண ⨯஢
  䥩.  ++  ⠪  訩  ।  ᮧ 
  ணࠬ,    몠.    ணࠬ ⠭  ,
  ஡   ᮧ  ᮯ஢ ६   몠 
     ணࠬ ।  ࠢ ஥⮬. ⨬
  ᠬ 饭  11  12.

       ⮩  ᭮  㤥 ⮤ ᮧ
  㭨ᠫ ।,  ⨯, ⥪  ..  ⮤ 
  ᯥ譮 ਬ   쪨, ⠪    ணࠬ. 
  ⮣, ᪮  ਢ ணࠬ   ᪮쪨 
  ⥫쭮 ⥯ ᨬ   㣠 ⥩, ⮤
  ணࠬ஢ ⤥ ⥩ ਣ  ⥬, ⠪ 
  ਪ ணࠬ⠬.

        ७,   ணࠬ  ᯮ짮
  ஡ ⥬ ⨯, 㢥 ࠧ ⥪.  ணࠬ  ++ 
   ⠪: ணࠬ  ++,  ன ᠭ ⨯ ଠ ࠬ஢
  㭪権, ।   .., 筮 뢠   ᢮
    ,   ।⢠  ᯮ.   ணࠬ 
  ++ ᯮ ⥪,  ⠪ 뢠  ᢮
    , ᫨, 筮,  .


                            ᪨ 砭

       ணࠬ஢ 蠥  易 : 
  ணࠬ  騥 믮 ⢨  ନ ,
  묨 ணࠬ , ࠧ  ᢮ . ࢮ 楫
  쭮 ⢥砥 ,  祭 " 設".   ᥬ 
  ᭮묨 "魮ﬨ"    䥪⨢ ࠡ  ⮬ 몥,
  祬   祢  ணࠬ ᯮᮡ.    
   ᮧ⥫ . ன 楫 쭮 ⢥砥 ,  ⮫쪮
  "  ⠢ ",    ।⢥  筮
  ࠦ , ᯮ㥬  襭 .    
  ,  ࢮ砫쭮 ।﫨 ।⢠, 塞  .

        몮,  ஬  㬠  ணࠬ㥬,  ⠪
   砬   襭ﬨ,   ।⠢  ᢮
  ࠦ, 쭮 .  ⮩ 稭 ࠭稢 
  몠 ⮫쪮 ᪮ 訡 ணࠬ -  襬 砥 ᭮.   
   砥 ⢥ 몮, 祭  ,  ࠩ ,
  稥.  ।⠢ ணࠬ    
  몮 㬥⮢; ᫨   室  ,  
  . ਬ, ᫨ ⢥ ࠭ ⨥ 㪠⥫, 
  ணࠬ 㤥 㦤  ᮧ , 㪠⥫  ..
  ᯮ짮   樨  楫묨. 訩 ஥ ணࠬ 
  ⢨   訡  ࠭஢ ⮫쪮 稥 
  ⢨ । ⥩  몥.

       몠   ᮡ   ਢ .
  ⢨⥫쭮, ⨥   ++  ᥡ  魮
  楯㠫쭮 ।⢮.


                  砭  ணࠬ஢  몥 ++

      ।,   쭮 砥 ࠧࠡ⪠ ணࠬ  
   ⠯: 砫 室  ᭮  , ⥬
  । 祢 , ᯮ㥬   襭, , ,
  祭 襭 ࠧ   ணࠬ. , ⠫ 襭 
   ,   ᯮ짮  ,  
  ⮫쪮 ᫥ ⮣,    ࠧ  ணࠬ.   ⮬
  砥 讥 祭 ਮ⠥ 롮 몠 ணࠬ஢.

         ᯮ ,  㤭 ।⠢ 
  ணࠬ     ᭮ ⨯    㭪樨  易
    ᪨ .  ⨥  ।⠢  ணࠬ
  .  -  ⨯;  ।  易   ꥪ⮢:
   ᮧ, ࠡ  㭨⮦.  ஬ ⮣,  ।
  ॠ ꥪ⮢  몥,   砫 ⠤ ࠧࠡ⪨ ணࠬ
          ⮩.  ᠭ
  襩 ணࠬ  ⠢ ⠪  ᮢ,  ஬ 
   ⪮ ।⠢  ⨥. 筮  砥, 
  ணࠬ  ।  :  ᮧ ꥪ
   ?    ஢  () 㭨⮦?  
  樨  ।  ⨬ ꥪ⠬? ᫨   
  㤮⢮⥫ ⢥⮢  室, , ᪮॥ ᥣ,  砥,
   ⨥  뫮 筮 ᭮ 㫨஢.  , ,
  ⮨  ࠧ  祩  । 襭,  
   㯠  ணࠬ஢,     
  ⢥.

       ᥣ ࠡ  ﬨ,   ࠤ樮
  ⥬  ।⠢: ᥢ ᫠, ⢠,
  ᪨ 䨣  ..  ⠪ ⨩  뫮  
  ⠭ ⥪ ᮢ,    ᠭ    
  뫮.  ணࠬ   㤨⥫쭮 ⢮  ⠪
  ⥪,    ଠ쭮,  䠪᪮ ⠭  . 
  ++  筮 ,   ⥪  ࠧ  ⠪ ⥯,
   ᠬ .

      ⨥    㬥,   ᥣ 㯯
  易   . ।  ணࠬ ⭮襭 ᮢ,
  묨 ᫮, ⠭  裡  ᯮ㥬묨  
  ﬨ, 뢠 㤭, 祬 ।   ᮢ ᠬ  ᥡ. 
  १    "" -    (⨥)
     ⠫.     A  B.  裡 
   ⨯ "A 뢠 㭪  B", "A ᮧ ꥪ B", "A  童
  ⨯ B" 筮  뢠 - 㤭⥩. 裡  ⨯ "A
  ᯮ   B",  ࠢ,   ᪫.

        ᠬ  ⥫㠫 ।,  ࠢ
   ᫮, -  ᪮ 㯮冷祭, ..  㯮冷祭
  易  ᮡ ⨩  ॢ ,  ன ᠬ
  饥 ⨥ 室  ୥ ॢ.  㤠 ࣠ 
  ணࠬ  ⢮ ॢ쥢   ࠢ 横 . 
  砥,  ணࠬ ।   ᮢ,  
    ᢮ ⢮ ந ᮢ.  権 ᠬ
  饣    ᮢ (⨩) 筮 ।  
  㠫 㭪権 ($$6.5).    権,  
  ,     ⭮ , .. 
   ந .

      ⢥,  ࠭祭   ⠪ ࣠樨 ணࠬ.
   ᯮ㥬  ணࠬ   㤠 㯮冷  
   ࠢ 横筮 .   뢠 
  ᢮ த 易묨. ᪨ ᨬ  맮
  ஡, ᫨ ⢮ 易 ᮢ ⮫쪮 ,   
   ࠧ.  ।⠢  ++ ⢠ ᨬ
  ᮢ  ᯮ짮 㦥⢥  ($$5.4.1).

      ᫨  ணࠬ  㯮冷   ॢ 
  ࠢ 横筮 ,  ⢮ ᨬ ⨩ 
   樨, ,  ᥩ ,    ⠪
  㤭⥫쭮 ,   ண  ᬮ    
  몮 ணࠬ஢. ᫨   㤠 筮 
  㫨஢ 裡  ᭮묨 ﬨ , , ᪮॥ ᥣ,
    㤠  ணࠬ஢.

        ᯮᮡ ࠦ 魮 ⨩  몥 ।⠢
  蠡 ⨯.    楫 ᥬ⢮ ᮢ.  ਬ,
  蠡  ᯨ᮪    "ᯨ᮪ ꥪ⮢ T",  T 
   ந ⨯.  ࠧ, 蠡 ⨯ 㪠뢠, 
  砥  ⨯    ⢥ ࠬ.  ⨯
  蠡  -  ⥩,  ⭮, ᯨ᪨, ᨢ 
  樠⨢ ᨢ.

      ,      ணࠬ஢  ,
  ᯮ ⮫쪮  ⨯,  ,  㭪樨 
  ᪮쪮 ᮢ  ⠭ ⥪.   ஥ 
  ⨯ ᫥ ਢ ⮫쪮 ⮣,   ⢨⥫쭮 室.

       "   ணࠬ  ++?" 祭 宦  
  "   ᪠ ஧?".     ⢥: "㦭
  ,  , ᮡ⢥,  "  "ࠪ⨪  ࠦ
  襬 ⨫".  ᮢ ਣ  ++  ⮩  ,   
  ᪮ 몠,   筮 㤭 ᫥.

                         ᪮쪮  ᮢ⮢

       ।⠢ "᢮ ࠢ",  ⮨ 뢠  祭
  ++.   ⠭  묨,     ࠢ ᬮ
  㫨஢ ᢮ ᮡ⢥,    室  
     ᮮ⢥⢮ 襬 ⨫ ணࠬ஢. ⥫쭮
  ࠭ 祭  ࠢ,    饭 ஡.  ᫥
  ਭ  ᫨誮 㪢쭮.   ணࠬ ॡ  㬠, 
  ,  ௥.  ࢮ ࠧ 筮   砥, ⮬
  ᯥਬ! ⠪, ᢮ ࠢ.

  [1]    ணࠬ,  ᮧ  ।⠢
       ⨩,  ᯮ짮  襭 ⠢
      .  ணࠬ  ࠦ   ⮫쪮
      , ᪮쪮  .
      [a] ᫨  ⠥ "" ⤥ ⨥,  ᤥ 
          ᮬ.
      [b] ᫨  ⠥ "" 騬 ᨬ,  ᤥ
           ꥪ⮬ ண .
      [c] ᫨     ⢥,     
          騬,  ࠧ  魮    .
      [d] ᫨   ⥩஬  ꥪ⮢, ᤥ
           蠡 ᮬ.
  [2] ᫨ । ,   ॠ ⥬᪨ ꥪ⮢
      த    ᥫ    ⨯ 
      ஢  易 ᯨ᪠, :
      []   ᯮ  .
      [b]   ᯮ  㭪権 ( 童).
      [c]   ᯮ  -童.
      [d]   ᯮ 㭪樨 friend ( ⮫쪮  ⮣, ⮡
            [], [b]  [c]).
      [e]   頩  -童 㣮 ꥪ ।⢥.
      [f]      " ⨯"; ᯮ 㠫
           㭪樨.
      [g]  ᯮ 㭪樨-⠭ ⮫쪮  ।⢮
           ⥫쭮 ⨬樨.


                      砭  ணࠬ⮢  

        ணࠬ  , ⥬ 㤭 㤥   
  ணࠬ஢  ++ ⮩  ⨫ ணࠬ஢  .   
   ⥭樠 २⢠ ++. ⮬ ᮢ㥬 ᬮ ࠧ
  "⫨  "  ࠢ筮 㪮⢥ ($$R.18).    ⮫쪮 㪠
    ,   ᯮ짮 ⥫ ⥩ ++
  ਢ  襬 襭, 祬 ணࠬ஢  ⮬ . ப
  ࠪ᪨  㦭  ++: ᯮ const ($$2.5)  enum ($$2.5.1),
  ⮡ ।  ⠭; ᯮ inline ($$4.6.2),
  ⮡  室 ᮢ, 易  맮 㭪権; ᯮ
  蠡 ⨯ ($$8), ⮡  ᥬ⢮ 㭪権  ⨯.  뢠
  ६,   ⢨⥫쭮   ,  ⮣  
  ࠧ 樠஢,   ++ ᠭ    
  ,  ⨬ .  ᯮ malloc(),   
  ॠ new ($$3.2.6).  ꥤ 㦭  ⮫ ,   ,
  ᪮ ୠ⨢   ॠ   ந
  ᮢ. ࠩ   ꥤ,  ᫨  -⠪ 㦭,
   砩   ᭮ 䥩; ᯮ ﭭ ꥤ
  ($$2.6.2).  ࠩ  ᯮ짮 㪠⥫ ⨯ void*,
  䬥᪨ 権  㪠⥫ﬨ, ᨢ  ⨫   権
  ਢ.  ᫨ -⠪  ᯮ  樨, 뢠 
  筮   - 㭪  .  , 
  뢠  ⨫    㭪樨  ++, ᫨  ᠭ 
  ᯥ䨪樥 extern "C" ($$4.4).

       ࠧ   㬠  ணࠬ   ⢥
  易 ⨩, ।⠢塞 ᠬ  ꥪ⠬, 祬
  ।⠢   㬬    㭪権, -  
  ⨬ 묨.


                              ᮪ 

         ।⢥ 뫮  .  ਢ
  ᯨ᮪   ⥩,     뫪,  ⠪ , 
  ⮫쪮 㯮.

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      뫪  筨  ஥஢  ࠧ  ⥬
  ணࠬ ᯥ祭      11.
