⨧  ⥫, ய᪠騬  ᮮ-
饭  ᪫祭, ᨬ   .
. ⠪ .

⮤ 㯠      ᮡ । ⮣,   ࠡ ⠭権
( ᮭ ஢) ᬮ ᫥-
饩 ᯮ짮 . ஬ ⮣, ⠪  -
  ࠢ, ᯮ㥬 ⥢ -
, ⮡ ࠢ ⮪ ᮮ饭 १
,  ⠪   ᭮ ਧ,  -
 ࠧ  ⥢ 㤮-
. ,   ࠢ 㯮 짮⥫
  裡 (), ⢥   
ࠪ⨪. ਬࠬ ⮤ 㯠 -
 ⮤  ।祩 થ  ⮤ -
⢥ 㯠  訢 饩 
ࠧ襭  (CSMA/CD). . ⠪
CSMA/CD.

 OSI          裡  ⥬ (Open System
Interconnection) - ᥬ஢ ᪠ -
 ࠡ .  OSI ।⠢ ᮡ
㯯 ⮪  ࠢ 裡, ࣠-
  ᪮쪮 ஢.  ஢ OSI -
 । 㭪  । -
.      ᭮ -
饣 ஢.    ࠡ 
ண ।,    ஢ -
 ᪮쪮 ਠ⮢.  OSI ᮤন
ᥬ ஢.   - 䨧᪨, -
, ⥢ - ⭮  ।  -
樨 . ⢥, ࠭ᯮ ஢
ᯥ稢   묨 ६  -
訬 ஢ﬨ. ᫥  ஢ - ᥠ-
, ।⠢  ਪ, 㦨
짮⥫᪨ ਫ.

               ਡ  ᮥ , 騩 -
(bridge)              ᮡ ன⢠  ࠧ .
    ⨯ ⮪,  ।-
 ᯮ㥬 㤮.   -
   ࠧ묨 ⮪  ࠧ-
 ⨯ 㤮. ਬ஬  
ன⢮, ᮥ饥  Ethernet  Token
Ring.   ⮣ ਡ  ।
ᮮ饭   ﬨ.  ᫥ -

390  