





























㪮⢮     Linux.

====================================================================

                                                           1992-1994

































     (Olaf Kirch)











.

                                - 2 -







     1. ।᫮



       ᫥  ६  Internet  祭    뢠  業

,   쥧     ⮬ " ଠ樮

㯥".   ⠭ ⠪  뤥묨 頬,

  ⥫    ஢  .  Inetrnet  砥  筮

ப  ᢥ饭    ,  祭 㦤  Usenet 

஢   ᫥   "Internet  ."    

ࠡ  묨 ⮤ । , ਬ ATM,  

          ᪮  ।, 祬

ᥩ.



     筮,     ࠧ  筮    ६.  筮

ࠪ⨪   뫮   ᮧ  쪨    ⥩,    ᭮

ᯮ   ,  ᮥ १  ⥫䮭

.      ࠧ,    ࠧ⠢訩    ⥩,

  ᮥ    ⮩  쭮  ⥬    쪨

᪨  ࣠   짮⥫. ⮬ ᮧ

Internet-      ⮩     ﬨ,  ।饣    

⥫䮭,   ⠫   ଠ쭮  ࠪ⨪,      ISDN  㤥,

ᮬ, ᪮  ⥭.



             祭  砥 ࠧ 

UNIX.  筮,  UNIX -  ⢥ ⥢ 樮 ⥬ 

  ᥣ    㤥  ஬,     祭  ᪮. ⮬

ᮡ     짮⥫ ⠭  ᯫ

UNIX  樮  ⥬    PC  (386BSD,  FreeBSD  Linux).

, Linux -  UNIX. Unix - ॣ஢ ࣮ ઠ, 

    饥 ६  ঠ ࠢ  ,   ६  Linux -

o樮  ⥬,  ६ ।  㭪樮

,  ॡ騥 POSIX-⠭  UNIX- 樮

⥬.



       Linux  뫮 ᠭ  ⥫쭮 ⥯ Linus Torvalds,

祫,    砫  ஥, ⮡   ࠡ⠥ Intel

i386    MINIX. MINIX -- 㣠, ୠ ⮣ 樮 ⥬



                                - 3 -



   PC,   ।    㭪樮    Unix, 

ᠭ ஬ A..㬮.



     Linux      GNU  業,     ᢮

࠭    (  ⠩  GPL    ਫ 20.3,

ᠭ,            "᢮࠭塞    ணࠬ

ᯥ祭").   ⠢ 㤭, 易  쪨

⮬,      ਢ  让      饩  

ᯫ  ਪ  ணࠬ,   樮 ⥬ ⠭

  ࠭.   C ⥪ ⠭ ⠪ ,

  設⢮ ⠭⭮ ணࠬ ᯥ祭  

⥬    ᯥ宬,          㣮  Unix  ⥬e,  ப

⨬ ࠧ Linux    ९   

⪨   稭 ࠡ.





     1.1. 㬥  Linux



         ,          裡   Linux (

᢮  ணࠬ  ᯥ祭  )  --  ﭨ 

  ᢨ  㬥樨.   뫮  ,  

ணࠬ   ࠭      ⪮  ਬ砭    ⠭ 

README-䠩.      ⭮  筮 ⢮

ଠ樨  ⮡ ᯥ譮 ⠭  ࠢ ⨬ ⮬,  뫨

  짮⥫.



         1992,  Lars  Wirzenius    Michael  K. Johnson ।

࣠   ஥   㬥樨      Linux,     LDP  (Linux

Documentation  Project),   ६  ᯥ祭 짮⥫

 ஬ 㬥樨. ⪮ ⠭   ⨯ "

?  ",  "祬?",    "  -    ,  ᥫ,    

⠫쭮?",      㪮⢠      墠      ᯥ

ࠢ    ᯮ짮  Linux  짮⥫,   ॡ  

।⥫쭮    Unix.  । ⨦ LDP - 㪮⢮ 

⠭, ᠭ Matt Welsh, 㪮⢮   拉, Michael

K.  Johnson,    ஥  ᮧ  man-࠭,  ᪮न஢ Rik

Faith,      ᭠  Linux  450  ࠭栬 㪮⢠ 

讣  ⢠ ⥬ 맮  C ⥪. 㪮⢮ 



                                - 4 -



஢  ⥬, ᠭ Lars Wirzenius, 室  

 ⠤ ࠧࠡ⪨. 㪮⢮ 짮⥫ 㦥 ⮢.



     ,   LDP -  ⢥ 筨 ଠ樨  Linux.

   饥   ६,      祬    HOWTOs,  

ࠢ     comp.os.linux.announce  ॣ୮ 娢

 ࠧ FTP ࢥ.



     HOWTOs  -  ⪨  㬥,  騥  ᪮쪨 ࠭,

      ⪮  ।⠢    ⥬  ⨯  প

Ethernet   Linux,  䨣樨 Usenet ணࠬ ᯥ祭,

  ⠪  ⢥     .  筮 ᯥ稢

     ᮢ६ ଠ, 㯭   ⥬.

᮪  㯭  HOWTO  ਢ    "㥬 䨨" 

 ⮩ .



     1.2.  ⮩ 



       ᮥ  LDP  1992,  ᠫ  쪨 

  UUCP    smail,      ⥫      "㪮  

  ⥬".  ࠡ⪠ TCP/IP  ⮫쪮 稭, 

    "쪨 " 砫 ,  訫,  뫮  

  㪮⢮      ,  襫  ᠫ 

 㪮⢠ ,   ⨫  ᥭ 1993.



       㪮⢮      ,  ஥  ᥩ

⠥,   뢠   ᪮쪮      ਫ,    ⠫

㯭묨 Linux 짮⥫ ᫥ ࢮ ᪠.



       ࣠    ᫥⥫쭮  蠣,    

  ᤥ,  ⮡  ⪮䨣஢    ⥬  ࠡ 

.    稭  㦤 ᭮ 楯樨 ⥩ , 

⥩,  ᭮  TCP/IP,  ⭮.   ன  

䨣஢  TCP/IP    ஢ ன  ⠭ ⠭

ਫ   ⨯  rlogin    ,  ⥢  䠩  ⥬, 

ଠ樮  ⥬  .    ⮬  ਫ   ⮬, 

ᤥ    設  UUCP-㧫. ⮪  饭  

ਫ,    ᪠      TCP/IP,  ⠪   UUCP:



                                - 5 -



஭   .



     Email      ப 뢠 堭 ࠭ᯮ஢ 

⨧樨  ,  ⢮ 奬 樨,  묨  

⮫.      뢠 䨣஢  ࠢ smail,

 ࠭ᯮ஢ , 筮 ᯮ㥬   ⮢

業,    sendmail,  ।  ,  

  ᫮  ⨧樥   ࠡ  訬 ⢮

.  Sendmail 뫠 ᠭ Vince Skahan.



        News  ⠥      ⪨    ࠡ  Usenet

⥩,    ப ᯮ㥬  饥 ६ ணࠬ

ᯥ祭    ࠭ᯮ஢  ⥩    ᯮ짮 NNTP 

ᯥ祭  㯠  newsreader    ⭮ .  稢

⪮     newsreaders  Linux.





     1.3. 樠쭮 ⠭ 



     ᥭ 1993, Andy Oram, 祫    ᯨ᪥ 뫪 LDP

  ᠬ 砫, ᨫ  ⭮⥫쭮 㡫樨  

  ଥ O'Reilly  ⭥.   襢 ⨬;    

ࠧ,          ᯥ宬.   ᮣᨫ 

O'Reilly  㤥   "樠   㪮⢠ 

  ",      ६      ࠭  ࢮ砫

᪨  ࠢ  ⠪,  ⮡    ᢮  ࠭﫠.  

砥                :      LaTeX   ⥪

࠭塞     ( DVI  PostScript ᨨ),  ᯥ

.       㯨 樠쭮 ⠭   O'Reilly,

 㤥 㯭 ᪮쪮   ⮬ .



     ⭮,  祬     죨  -, 

      ᯫ⭮?    襫   Tim O'Reilly  㬠, ࠧ

⠥  த          த?

   ࠧ稥  ⨬ ﬨ?



     ⢥  --  "  ",  ",  । ,"  "  ."

O'Reilly    ⭥  , 㡫  㪮⢮,   



                                - 6 -



    㯨.  ᫨    ந,  ,   ஥

ᬮ  㦨    ਬ  ⮣    ᯫ⭮ ணࠬ

ᯥ祭    㤭, ⮡ ந -

  ⥬  㣨.   , O'Reilly   

Linux  ᮮ  (஬    㯭    襬  ⭮ 

)   ⥬,     ᥬ ᬮ  Linux  

-  쥧,      ᯮᮡ      ୠ⨢

᪨ UNIX 樮 ⥬  PC.



           ⭮⥫쭮  ࠧ砩  ⠭ ᨥ 

஭?  Andy  Oram  ஢  ࠡ  ८ࠧ 

࠭  ᨨ    ,   . ( ᬮ५ ⠪  㣨

  ᮧ      LDP,  蠫   ᨮ

஢ 襩 㬥樨).



              Andy   砫   ᬠਢ     㪮⢮ 

।஢  ,      ᫠ ,  ⠫ ⥫쭮

,  祬        .    ᫨      뫠 

ࠧ  㦥  祬   ᥩ      ⠢﫨 

஭ ,   ᫥騥 ,   ᤥ

  㪮          ६ ।஢ 

O'Reilly  ⠪      ⠢.    ࠧ   㤥 

ࠧ砩      ⨬  ﬨ.    ,    O'Reilly  㤥

᪮쪮  ⫨:   ஭,  O'Reilly த뢠 

ࠡ    譨    ⠪ ஢    

    ⠭⭮  TEX    㣮  ஭, ⠬ 㤥 

⨭,  襭 䠢 㪠⥫.



     1.4. ⥫쭠 ଠ



     ᫨    ᫥  ﬨ  ⮩  ,    -  

ࠡ⠥,      ௥.      ஡

  -   訡,   ⠪  맢

ﬨ    ணࠬ  ᯥ祭.    ⭮⥫쭮

᢮  ஡   comp.os.linux.help.   ⭮  

  ⢥    ⮫    묨 訬 ஡,  

襭   ⭮.  ᫨      ,      ⠪

஡      ᠬ   ᫥         ⥢



                                - 7 -



ணࠬ  ᯥ祭        Linux  FTP  ࢥ,  

襩   BBS.



       ஡  易  ணࠬ ᯥ祭 室 

ࠧ  ⠤  ࠧࠡ⪨,    뢠     ﭨ

ࠡ   ࠧ.



     㣮  襥  ,     㧭   ࠧࠡ⪨

࣠      HOWTO.    ন  Terry  Dawson  HOWTOs

뫠        comp.os.linux.announce   ࠧ  , 

ᮤঠ    ᮢ६  ଠ.    

⠪ 祭  tsx-11.mit.edu,  /pub/linux/doc. ᫨ ᢮ ஡

       㣨 ⥬,   ⠪   ⠪ 

஬  ⮩            . , ,

ন    饭        ࠧࠡ稪.    ⠪

 ᭮  ᢮ ६ Linux.



     1.5.  



     1.  Olaf    UNIX 짮⥫  ஬   

砫  ⥬⨪.  饥 ६  ࠡ⠥ UNIX ணࠬ⮬ 

  .       ᯮ⨢ 易  ⠪

      sed   㣨  ᯮ짮  perl. 

砥   ⮣ ⠪  㤮⢨  㣨    

ࠬ  ⪮  .



      2.                                                                

  1987     饥 ६ ࠢ sendmail+IDA  ਡ⥫쭮

300  UNIX  設   祬 2000 짮⥫.  ਧ, 

஢   ᮭ 祩  ।஢ sendmail.cf 䠩 

  sendmail+IDA    1990.    ⠪  ਧ,    ॢ

  ⠢  ࢮ perl ᨨ sendmail,    

(. 4).



      3.     Terry    Dawson                    

terryd@extro.ucc.su.oz.au.



      4.  㬠     ᤥ   sed, Vince?



                                - 8 -





     Olaf     ᫥饬 :



     Olaf Kirch

     Kattreinstr. 38 64295 Darmstadt ଠ

     okir@monad.swb.de



     Vince    :



     Vince Skahan

     vince@victrola.wa.com



            ᮢ, ਥ, ⮪,  ...

,  ᨬ    ⮫쪮 ᫨  ⢨⥫쭮 .



     1.6. ୮



     Olaf   ,  ᨮ쭮 ⠫ 

,  ⨫ ᢮ ६  ࠢ 訡  ࠬ᪨

⠪  孨᪨.  ࣨ ।   Andy Oram.



       祭 ਧ⥫ Andres Seplveda, Wolfgang Michaelis, Michael

K.  Johnson,    ᥬ  ࠧࠡ稪    ⨫  ᢮  ६ ⮡

஢  ଠ,  室   㪮⢥.  ⠪ 

         ⠫      㪮⢠  

᫠    ࠢ    ।.      

ᯨ᮪ 魨  䠩 Thanks.  ,     

 প Holger Grothe.



       ⠪  ⥫      ᫥騥  㯯  ,

  ⠫  ࢮ   㪮⢠  ⢮ 죨

 ,  LDP  楫.



        + Linux ਣ প, Erlangen, ଠ



        + S.u. S.E. GmbH, Fuerth, ଠ



        + Linux ਨ ⥬, ,  



                                - 9 -





     Vince  Neil Rickert  Paul Pomes     ६

ࠡ  sendmail+IDA  Rich Braun  ॢ sendmail+IDA  Linux.

  ୮   Susan    প  ⮬  㣨

஥.



     1.7. ᫮ 祭



     ᫮   祭   뫨     ⮡  ⬥  

窨, ६ 㬥,  ...  ਢ  ᠭ.



         ᯮ  ⮡  ⬥      

,  ⠪  楯樨  ।०.



     Italics    ᯮ  ⮡  ⬥    䠩, UNIX

  祢 ᫮  䠩 䨣樨.  ᯮ 

⠭ 業⮢  ⥪.



      饩 設 ᯮ ⮡ ।⠢ 뢮 

࠭   ଠ      ६  ࠡ  뢠  ணࠬ.  

ᯮ    ਬ஢  ,      䠩 䨣樨, 

 窨  - .



     Typewriter    Slanted        ᯮ   ⮡   ⬥

meta-६    ⥪, ᮡ  ।⠢  ப.

ਬ:



               $ Ls -l foo



                foo --  䠩, ⨯ /tmp.



''  ।⠢  ,    .  㤥

    ⮩ ଥ:



                Press 'return' to continue.



     <>  -      ,  ୮   a 릭 ᪫,

⬥砥   "᭮"      "।०."   ⠩  ࠣ



                                - 10 -



⬥祭 ⨬ 窮  ⥫쭮.





     $    # ।  窨  㦭 믮. "$"

ᨬ   ᯮ          믮  

짮⥫;   "#"   砥      ॡ  짮⥫ 

ਢ root.





     1.8. ஥ linux 㬥樨

          

     ஥  linux  㬥樨,  LDP,  ᢮ ਣ

஢    ।஢,    ࠡ  ,  ⮡  ᯥ

襭  㬥    Linux  樮  ⥬.  

न  ஥  -  Matt  Welsh,      Lars Wirzenius 

Michael K. Johnson.



       㪮⢮ ࠭   LDP,  砥

 ᥡ "Linux 㪮⢮ 짮⥫", "㪮⢮ ஢

⥬",  "㪮⢮  ஢ ",  "㪮⢮ 堪஢

".   㪮⢠ 㯭  ଠ LaTeX, .dvi  Postscript 

 FTP ic.funet.fi,  ⠫ /pub/OS/Linux/doc/doc-project, 

 tsx-11.mit.edu,  ⠫ /pub/linux/docs/guides.



       塞            Linux

㬥.  ᫨        ஭ ,  

ᮥ    DOC  ᯨ᪠ 뫪 linux-⨢⮢ 뫠

  linux-activists-request@niksula.hut.fi



 ப:

  X-Mn-Admin:  join DOC



           ࢠ ப ⥫ ᮮ饭.  ,

  ⥫쭮  ப, ⠢ mail-server ᫠ ᮮ饭 

.  ⮡  ⠢  ,  諨  ᮮ饭  ⮬   ᠬ

, 稢 ப



   X-Mn-Admin: leave DOC



                                - 11 -





     1.9. ⠭⭠ ࣠ 䠩 ⥬



       諮,      ஡    ᮪訫  Linux  ⠪

⤥    뫮  ,        ਭ  ⠭

ᯮ  ⥬  䠩.  ਢ  ᮢ⨬ 

ࠧ묨  ⠬  ⠢ । 짮⥫ﬨ  ࠬ

 ᯮ ࠧ 䠩  ணࠬ  㦭 浪.



     ⮡      ,      1993 ᪮쪮 

ନ஢  㯯  ⠭⮢  ⥬    Linux,  ⪮

FSSTND  ᫥    楢  㦤,  㯯 ।⠢ ஥,

   ।⠢      ⥬   䠩    ।

⮯  室 ணࠬ  䠩 䨣樨.



       ⠭,    ।,  㤥 ঠ  ᭮

Linux  ਡ    .    ⮬    ⮩  ,   㤥

।    㦤 䠩 室   㪠

⠭⮬;  ⮫쪮 ⠬   ࠤ樮 ᯮ 室 

⨢稨    ⮩  ᯥ䨪樥  㤥  㯮  ୠ⨢

⮯.



     ⠭  ⥬  䠩    Linux      祭  

᭮  Linux  FTP ࢥ   ઠ; ਬ,   

   sunsite.unc.edu  /pub/linux/docs. Daniel Quinlan, न

㯯 FSSTND,      quinlan@bucknell.edu.lex

.

                                - 12 -







     2. 騥 ᢥ  .



     2.1. .



       ⥩  ⠪  ,        ⥫㭨権.

ᬮਬ ,    ,    ᮮ饭ﬨ

  쬨  ᯮ짮 ࠡ. ।  祫 

  ਣ  ୮ 祫  ,    ᫨誮

     ࠡ,    .   

  ⢨  ?   ) 誮   , )  ࠡ

 ,  )   饣       ।

ᮮ饭.   ⠫ 뢠 ﬨ.



     筮     諨  ਬ⨢ ⨩  ன 

।.      㥬 ࠬ   

ᮡ    讬    ஢, ⨪ , 

 ⪨ ,  . . ,     

⨨    ᮪.  ,  㤥 㦤 ᯮᮡ  ,  

   ᤥ.



       㤥  ᠭ    ⨯ ⥩:     UUCP

⮪,         TCP/IP.   ⮪ 

ணࠬ,   ।⠢ ࠧ ᯮᮡ । ଠ樨

  ࠬ.    ⮩      ᬮਬ   ⨯ ⥩ 

㤨  ᭮騥 ਭ樯.



       ।       ᪮쪨 ⮢,  

   ଠ樥     ᮡ,    ࠧ㬥  

ᯥ樠஢  ⮢     ଠ樥

ᥬ  .



       --     ᥣ ,   易⥫쭮,  

  -ନ,  ⥢ ⥫㠫 ਭ. 让 

⮢  뢠 ⮪(site).



            몠  .  



                                - 13 -



    모 뢠 ⮪(protocols).   , 

  㦭  㬠    ⮪      - 몥  ஬

ࠧਢ,    ᪮॥      㬠  ᨫ쭮 ଠ

,  뢠饬     㤠. 筮 ⠪,

⮪, ᯮ㥬   ,  ஬ ண

ࠢ,   ᯮ㥬  ࠬ      ᮮ饭ﬨ   

㣮.



     2.2. UUCP .



     UUCP   (Unix-to-Unix  copy)  稭      ணࠬ  

뫪   䠩   १  ᫥⥫  ,  ࠢ  ⮩

뫪    믮  ணࠬ   㤠 設.  ௥

訥                ।   

ᥬ,           ᯠ⠭᪨ ⮩ .  ᭮

ਫ      ⥫䮭 .



     UUCP      ।  Bell ﬨ  1977  

裡    Unix ⪠.  । 1978 .   ꥤ﫠

㦥 80 設.  﫠 ᯮ짮 ஭   㤠

.  UUCP  ࠭稢 ⮫쪮 Unix ।. 

  ᪨ ⠪  ᯫ ७ᮢ  ⮪ 

㣨 ,  AmigoOS, DOS, Atari's TOS,  㣨.



           ⪮ UUCP ⥩ --   ய᪭

ᯮᮡ.      ஭, ⥫䮭 㤮 ⠭

⪨  ।    ᨬ ᪮ ।.  㣮 ஭,

UUCP  ᮥ -- । ﭭ ;   ᮥ 

   㣮  १  ।  ࢠ.  ⥫쭮,  襥

⢮  ६   ।  १ UUCP    

᪥  ண  ,  饣  ⠭ ᫥饣 ᥠ

裡.



     ᬮ      ࠭祭,    讥 ⢮ UUCP

⥩,  ࠡ    ᥬ      ࠧ    ࠢ

㧨⮢,    ।         ࠧ㬭

業.  稭 ୮ UUCP  ⮬,   祭 襢 

ࠢ   稥 , 易   Intrnet. ⮡



                                - 14 -



ᤥ     UUCP 㧫,   祬  㦤  ,

ࠡ饥  UUCP  ணࠬ  ᯥ祭  㣮 UUCP 㧥, 

㤥 ᭠  ⮩  ﬨ.





     2.2.1.  ᯮ짮 UUCP



       UUCP  쭮  :    㪠뢠  ,  

᭮    䠩     㣮,  ⠪ 﫨

। ⢨ 믮  㤠 .



     ।    襩 設 ࠧ襭   ᪮

     swim,    믮 lpr   . 

       ᫥饥  襩  ப,  ⮣

⮡   



     $ Uux -r swim! Lpr! Netguide.dvi



     Uux,      UUCP  , । ࠡ swim.  ࠡ

⮨   室 䠩, netguide.dvi,   ।  䠩

  lpr.  -r  䫠    uux    뢠  ⤠ ⥬

,    ࠭  ࠡ    ⠭  裡   . 

 spooling (㫨).



     㣮  ᢮⢮  UUCP,  ।   䠩 १

᪮쪮  ⮢.  । swim, 㯮  ।饬 ਬ,

易  UUCP    groucho,    ন  让  娢  Unix

ਫ.  ⮡  㧨 䠩 tripwire-1.0.tar.gz   設,

   



   $  uucp  -mr  swim!groucho!~/security/tripwire-1.0.tar.gz trip.tgz



          swim ᪠ 䠩  groucho,  ᫠ 

襩 設,  UUCP ࠭   trip.tgz  㢥   

 祭 ⮣ 䠩.  믮   蠣. 砫,  

뫠    swim.    swim ⠭ ⠪  groucho 

᫥騩  ࠧ,  㦠 䠩. ⥫ 蠣 - । 䠩

 swim 襬 .



                                - 15 -





         㣠, ।⠢塞 UUCP ﬨ   ,

--  ஭      .  ୥  ⮬ , ⠪ 

   ⮫쪮 ⪮ ᠭ.



     ஭   (email)    ᮮ饭ﬨ

  짮⥫ﬨ   ⤠   室  

    .    ࠢ  ᮮ饭    襣 ⪠ 

⪠    祭    믮  ⥬ ࠡ⪨

.    UUCP ।,  筮 ࠭ᯮ   

rmail,   ।       ⥫    ᠬ  ᮮ饭.  Rmail

ࠢ  ᮮ饭  ᥤ  ,    ⠪  ,     

⨣    祭.    㤥  ᬠਢ  ஡ 

 14 ..



     (News)     ᥣ  ᠭ  ।

⥬ ଠ樮 ⠡.  ,  ନ ⭮ 

Usenet  ,        ப ⭮ 

   ﬨ    ਡ⥫쭮  120,000  騬  ⠬.

 Usenet ⭮  1979 , , ᫥ ᪠ UUCP  

Unix  V7,    㤥 ।  ᥮饣  ଠ樨 

।  Unix  ᮮ⢠.    ᮧ  ᪮쪮 ਯ⮢, 

⠫  ࢮ  news  ⥬.   1980,   뢠 duke, unc 

phs,           ஫.  Usenet  筮

     .     uucp-᭮ ,  

 ࠭稢 ⮫쪮  ⨯ .



     ᭮    ଠ樨  -   (article),  

   ࠢ        娨  newsgroup(㯯  ⥩)

饭  ।  ⥬. 設⢮ ⪮  ⮫쪮

    newsgroup,  祩  騩 ꥬ ⥩   ⠢ 

। 60 .



        UUCP,   뫠 १ UUCP , ᮡ

      ॡ㥬  㯯   㯠뢠   ᪮쪮 ⨩,

  뫠  ॡ㥬  ,     । 

rnews  ᯠ  쭥襩 ࠡ⪨.





                                - 16 -



     ,   UUCP   ।⠢       讬  

⪮,    ।  ᢮ .    

          ᮥ     UUCP, 

,    ᪠稢   䠩 ᯮ  饤㯭 

娢.  짮⥫    ࠢ       ஫ ⨯

uucp/nuucp.



     2.3. TCP/IP 



       UUCP    ࠧ㬭 롮  襢 ⥩ 裡 

⥫䮭,    讥 ⢮ 権   孨

࠭-।  뢠  ᫨誮  , ਬ  

   (LANs).      筮       쪮  ᫠  設

ᯮ         ⠦,  易

 ᮧ த ࠡ祩 ।.   ⥫  ࠧ 䠩

  ⨬  ⠬,    ᪠    ਫ   ࠧ

設.



       ॡ ᮢ襭 㣮 室  ࣠樨 .

 ࠢ  䠩   ᠭ ࠡ,  

ࠧ    쪨  ,      ࠢ

㦭  ,    ୮ ᮡ.  ⨯  뢠

packet-switched(⭮)   .   ।   祣,     

᪠        ਫ. ⮨ ⮣, 筮,

१ 㢥祭 ᫮ ணࠬ ᯥ祭.



     襭,  ஥  Unix  ⥬    設⢮ -Unix ⪮

ਭ﫨 ⭮  TCP/IP.  ⮩ ᥪ樨,  㤥 ᬠਢ 

᭮ 楯樨.



     2.3.1.   TCP/IP-.



     TCP/IP ந室  ஥, 䨭㥬 ਪ᪨ DARPA (

஭   ⢮  த  ᫥)    1969.    뫠

ᯥਬ⠫쭠   ,   ARPANET,      뫠  ८ࠧ 

ᯫ樮  1975, ᫥ ⮣,  뫠   .



       1983,    ⮪ TCP/IP  ਭ  ⠭   



                                - 17 -



⮢      ॡ   ᯮ짮.  ARPANET 

  Inetrnet (ARPANET ।⢥ 稫 ᢮ ⢮ 

1990),  ᯮ짮  TCP/IP ࠭     Inetrnet.

  -- Unix  ,  -  ண

஢  ⥫䮭 㤮, ⨯ ISDN,  ⠪  让

蠭  ⮪ ࠭ᯮ஢  ⥫䮭 ⥩.



         ⭮  ᬮ७  TCP/IP   ᫥

ᥪ,  㤥 짮  ਬ஬ Groucho Marx ⮬

(GMU),   ᯮ  -    Fredland,  設⢮  

⤥  ᯮ  ᮡ⢥    ,  㣨 ᯮ

᪮쪮    .      易,   祭  Inetrnet १

⢥ த .



     ।    Linux 易    Unix 設  ⤥

⥬⨪,      襩  設 erdos.  㯠    ⤥

, 뢠 quark,  ᫥ :



     $ rlogin quark.physics

     Welcome to the Physics Department at GMU

     (ttyq2) login:



       ਣ襭     , ᪠ andres,   ஫.

   shell()  quark,  ன    

    ᨤ    ⥬  ᮫  quark.  ᫥  ⮣  

  ,    頥  ਣ襭 襩 ᮡ⢥

設.     ᯮ짮 ⮫쪮    ਫ,

 । TCP/IP: remote login.



         室    quark,    ࠢ 11

ਫ.  ⮡ ᪠ ⮬ ਫ     

 ࠭ 襣 ,   ॣ㫨஢ ।:



     $ export DISPLAY=erdos.maths: 0.0



     ᫨    ⥯  ᪠  ਫ,  㤥 室 

⠪    訬  X-ࢥ஬    quark,  ⮡ࠦ   

襬 ࠭. 筮,  ॡ    X11. TCP/IP 



                                - 18 -



quark    erdos  ᫠  X11    㤠    ⭮ ᮧ  

,      室    㤠 ⥬.   

஧筠.



     㣮   祭      ਫ      TCP/IP    -  NFS,

஢뢠   ⥢ 樮 ⥬.  - 㣠 ଠ

ᮧ  ஧筮  ,    ⠭ ४ਨ 

㣨  ⮢,  ⠪,  ⮡    ᬠਢ    

䠩  ⥬.  ਬ,  譨 ४ਨ  짮⥫

      業ࠫ쭮  設,    ன   㣨  

쭮     ⠭  ॡ㥬  ४ਨ.    १

짮⥫        設  室  ⮩  ᠬ

譥 ४ਨ.



     ,    ⠭  ਫ    ॡ 讣

⢠      ᪥  (  ⨯  TeX ) ⮫쪮   設, 

⠫      ᯮ஢ ४ਨ.  ୥  NFS 

 12 ..



     筮,     ⢥ ਬ ⮣,    

 TCP/IP .    ࠭.



               ࠡ⮩  TCP/IP.   㤥

㦤    ⮬ ⮡    祬   䨣஢

  設.   筥  ᫥  ।,  

 .



     2.3.2. Ethernet



         ।    ப ᯮ㥬  

   筮 뢠 Ethernet.  ⮨  ⢥

  ⠬



     ᮥ塞      १  connector,  tap  transceivers.

⮩  Ethernet  쬠  ண,  ,      ।

᪮  10 ⮢  ᥪ㭤.



     Ethernet  뢠   : ⮫  ⮭, ᮮ⢥⢥, 



                                - 19 -



  .   ⮫ Ethernet ᯮ ᨠ ,

⫨饩    ਭ  ᯮᮡ 祭 設  . 

Ethernet  ᯮ  "BNC"  connector    ଥ 㪢 ,   

⠢      稢  ᧠  襣    

⥢  .  Ethernet ॡ, ⮡  த 

    ,    ⪭㫨 transceiver "⮤ ".  

  ⮢    ᮥ   transceiver.  

⮫    Ethernet            200   500

஢,  ᮮ⢥⢥,   ⮬ ⠪  10base-2  10base-5.

  ᯮ  ᤥ    ஢ 

ᯮ   ⥫䮭,  筮 ॡ ⥫ 

।.  ⠪ ⥭  10base-T.



         ⮫⮬ Ethernet  ᫨誮 ᫮,  

  㡠  . ⮡  設    ⮭ Ethernet 

  ࢠ ࠡ   ࠩ   ᪮쪮  ⮬

   ࠧ१  ⮡ ⠢ -connector.



     設⢮    ।  ⮭ Ethernet, ⮬  

祭 襢:  PC  ᥣ $50,   室  

᪮쪨  業⮢    .  ,   ᮮ㦥, ⮫

Ethernet  室    ਬ,    ⤥  ⥬⨪ ᯮ

⮫ Ethernet, ⠪    ࠡ   㤥 ࢠ 

ࠧ,      .



         ⪮  Ethernet 孮 -- ࠭祭 

,   ᯮ짮  ⮫쪮   ⥩.

, ᪮쪮 Ethernet ᥣ⮢   易   㣮 

   repeaters   (⥫),  bridges  (⮢)    routers

(⨧஢).  Repeaters    ᨣ   

 ᥣ⠬ ⠪,   ᥣ     

  Ethernet.        묨  設    

    repeaters.  Bridges    Routers    ᫮.  

  㯠騥      ࠢ  ⮫쪮 ⮣, 

 ⥫   ⭮ Ethernet.



     Ethernet  ࠡ⠥  ⥬ 設,    ᫠

    1500  ⮢  㣮   ⮬  ᠬ Ethernet. 



                                - 20 -



  ᮬ, 饬    묨  Ethernet

         ᮧ.        筮  뢠  

᫥⥫쭮 ⭠ ᥫ   ࠬ ⤥塞묨

ﬨ,  ਬ aa: bb: cc: dd: ee: ff.



       ᫠    ⠭樥      ᥬ ⠫묨

⠭ﬨ,    ⮫쪮    祭 ࠥ  ࠡ뢠

.   ᫨      ⠭樨  ஡  ᫠  ᮮ饭  ६,

ந室  ⮫,  ஥  蠥  ⠭ﬨ  

⠭ ।  ⪥ ।  ᪮쪮 .



     2.3.3. 㣨 ⨯  ।



         ᮮ㦥,  ⨯ Groucho Marx , Ethernet

筮   ⢥ ⨯ ᯮ㥬 㤮.  Groucho Marx

,  쭠    ⤥ 易  㭨᪮

ࠫ,   ᪨  FDDI. FDDI ᯮ

ᮢ襭  㣮  室   । ,  ᭮뢠 

뫪  ।  ᨬ,   ⮫쪮 ᫨ ⠭ 砥 

ᨬ,   ᫠  ᮪ ଠ樨.  २⢮

FDDI  - ᪮, ⨣ 100 Mbps,  ᨬ쭠   

200 .



      쭥 裡  ᯮ ࠧ ⨯ 㤮,

   ᭮     ⠭    X.25.  設⢮  ⠪

뢠  "⢥  ⥩  ",    Tymnet  , 

Datex-P  ଠ, । ᢮ 㣨, ᭮뢠   .

X.25   ॡ   ᯥ樠      ।,      

Assembler/Disassembler    PAD.  X.25  ।  ᮡ⢥ 

⮪,    ᯮ ⮡ ᮥ  ࠡ騥 

TCP/IP    㣨  ⮪.   IP     אַ

⮡ࠦ    X.25  (      ),   ⠢  X.25

  뫠  .



     ,  ࠤ  ⥫ ᯮ ᢮ 㤮  ᮧ

    ᢮  ஢;    뢠  ⭮ ࠤ  ham

ࠤ.  ⮪  ᯮ㥬  ham  ࠤ  AX.25 ( 祭 

X.25).



                                - 21 -





       ⮤,    ᯮ  ᯥ樠쭮   , 

襢  ⥫䮭  .  ॡ 㣨 ⮪  ।

⮢, ⨯ SLIP  PPP,   ᠭ .



     2.3.4. Internet ⮪(IP)



     筮,      ⥫  ⮡   ࠭稢 ⮫쪮

Ethernet. 쭮,  ⥫  ᯮ짮  ᨬ  ⮣,

 묨 ।⢠  ⨣.



       ਬ,    ᮮ㦥 ⨯ Groucho Marx ,

 筮   ⤥ Ethernet,    易

  ࠧ.    GMU,   ⥬᪮ ⤥ ᯮ 

Ethernets:        設    ஢    㤥⮢

᫥  ᮢ,    㣠  묨 設  㤥⮢ (

易  FDDI).



       ࠢ ᯥ樠 ⮬, ⠪ 뢠 gateway,

  ࠢ  㯠騥    室騥     

 Ethernets  FDDI. ਬ, ᫨  -  ⥬᪮ ⤥, 

       quark  쭮  䨧᪮ ⤥,

⥢   ணࠬ   ᯥ祭      ᫠    quark

।⢥, ⮬   室  㣮 Ethernet.



     ⮬,  ⨬    gateway. Gateway (  sophus)

뫠    㣮 gateway (niels)  ⤥ , niels 

ࠢ      ॡ㥬 設. ⮪   erdos  quark

뢠  ⨭ 2.3.4 ( ﬨ  L. Steele).



        奬   ࠢ    ⤠    뢠

routing(⨧),     뢠 datagram(⮣ࠬ).

   ,      ⠣ࠬ  ࠢ    ᮮ⢥⢨ c

⤥  ⮪,      ᨬ  ᯮ㥬

  ।:  IP,    Internet ⮪.   3.  㤥

ᬠਢ IP  routing  ஡.



     ᭮  짠 IP  ⮬,   ८ࠧ 䨧᪨ 室



                                - 22 -



      த .  뢠 internetworking, 

१ 砥 "-" 뢠 intrnet.  

   ࠧ稥    inetrnet    Inetrnet  .  ᫥  -  

樠쭮   ᯥ᪮ 쭮 inetrnet.



     筮,  IP  ⠪  ॡ 設ᨬ 奬 ᮢ.

  ⨣         㭨쭮 

ࠧ஬  32 ,  IP ᮬ. IP  筮  

    ,      8-⮢ , ࠧ

窠.  ਬ,  quark      IP  0x954C0C04, 

㤥  ᠭ    149.76.12.4.  ଠ ⠪  dotted quad

notation.



             ࠧ  ⨯  ᮢ:  , ⨯

quark,  IP  ,   ,    ।, ⨯

  Ethernet  6 ⠬.   ⠪   ᮮ⢥ 

,  ⠪,        rlogin quark, ணࠬ ᯥ祭

室    IP ;   IP 뫠   Ethernet ⤥

, ⠪    IP   Ethernet .



         㤥        ஡ ⮣ , 

ᤥ    3.  筮    蠣 뢠

hostname  resolution,    IP        ,   address

resolution,  䨧᪮   IP.



     2.3.5. IP  ᫥⥫ 



       ᫥⥫  , ⠭⮬ "de facto"  SLIP

 IP  ᫥⥫ .  䨪 SLIP -- CSLIP, 

ᦨ   SLIP,     ᯮ  ᦠ⨥  IP    ⮡

⨬஢  IP    ⭮⥫쭮    ய᪭  ᯮᮡ

᫥⥫쭮  裡.  PPP,  Point-to-Point ⮪ --  

⮪    ᫥⥫  .  PPP     襥 ᫮

ᮡ⥩  祬 SLIP,  ⠤ ॣ஢  砫 裡. 

  २⢮    ࠢ SLIP,     ࠭稢

⮫쪮  ࠭ᯮ஢  IP  ⠣ࠬ,    ।祭  ।

 ⨯ ⠣ࠬ.





                                - 23 -



     2.3.6. ⮪ ஫ । (TCP)



       筮,  뫪  ⠣ࠬ     㣮  

 ᫨  諨  quark,       訬

ᮬ rlogin  erdos   窨  quark.  ࠧ,

ଠ  뫠  㤠    ⭮   ࠧ  

ࠢ⥫,    ୮  ᮡ    ⮪  ਥ.  

  ਢ,      ᪮쪮 筮 ᫮

.



     祭        IP,      . । 

   襬 Ethernet 砫 㦠 ᠬ ᫥ 

XFree86    GMU  FTP ࢥ.  ⨢   ᫨誮

让    ⮣  ⮡  gateway ॢਫ , ⮬   ᫨誮

,  ࠭祭 ⢮ .  ᫨  諥 

  quark,    sophus    墠     ⮬  

ᬮ ࠢ  . IP 蠥  ஡  뢠 

    .        ⭮   .      ࠧ

⢥⢥        楫⭮        ४뢠   

ন騥  .



       ந室    ᮮ⢥⢨  c  㣨  ⮪, TCP, 

⮪  ஫  ।,    ࠨ    IP  

ᮧ  裡   ஢મ 楫⭮ . ⢥  TCP

,      ᯮ  IP,   ᮧ  ⮩ 裡 

  ᠬ    襬   ⤠ 設, ⠪,   

    ⮬       ஬    䠪᪨

. A TCP ᮧ 㯫 ,  ६

 뫠 ⠪   ଠ. ।⠢ ⥫䮭 ᥤ.



       TCP  窨  裡 । IP ᠬ ⮢ ,  ࠬ

⠪   뢠   ⮢        ⮢.    㦠  

।        ⠭  .  ᫨ 

    ਬ    ⥫䮭,    IP  ᮮ⢥ 

த,      ⭮  ⥫䮭.  ਬ  rlogin,

ਫ-  (rlogin)  뢠    erdos,  ᮥ 

⮬  513    quark,    訢  rlogind  ࢥ. 

ࠧ    ⠭  TCP  .  ᯮ    , rlogind



                                - 24 -



믮  楤  ।  ࠢ 㯠,  ᪠ .

⠭  /뢮  ⮩  窨 ७ࠢ  TCP ,

⠪  ࠧ  ,  ࠭      rlogin  襩 設 㤥

। १ TCP ⮪  ⠭  窨.



     2.3.7. 짮⥫᪨ ⮪ ⠣ࠬ(UDP)



     筮,  TCP    ⢥  ⮪  짮⥫   TCP/IP

.        室    ਫ   rlogin,  

譥    㦥  ਫ ⨯ NFS. ,   

ᯮ  UDP,  ⮪ 짮⥫᪨ ⠣ࠬ.  TCP,

UDP   ⠪    ਫ      ⠪    ਫ,

㦨騬  ।      ⤠  設,      

⠭      ⮣.  ⮣,   ᯮ짮

 ⮡ 뫠 ⤥    祭.



     ।,    ⠭ ४ TeX  業ࠫ쭮 NFS

ࢥ,  galois,       ᬮ 㬥, 뢠騩 

ᯮ짮 LaTeX.  ᪠  ।,  ᭠砫 ⠥

㪠   䠩.   ,  ॡ  ᫨誮    ६  ⮡

⠭  TCP    galois, ᫠ 䠩 ,    ᭮.

  ⮣,    ᫠  galois,  뫠 䠩  

UDP   ⮢,      ந室  ࠧ  ॥.  ,  UDP  

ᯮᮡ     ३ ⮢. ⨬ 室 

NFS.



     2.3.8. ⥫쭮  



         ᬠਢ    窨  ᮥ  ⥢

痢.  ᫨  ਫ  (ࢥ)    ।    ⥢

ࢨ,   樨 ᥡ  ⮬   ⮢ ( 뢠

 ). ,   ᯮ짮  ࢨ 砥

    ⭮     ᮥ  ⮬ ࢥ  ⤠

.



       ᮡ  ⮢  ,      

⮬   ࢥ஬, 㣠  ࢥ  ᮥ  ⮬

    祭 㣨 ⮢.  ࠧ蠥, ਬ,



                                - 25 -



᪮쪮 ࠫ ⤠ 室      , 祬

  ᯮ   ᠬ 513 . TCP ᯮᮡ ⫨ ⨬ 裡

    㣠,  ⮬    ਡ뢠  ࠧ ⮢ 

⮢.  ਬ,  ᫨        quark  erdos, ⮣

  rlogin    㤥 ᯮ짮   1023,  ன

㤥 ᯮ짮  1022. ,  ᮥ  ⥬  ᠬ

⮬ 513  quark.



       ਬ  뢠  ᯮ짮  ⮢    㭪, 

   室     ⠪    ।  ⮬  ⮡  

।  㦨.   室  騩 

,  ᮣ襭    祭   ஢   ⨣

   ࠬ     ⥬.        ப

ᯮ,   ⨯   rlogin,          ⠭

業ࠫ.   ⨬    IETF  (  ஥  

Internet ᨫ),  ॣ୮ ᪠ RFC . , ।

祣,      ⮢    饨  .  Linux

ᯮ  䠩,    ஬  ॣ  㯭 㣨

ࢥ      ⮢,    । ࢥ ਪ९,

뢠  /etc/services.  ᠭ  ᥪ樨 10.3.



     ⮨  ,       TCP  UDP   , 

    室    ⨢稨.  砥  TCP  513,

ਬ,  ⫨砥    UDP  513. ᪨,   㦠

  窨  㯠    ࠧ ,   rlogin (TCP) 

rwho (UDP).



     2.3.9. ⥪ (socket)



        Unix  樮  ⥬  ணࠬ  ᯥ祭,

믮饥        ⮪ ᠭ , 筮 

 , 筮   Linux. 䥩 ணࠬ஢ 

騩      Unix  - ⥪  Berkeley.   

稫  -  ୮     ᬠਢ  

(஧⪨).  ᯥ稢 (bind(2)) ,  ।

⤠ , ࠭ᯮ ⮪,  ࢨ,  ஬ ணࠬ

  ᮥ   (ᯮ connect(2), listen(2), and

accept(2)).



                                - 26 -





     ⥪     ᪮쪮  ,  ᯥ稢

  ⮫쪮    TCP/IP᭮    (AF INET ),  ⠪

,    ࠢ  쭮  設 (AF UNIX ).

  ᨨ   ⠪ ࠢ 㣨 ᠬ ⨯ XNS (

⥬ ࣠樨  ப ) ⮪,  X.25.



      Linux, ⥪  --  ⠭⭮ libc C ⥪.

  饥  ६,  ন ⮫쪮 AF INET  AF UNIX ,

  ࠡ  祭 প  Novell ⮪, ⠪,

⮡   筮     ᮢ    뫨 

.



     2.4. Linux 



       १⮬ 業樨 ᨫ ணࠬ⮢ ᥣ ,

Linux       쭮 .    㤨⥫쭮,

  㦥  ࠭ ⠤ ࠧࠡ⪨, ᪮쪮  砫 ࠡ

  ⥢묨  ﬨ.  UUCP      Linux   ᠬ

砫,   ࠡ  tcp/ip-᭮  뫠  ᥭ 1992,

  Ross  Biro   㣨 ᮧ ,  ⥯ ⠫  

Net-1.



     Ross  ४⨫  ⨢  ࠧࠡ   1993, Fred van Kempen

砫  ࠡ   ᨥ, ।뢠   . 

ᨫ  ⭮    Net-2.    ⢥ ५, Net-2d, 

ᤥ  ⮬ 1992 (  0.99.10 ),     ন

    ᪮쪨  쬨,    ᨫ쭮  Alan  Cox,  

Net-2Debugged.     ᫥     殮    ⫠        ᫥

ᮢ襭⢮  ,  ᬥ   Net-3.   

 饥 ६ 祭  樠 ᪨ .



     Net-3  । ࠩ ன  ࠧࠧ Ethernet,

  ⠪  SLIP ( ࠡ   ᫥⥫ ),  PLIP

(    ࠫ ).  Net-3, Linux 稫 TCP/IP ਫ,

  祭      ᥡ   쭮    ࠡ

॥      ᪨.     ᪮쪮  ஥⮢,

ࠧ⨥  㤥 㢥稢 ஭ Linux. ࠩ 



                                - 27 -



PPP    (    ⮪   point-to-point,   㣮   ᯮᮡ   ࠡ   

᫥⥫  ),     ⠤ Beta ᨨ  饥

६,    AX.25  ࠩ   ࠤ -  Alpha ᨨ. Alan Cox ᮧ

ࠩ  Novell's IPX ⮪,  騥 ᨫ  ᮧ

  ᮢ⨬    Novell  뫨  ⫮  -    Novell

ᯥ   室   㬥.      ஥  -  samba,

᢮ NetBIOS ࢥ, ᠭ Andrew Tridgell.



     2.4.1.  㣨  ࠧ



         ६,  த  ࠧࠡ,  Fred  । Net-2e, 

ன  ᨫ쭮  ᬮ७   ࣠樨 .  ६

ᠭ  ⮩  ,  Net-2e    Beta ணࠬ ᯥ祭.

  ᥭ    Net-2e  - ꥤ DDI, 䥩 ࠩ

ன⢠.  DDI । ⨯   ⮤ 䨣樨 

 ன   ⮪.



        ᯮ  TCP/IP    ᠭ  Matthias  Urlichs,

ᠢ襣  ISDN  ࠩ   Linux  FreeBSD.  ⮣,  ந

BSD ⥢    Linux.



      祭 ਬ 饣, Net-3 ᪮॥ ᥣ ⠭. Alan

   饥  ६  ࠡ⠥    AX.25  ⮪,  ᯮ㥬

⥫ﬨ  ࠤ.  ᮬ,  ᪮  㤥  ࠧࠡ⠭ "" 

,               ࠩ        

⠭ ⥬.



        ࠧ ॠ樨    ᯥ祭 

  ⮣    ࢥ,  ᭮  ࠧ 室  ஢  

ன.  ⮬,   ᬮ ⪮䨣஢ ⥬ ᯮ

Net-2e   ⨫⠬  Net-2d  Net-3,  .  ⭮

⮫쪮    ,        ஬; ਫ  騥

⥢  ⨯ rlogin  telnet     .



     ,      ࠧ ᨨ     .

᫨      ⨢ ࠧࠡ⪥,    

⭮⥫쭮 ᨨ ᮤ TCP/IP. 樠 ᪨   ᥣ

ᮯ஢   ஬   ⥢   㬥⮢,     



                                - 28 -



ᮢ⨬묨   ।⠢  .



     2.4.2.   



       ᫥    ⥢       祭 

ࠧ      FTP.   樠  FTP  ⮪    Net-3 -

sunacm.swan.ac.uk, ࠦ sunsite.unc.edu  system/Network/sunacm.

  ᫥    Net-2e  㯥  ftp.aris.com. Matthias

Urlichs'    bsd                     ftp.ira.uka.de 

/pub/system/linux/netbsd.



        ᫥            nic.funet.fi 

/pub/OS/Linux/PEOPLE/Linus;  sunsite    tsx-11.mit.edu  ࠦ  

ਪ.



     2.5. প 襩 ⥬



       ⮩ ,   ᭮ 㤥    ஡

䨣樨  ⠭. ஢, , ࠧ 㤭--

᫥  ⠭ ࢥ,   ࠭  ࠡᯮᡭ 

襭⢠    ,  㤥 室 筮  ,  

६    ,  ⨯      ⥩,  ॡ ﭭ

.  㤥 㦤      .



     ᮫    㦨 -- ॣୠ ஢ઠ ⥬

  ᬮ  log  䠩    訡      砨.  筮

  ᤥ     ᠭ ⨢ ਯ⮢ 

ਮ᪨  ᪠  .  室  ਡ   ᭮

ਫ,  ⨯  smail  C news, ᮤঠ ⠪ ਯ.  

⮫쪮   㤮⢮  ॡ.



       ࠡ  ⠪ ਯ   ࠢ 

  .    㬮砭,  襭⢮  ਫ  

뫠  ᮮ饭  訡,  ⨪,  १ logfile

  root.      ⮫쪮 ᫨   室  ⥬ 

root;    ,  ᫨    root  ७ࠢ   , 

ᠭ   15.





                                - 29 -



           ⥫쭮    䨣஢  ⮪, 

   ஡ 易⥫쭮 . ⮬,  㦨

⥬            ⢥.   筮,      

  ⥬     ࠩ    १ email

  root,   ⠪ 㣨 ,  筮 ᯮ

⮡      ⢥⢥    । ᯥ ࠢ.

ਬ,     ⭮⥫쭮  ᡮ    䨣樨    

筮  ᮢ  postmaster,    ஡  ⥬ ⥩ 

  ᮮ饭  newsmaster    usenet. 饭  hostmaster 

  ७ࠢ  ⢥饬  ᭮ 㣨   㦡

 DNS.



     2.5.1. ᭮ ⥬



     㣮  祭    ᯥ ஢ ⥬   --

  ⥬    짮⥫    諥,   

।      ⮫쪮 䠫訢묨 ᮮ饭ﬨ,   ࠭ 

  襭  ᥪ⭮    짮⥫.   㤥 y

  ᯥ᪨  ஡    㦤 砥,  

 ந室,  । ᪮쪮  ᯮᮡ .



         㤥  㦤 ᪮쪮 ਬ஢  ᭮ ⮤

ᯥ祭  ᭮  ⥬.  筮, 墠祭 ⥬  

    ஡  ᭮,    묨   ⮫; 

 㦠 樥 ஡,   . ⮬,

室              ᭮,  ᮡ

  ⥢  ⥬.  Simon  Garfinkel "ࠪ᪠ UNIX

᭮" ( . [ GETST "᭮"]) -- 祭 ४.



     ᭮  ⥬  稭    襣  ஢

⥬.   砥  ᥡ ஢ ᮡ⢥  ࠧ襭 

      䠩      ⠫,   ஫  ᯮ짮

ਢ஢  ࠢ,    ...  COPS  ணࠬ,  ਬ,  㤥

஢     䠩  ⥬    騥  䠩  䨣樨  

   ࠧ襭      㣨  .    ᫥  

।  ࠢ    ᮧ  짮⥫᪨ ஫, 

﫨    㬥 ⭮  . ਬ, ॡ

⮡  ஫     ࠩ   㪢,  ᮤঠ  孨



                                - 30 -



⠪   ॣ  .



       ᮧ  ࢨ  㯭  , ࠩ  

"訥 ਢ," 㤠⮢    ࠧ蠥  

,    ॡ   ࠡ. ਬ,   

ணࠬ   ਢ root ⮫쪮,   ⢨⥫쭮 㦤

   ⮬.  ਬ,  ᫨      ࠧ  ᪮  ⠬

㦠    襩  設,   ᯥ TFTP (ਢ

ࢨ  ।  䠩)  ⠪,  ⮡    㦠  ᭮  䠩

䨣樨      ਪਨ   /boot.   ,    ᯮ

࠭祭  TFTP,         饤㯭

䠩    襩  設.  ᫨    ,   , 祬  

࠭ TFTP ࢨ ਪਥ /boot?



      ⮩  ᠬ 稭,     ࠭  

। 㣠 짮⥫  । ⮢.   10.,

  ।⠢塞  tcpd,       ࠧࠧ ⥢

ਫ.



     㣮      㭪   --    "᭮"  ணࠬ

ᯥ祭.   筮,    ணࠬ  ᯥ祭,  ஥  

ᯮ      ᭮,  ⮬   ணࠬ ᯥ祭

   訡, ⠪  㬭    ᯮ짮  ⮡

   襩 ⥬.      

  ⨢ ⮣.  ஡ ᠥ  ᯫ⭮, ⠪

  ᪮  ணࠬ ᯥ祭. , ணࠬ, 

ॡ ᯥ樠 ਢ ᮨਬ ᭥ 祬 㣨, ⮬

          ࠢ  ᫥⢨.  ᫨ 

⠭  ⥢  ணࠬ   ஦  祣 

ய᪠    㬥樨,  ⮡ 砩   ᭮

⥬.     ᪫ ⮣,   ।஦ 

௥  㤠,  ᨬ   ⮣ ᪮쪮 ஦  뫨.

⮬      㤮⮢,   㦨 諥

ࠧ    ᫥    . 襥 砫 -- ஢ઠ log 䠩

⥬,    諥  ⭮  㬭  祫,  㤥 㤠

  祢  ᫥  ।  室.  ,    㬥

  tripwire,        ஢  

⥬  䠩  ॣ஢ 뫨   ᮤঠ  ࠧ襭



                                - 31 -



.  Tripwire    ࠧ ᨫ ஫ 㬬 

⨬  䠩    ࠭        .  ⮬ ஫ 㬬

୮      ࠢ   ࠭묨  㦥

 䨪樨.



     2.6.  ᫥ 



     騥  ᪮쪮         䨣஢

Linux      TCP/IP   ,       ࠢ  묨  묨

ਫﬨ.  ०  祬  窠  㪨 ।஢ 䠩 

묨 頬   ᫥㥬 IP  3 . ᫨  㦥 

⭮⥫쭮  IP  ⨧樨,   믮 address resolution,

  ய  .



      4. 㦤 ᭮ ஡ 䨣樨, ⨯ ⠭

         襩   Ethernet   .   䨣   

᫥⥫  ⮢  墠祭    ⤥쭮  , ⮬  

㦤  ⭮ ⮫쪮  TCP/IP ,    UUCP.



       6.    ⪮䨣஢  設  TCP/IP.

 ⠪ 뢠 ᪮쪮  㬥⮢,   

ᯮ짮    ஢ન   ⫠  ⠭  

᪠뢠    䨣஢ hostname resolution   

⠭ ࢥ .



      ᮯ஢   뢠騬 䨣஢ 

ᯮ짮 SLIP  PPP.  8.   ⠭ SLIP 

    ⠫ ४樨   ணࠬ,  

⮬⨧஢  設⢮  室  蠣.  9. 墠뢠

PPP  pppd.



       10.    ⪮  ।⠢    

  ⥢  ਫ,  ⨯  rlogin,  rcp,    ..,   ⠪

墠뢠   㣨   inetd    뢠        ࠭

। 㣨   - ⮢.



     騥        㦤  NIS,  ⥢  ଠ樮

⥬,    NFS,  ⥢  ⥬. NIS -  㬥



                                - 32 -



   ࠭   ⨢   ଠ樨   ⨯   ஫

짮⥫    쭮  . NFS   । 䠩

 ᪮쪨 ⠬  襩 .



       13.      ।⠢   ஢ Taylor

UUCP, ᯫ⭮ UUCP .



     ⮪    饭  ⠫쭮  ⢨   ஭

      Usenet  .    14.  ।⠢    ᭮

楯 ஭ , ⨯ ⮣  룫廊  ஭

   ⥬ ࠡ⪨  砥  ᮮ饭



      15.  16. 墠뢠 ⠭ smail  sendmail,  

࠭ᯮ஢  ,       ᯮ짮  Linux. 

  뢠      ,  ⮬    smail     

⠭ ( 稭),   ६  sendmail  .



       17.    18.   ࠢ ﬨ  Usenet 

  ⠭    ᯮ짮 C news,   ணࠬ 

ࠢ Usenet ﬨ.



       19. ⪮ 墠뢠  NNTP daemon, ⮡ ᯥ

    襩 쭮 .



        20.      뢠        䨣஢ 

㦨 ࠧ newsreader.

.

                                - 33 -





     3. ஡ TCP/IP 



       ⨬   ⠫ ⮣   㤥 ᮥ 

Linux  設      TCP/IP,   ࠡ  IP ᠬ, 

⮢,  - ஡ ⨧樨.     ᭮,

    ,  ॡ  ⠭ ⥬,  

६    ᫥騥      墠뢠 㬥,  

  ⨣.





     3.1. ⥢ 䥩



     ⮡       ࠧࠧ   㤮,   ஥   

ᯮ짮      ⥢   ।,  TCP/IP  ।  ࠪ

䥩,  १      ।⢠ .

  䥩  ।  ⢨   

  ⨯  ।   ᭮    뫪 

祭 ⮢.



           ਩   ன⢠,   ஥    

ᯮ짮,     ।⠢ ᮮ⢥騩 䥩

ਬ,   Ethernet   䥩    Linux    eth0    eth1, 

䥩   SLIP  --  sl0,  sl1,    ...      䥩

ᯮ    䨣஢,      । 

ᯥ᪮   䨧᪮   ன⢮.            

祭 ஬ ⮣.



     ⮡  ࠡ    TCP/IP  ,   䥩  

祭  IP  ,    㦨   䨪  饭 

⠫  ஬.      ࠧ祭    ᨬ    

䥩  㯮 ; ᫨  ࠢ 䥩  ,

⮣   ⨭  , ਪ९  .



     筮,    㣨 ࠬ ன⢠  室

ॣ㫨஢;       - ᨬ ࠧ ⠣ࠬ 

    ࠡ⠭      ,  ⠪  뢠

Maximum  Transfer  Unit,   MTU. 㣨 ࠬ  ।⠢



                                - 34 -



.



       3.2. IP 



     K   㯮      ।饩   ,       

ᮮ⢥⢨ c IP --  32-⮢ ᫠.  設   

  祭 㭨 .



       쭮  ,      ᯮ  TCP/IP   裡 

㣨   ﬨ,             ᮣ᭮  訬

ᮭ  ।⥭.  ,    ⪮  Inetrnet, 

 NIC.



        ⥭, IP  ࠧ   8 ⮢

᫠,   octets. ਬ, quark.physics.groucho.edu  IP

  0x954C0C04,    뢠  149.76.12.4.  ଠ

 뢠 dotted quad notation.



     㣠  稭  ⠪  ,  IP  ࠧ 

  ,    ᠭ   octets,   , 

  ⪮.    饭  NIC  ᠬ,   砥

     ⤥쭮 ,    ⠢.

  ⮣,   ⥢ ,  騩  設

 IP    ⠪ ࠧ .



       ᨬ  ࠧ ,     襩 

襩.    ᨬ    ࠧ ॡ⥩  ᪮쪮

ᮢ ⥩, । ࠧ筮 ࠧ IP ᮢ.



 A 砥   1.0.0.0  127.0.0.0. ⥢  ᮤন 

          ࢮ octet,  ।ᬠਢ 24 ࠧ來  , 

          ਡ⥫쭮  1.6  ⮢.



 B ᮤন   128.0.0.0  191.255.0.0; ⥢  室 

            octets.  । 16320 ⥩  65024 ⠬

          .



 C  ⥩  192.0.0.0  223.255.255.0,  ⥢ 



                                - 35 -



          ᮤন    octets.  ।  2 

          ⥩  254 .



 D, E,  F  騥    224.0.0.0  254.0.0.0

            ᯥਬ⠫,  ࠭  饣

          ᯮ짮   । - .



     ᫨    ୥    ਬ   ।饩 ,  㢨 

149.76.12.4,    quark,  ⭮    12.4   149.76.0.0

 B.



       ,   㯮⮬ ᯨ᪥   octet

      祭.  ⮬    

ᥬ  octets ࠢ묨 0  255 ࠭  ᯥ樠 楫. 

  ஬       --  ⭮  ᥩ ,  

    1  broadcast (ப⥫) ᮬ. 

⭮      ᥬ   ⠬     㪠  .    ࠧ,

149.76.255.255    騩    ,    ⭮  ᥬ

⠬  149.76.0.0.



           १ࢨ஢ , 0.0.0.0  127.0.0.0.

    default  route(   㬮砭), ᫥ loopback

(楢)  ᮬ.  default route ᯮ  ⨧樨 IP

⠣ࠬ,  묨  㤥   .



       127.0.0.0  ࠭    IP  ࠡ  . 筮,

 127.0.0.1 㤥 祭 ᯥ樠쭮 䥩  襬 ,

⠪   뢠   䥩  loopback,      

⮬  㣮.   IP  ।   TCP  UDP

㤥  饭          ⮫쪮  ਡ  ன

.      ஢ ⥢ ணࠬ ᯥ祭 

ᯮ짮  "ॠ쭮"  .      ,    

ᯮ짮  ⥢  ணࠬ  ᯥ祭    ⮭ .

ਬ,  讥  ⢮ UUCP ⪮   IP 裡 ,

    ࠢ INN ⥬ ⥩.   ࠢ쭮

ࠡ  Linux, INN ॡ 䥩 loopback.



       3.3. Address Resolution(  ).



                                - 36 -





     ,          ᮧ  IP  ,  

       ᯮ  Ethernet  樨 ࠧ

⮢?      殢  Ethernet  ⮪     

⮢  ,        ᮫⭮    饣   IP

ᮬ.



      ⮬ 室 堭, ॢ騩 IP   

Ethernet.    ⠪  뢠  Address Resolution Protocol (⮪

襭  ),    ARP. ᪨, ARP  ࠭祭 Ethernet, 

ᯮ        㣨  ⨯.  ,   ᭮ ARP

筠  ᯮᮡ  ਬ塞  設⢮ ,   

 ᯮ X.  室  ⮫  ਪ  .  ᫨ 

⠬,  ⪫.



       ARP    Ethernet  ᮮ⢥騩 

IP   ,      ᯮ   ᮡ   Ethernet    

"broadcast"(ப⥫쭮),       ⠣ࠬ   ᮢ뢠

६   ᥬ  ⠭    .  ப⥫쭠  ⠣ࠬ

᫠ ARP ᮤন   IP ᮬ.   ࠢ 

  ᮡ⢥  ᮬ,  ᫨  ᮢ, 頥 ARP-⢥ 

訢騩  .  訢騩     ⥯  Ethernet

 ࠢ⥫  ⮣ ⢥.



     筮     㤨      ஬ 

  Ethernet    ᥬ      室  , 

祬              Ethernet.      뢠

Routing(⨧),    ᭥ 䨧᪮ ⮯

  .   㤥 ⥬ ᫥饩 ᥪ樨.



          ਬ  ARP. ᫨  㦨 Ethernet

,    ࠭      ARP  ,  ⮡,   ᫥騩 ࠧ

ॡ  ᫠ ⠣ࠬ ᬠਢ ,  ॡ

  ६      .  ,     ࠭  

ଠ  ᥣ;  ਬ,    㤠     

Ethernet  ,  ⠪   ࠭ ଠ   ୮. 

ॡ   १   ஥   ६     ࠧ    

ᠭ 楤.



                                - 37 -





     ,  ⠪  室    IP  易  

Ethernet  ᮬ.    砥,    ᪮  設  

㧨   ࢥ  ,   쬠 饩 樥 

   ⥩.   ᪮  ,  ,      

ଠ  ⭮⥫쭮  ᥡ  ஬  Ethernet  !    뫠

ப⥫쭮  ᮮ饭 ᮤঠ饥   ࢥ ᮮ 

  IP  .    ⮣    㣮  ⮪,  뢠

Reverse  Address  Resolution  Protocol  (ᨢ ARP),  RARP. 

⠪   BOOTP  ⮪,    㦨    ।  楤

㧪 ᪮ ⮢  .



     3.4. IP ⨧



     3.4.1. IP 



     <>    쬮,  筮 頥   

:  ࠭,  ,  ⮢  ,    ... ᫥ ⮣,  

᪠   ⮢ 騪,  ⠢    祭:

  㤥  ᫠ 祭 ࠭,  樮쭮  諥

    ॡ㥬  ,  ... २⢮ ⮩ ᪮ 奬

쭮  祢: ,   ࠢ   쬮, 

砫쭨  ⮢  ⤥  㤥  筮 , 㤠 । 

쬮,            ,    ⥬  쬮  㤥

⢮.



     IP    ந    ࠧ.   Inetrnet ⮨ 

  ⥩,    ⮭묨  ⥬.   ⠪ ⥬

ந    ⨧    ᢮  童 ⠪,  

뫪  ⠣ࠬ  ᢥ    㦥        ॡ㥬

⮬.    砥,   ⮫쪮 ⠣ࠬ 祭  

  室   ⮩  , ࠡ⪠ 믮 ᪫⥫쭮

 .



     3.4.2. 



         ࠦ   ࠧ IP     ⥢

,     ᭥  .    㬮砭,      祭



                                - 38 -



砥     ⥢    IP  .    ࠧ,   

묨  IP  ᠬ     ᯮ  । 

,  . (2)



         ।   奬 ⠪   , ⠪

            ⥭  ⥩,  ᠬ묨

쪨 栬  䨧᪨  ⨯ Ethernets. ⮬,

IP    IP   ᪮쪮 ⥩.



       ਭ  ⢥⢥    ⠢  ⠣ࠬ  

।    IP  ᮢ.   ᠬ A, B,  C, 

  ⥢    IP  ᮢ.  , ⥢ 

⥯  ७,  ⮡      . ᫮

⮢               ⠪

뢠  subnet(⥢) ᪮,  netmask.  - 32 ࠧ來

᫮,  ஥  ।  ࠧ來      ⥢    IP

.



       Groucho  Marx    - ਬ ⠪ .  

  B    ⥢  ஬  149.76.0.0,    netmask  ⮬  ࠢ

255.255.0.0.



     ,    GMU  ⮨    ᪮쪨    ⥩, ⨯

  ⥩ ࠧ ⤥.    IP ᮢ ࠧ

  254  ,    149.76.1.0    149.76.254.0.  ਬ,  ⤥

⥮᪮   䨧         149.76.12.0.  ᪨

⨪    ⮦    ᮡ⢥ ஬ 149.76.1.0.

      ⥢ IP ,   ६  

octet  ᯮ,  ⮡  ࠧ     ᮡ.  ࠧ

  ᯮ짮 ⥢  255.255.255.0.



     ⨭   3.4.2   뢠      149.76.12.4,    quark,

  -ࠧ   ਭ    

 B,   ᯮ  .



     ⮨      subnetting  (⠪    孨 ᮧ

⥩)  --    ७   .  ᮧ ⥢

楬  (    ஬).  ,   ᮧ ⮡



                                - 39 -



ࠧ  騥  ࠭,    䨧᪨ ( Ethernets),

⨢  (    ⤥)  ᪨. ,

      ⮫쪮    ७  , 

   譥 .



     3.4.3. Gateways



     Subnetting  -    ⮫쪮  ࣠樮  ,     

⢥  ᫥⢨  ࠭    ।.     

஥     䨧᪮  ,  ⨯  Ethernet,    祭

࠭祭묨:  ⢥  ,   묨  ᯮᮡ 

।⢥,  ,    室    ⮩   .  ᥬ 㣨

⠬        ⮫쪮  १ ⠪ 뢠 gateways.

Gateway  --    易     䨧᪨ ﬨ

६    䨣஢  ⠪,  ⮡ ४稢  

.



     IP  筮    ᯮ  室      ⭮

䨧᪮   ,   ࠧ  䨧᪨      ਭ

ࠧ  IP  .  ਬ  ⥢  149.76.4.0 ࠭ 

⮢    쭮   ⥬⨪.  뫪 ⠣ࠬ  quark,

⥢  ணࠬ  ᯥ祭    erdos       IP

,  149.76.12.4,        祭 室  㣮

䨧᪮  ,   ⮬   ⨣ ⮫쪮 १ gateway

(sophus  㬮砭).



     Sophus   ।⢥  易      ⫨묨  ﬨ:

⤥  ⥬⨪,   㭨᪮ ࠫ.   १

ࠧ  䥩 (eth0  fddi0 ᮮ⢥⢥).   IP 

  砥? 149.76.1.0  149.76.4.0?



     ⢥:   .      ࠧ     ࢥ஬    쭮  

⥬⨪,  sophus ᯮ IP  149.76.4.1,   ࠧ 

⮬  ࠫ,   ᯮ짮 149.76.1.4.



       ࠧ,  gateway  砥    IP   

,   ன  祭.   (  netmask) ਢ易

   䥩  १,      .    ࠧ,



                                - 40 -



䥩   sophus 易 ⠪:



----------------------------------------

+-------+-------------+----------------+

| 䥩|        |        Netmask |

+-------+-------------+----------------+

+-------+-------------+----------------+

| Eth0  | 149.76.4.1  | 255.255.255.0  |

| fddi0 | 149.76.1.4  | 255.255.255.0  |

| Lo    | 127.0.0.1   | 255.0.0.0      |

+-------+-------------+----------------+

+-------+-------------+----------------+



᫥  뢠 loopback 䥩 lo.



 ⨭ 3.4.3 ࠦ ⮯    Groucho Marx 

(GMU). , 室騥       ᠬ ६  뢠 

 ᠬ.



     ,       ࠧ  ᠬ

    䥩.  ⭮      ,  室

⮫쪮     ,    ⮣  㣮,  ண 

  Ethernet  䥩   IP . ,  ࠧ稥 ⨬

⮫쪮,   ࠡ⠥  gateway.



     3.4.4.  ⨧樨



      ।稬    ⮬,  IP 롨ࠥ gateway

 ⠢ ⠣ࠬ  । .



        ࠭ erdos,  । ⠣ࠬ  quark,

஢ਫ  祭  襫,     ⭮ . ⮬

  뫠   gateway, sophus,  ⥯ ⠫  ⮩ 

ᠬ  祩.  Sophus  ।,  quark  室  , 

묨   ।⢥ 易, ⠪   ।  ⠣ࠬ

㣮 gateway, ⮡  ७ࠢ  . ࠢ 롮 

  niels  (gateway  ⤥  ).   sophus 㦤  ன

ଠ樨 ⮡ । 室騩 gateway.



                                - 41 -





        ⮣   ᯮ   ⠡  IP  ⨧樨,  

।         ᮥ        gateways.

易⥫쭮      㪠      㬮砭 (the default

route),    ஬    ࠢ        ᠬ 

  .    gateway 易   0.0.0.0..  sophus,

 ⠡    :



-----------------------------------------

+------------+-------------+------------+

|        | Gateway     | 䥩  |

+------------+-------------+------------+

+------------+-------------+------------+

| 149.76.1.0 | -           | Fddi0      |

| 149.76.2.0 | 149.76.1.2  | fddi0      |

| 149.76.3.0 | 149.76.1.3  | fddi0      |

| 149.76.4.0 | -           | Eth0       |

| 149.76.5.0 | 149.76.1.5  | fddi0      |

|...         | ...         | ...        |

| 0.0.0.0    | 149.76.1.2  | fddi0      |

+------------+-------------+------------+

+------------+-------------+------------+



         ,    묨  sophus  易  ।⢥

 "-"  ⮫ gateway.



      ⨧樨   ஥ ࠧ묨 ।⢠.

   쪮   ,     䥪⨢  ந     

।  IP, ᯮ ⨧   ६ 㧪

⥬.   (.      6.).       ⥩,     

ॣ㫨  ६ ࠡ ⨧ ;  ᪠

 業ࠫ쭮    ଠ樥  㣨 ࠬ

 ᫥ "⨬쭮"   童 ⥩.



       ᨬ    ࠧ  ᯮ ࠧ ⮪

⨧樨.      ⨧樨      ⮭   ⥬  (⨯

㭨᪮  த),    室  RIP, Routing Information

Protocol  (⮪  ⭮  ଠ樨),   ।  BSD



                                - 42 -



.    ⨧樨    ⮭묨 ⥬ ᯮ

譨  ⮪  ⨧樨 ⨯ EGP (譨 Gateway ⮪),

  BGP  (  ࠭  Gateway  ⮪);   (  ⠪ RIP) 뫨

।  gated ( University of Cornell's).



     3.4.5. ᪨ 祭



     ᪠  ⨧  ᭮    RIP  롨ࠥ  ᠬ

訩      ஬     , ᭮뢠  

"hops"(५⮢),      gateways  ⠣ࠬ,  뫠  ।

।祩  ᭮  ଠ樨.   ⪨ , ⥬ 

RIP    業.  祭    16   ५⮢

ᬠਢ  室騥  ⢥࣠.



     ⮡    ᯮ짮    RIP        ࠢ    ଠ樥,

⨧㥬   襩 ,    gated  

.    ६  㧪  gated  ஢    ⨢  ⥢

䥩.  ᫨      祬    ⨢ 䥩 ( 

  loopback  ),    ।   ।  

᪮쪨   ﬨ,      㤥   ⨢     ⭮

ଠ樥.  ,    㤥  ⮫쪮 ᨢ  RIP  

୨஢  ⠡ ⨧樨.



     稢  ଠ    쭮  ⠡  ⨧樨, gated

        ⠪  뢠 ᪮ 祭

易        ⠡.   ᪮ 祭 

஬   ⥬     䨣஢      

ࠦ   䠪   㤮  ᯮ짮  ⮣  .

⮬,  ࠧ      ,  ன  ।⢥

易,    ᥣ    ⠭    ,      ६ 

 室騩 १  gateways   ࠧ . ,

      ,     ᯮ ⭮⥫쭮

ਪ,    ᯮ RIP  gated.



     3.5. The Internet Control Message Protocol

       (⥢ ⮪ ஫ ᮮ饭)



     IP   ⮪-쮭,        ਫ 



                                - 43 -



.      ⥢   ⮪   ஫   ᮮ饭  (ICMP) 

ᯮ    ⥢    ,  ⮡ । ᮮ饭 

訡     .  .  㣨  ⠬.  ਬ,  ।    

室    erdos   ᯮ짮 telnet १ 12345  

quark,    ⮬   騩 .  室

  TCP        ,   ।   諥 ICMP

ᮮ饭.



       ⢮  ICMP ᮮ饭, 設⢮   ᮮ 

-   訡.   ,    祭  ᭮  ᮮ饭

   ७ࠢ騬   ᮮ饭   (Redirect   message).  

  㫥  ⨧樨,   㦨  㣮

  ᯮ   gateway,    ⪨ .

ਬ,  ᫥  㧪  ⠡ ⨧樨  sophus  

:  ᮤন    ⥬⨪,  FDDI ࠫ,

  㬮砭 㪠 gateway Groucho ᫨⥫쭮 業 (gcc1).



     ⮬,        quark  뫠  १ gcc1, 

॥  뫮   १ niels (gateway  ⤥ 䨧).  祭

⠪  ⠣ࠬ,  gcc1  㤥      -- 宩 , 

㤥  ࠢ      niels,    ᠬ ६  ICMP

ᮮ饭  sophus, 뢠  訩 .



         祭  ࠧ㬭, ⮬  ய 室

뢠     .   ஦, 

   ᪨   奬   ⨧樨,        RIP    ICMP

७ࠢ騥   ᮮ饭,        ᥣ    .  ICMP

७ࠢ    RIP ।  쪨   롮 

஢થ,        ⭮    ଠ樨      

諨  ࠧ   ,  ᤥ -

.



     3.6. ⥬   ⥩ (Domain Name System)



     3.6.1    (Hostname Resolution)



< >    ᠭ ,   TCP/IP    32

      ࠧ來 ஢. ,  㤥 㤭    



                                - 44 -



      .  ⮬,     "묨",  ⨯ gauss 

      strange. ⮬ ॡ ணࠬ  祭 IP   

      設    Hostname resolution.



     ਫ,  ஥   IP     ,

     ᤥ  ᮡ⢥묨 ᨫ  ⮣, 

頥    㭪,   ⮣  ᠭ, 

뢠  gethostbyname  (3)  gethostbyaddr (3). ࠤ樮,  

   㣨   楤  뫨  㯯஢    ⤥쭮  ⥪

 resolver;  Linux,   ⠭⭮ libc.



       쪮 ,  Ethernet,    ᪮쪨, 

祭  㤭  ন  ⠡,  ᮯ⠢    IP

ᠬ.    ଠ  筮  ࠭    䠩  /etc/hosts. 

   ६饭 ,   ७祭 ᮢ, 

      ᤥ  --     䠩 hosts   .

祢,        㤥  筮  㤭        訬

⢮ 設.



         襭  ⮩  ஡  -- NIS, ⥢ ଠ樮

⥬  ࠧࠡ⠭  Sun  Microsystems,    YP,  묨

࠭栬.  NIS ࠭ hosts 䠩 (  ଠ)   

    ,   ண   ⠭ ᢮ 䠩

᫨    室.   ,  ᯮᮡ 室 ⮫쪮  ⥩

।  ࠧ,  ⮬      ॡ  ন  

   業ࠫ쭮 設, ⠪    ⠫.



       Internet,  ࢮ砫쭮  ଠ      ࠭ 

⢥  䠩 HOSTS.TXT.  䠩 ন  NIC,  

  㦠  ᥬ  騬  ⪠.    ᫠,

   ᪮쪮   ஡.  ﭭ      ﭭ

४窠  䠩  HOSTS.TXT  ॣ୮  ॡ   ᮢ,

㧪    ࢥ,   ⨬  ⠫ ᫨誮 ᮪. 

  襩  ஡  ⠫  ਤ뢠    ( ᮢ 

०) .



       祬,   1984 ,   奬 -- DNS, ࠧࠡ⠭

Paul Mockapetris  訢  ஡ ६.



                                - 45 -





       3.6.2.    DNS



     DNS  ࣠뢠   ⮢  (domain).  --

  - 易 ⪮,    設   (

ਬ  設  㭨᪮ த,     BITNET),

          ਭ   ।   ࣠樨   (⨯

ਪ᪮  ࠢ⥫⢠),       ᪨ .

ਬ,   㭨   㯯஢     edu  ,    

⮬     ,  ᯮ騬  ⤥  , 

ன    室     . Groucho Marx  

  groucho.edu  ,  ⤥ ⥬⨪ -- maths.groucho.edu.

        ᢮   ⠪ ࠧ

砥  ᢮        Internet  erdos      ⥭ 

erdos.maths.groucho.edu.



     ⨭ 3.6.2 ࠦ ࠭⢮ .   ୥ ⮣

ॢ,    祭 ⢥ 窮, 쬠 筮 

  ,      易    ᥬ  㣨 ﬨ. ⮡

                ,   

⭮⥫쭮  쭮  ,  ᫥  ⠢ . 

,  ᫥   ਭ  .



       ᨬ   ⮯  娨 ,  

          top-level,    second-level,        third-level

(孥஢,   ண   ஢,    쥣  ஢).  

⢮  ஢ 砥 ।.  ᪮쪮 孨 ⥩,

    㢨:



      edu (  ࠧ  ) ࠧ⥫ ० 

           㭨⠬,  ...



      com ᪨ ࣠樨, .



      org ᪨ ࣠樨.   UUCP  室  ⮩

          .



      net Gateways  㣨 ⨢   .



                                - 46 -





      mil ਪ᪨  ०.



      gov ਪ᪨ ࠢ⥫⢥ ०.



      uucp 樠쭮,   ⪮ ० ᯮ㥬  UUCP 

             ⥩, 뫨 ६饭   .



     孨᪨,       ਭ ਪ᪮ 

Internet,    ⠬    ਪ᪨ ⪨.  ᮡ

୮   net . , mil  gov ᯮ ᪫⥫쭮 

.



       ,    ࠭   ᯮ ᮡ⢥ ,

      ࠭        㪢 । 

ISO-3166.  ﭤ, ਬ, ᯮ fi , fr ᯮ

࠭樥,   de   ଠ,   au   ࠫ      ...     ⮩

᮪⠢ , NIC  ࠭  ᢮ ࠧ

  ⠬.  ࠫ,  ਬ,      ண  ஢

  㭠த  訬  ,  com.au, edu.au, 

⠪   .   㣨,      ଠ,      ᯮ   

⥫  ஢,    ᯮ ᫥  , 

।⢥  ⭮    ࣠  ࠢ ᯥ᪮

. ਬ,  ਬ ftp.informatik.uni-erlangen.de.



     箭筮,    樮      ࠧ㬥   

ᯮ    䠪᪨ ᯮ  ⮩  ࠭;  ⮫쪮

ᨣ      ॣ஢  NIC ⮩ ࠭ . ᪨

⮢⥫            ⤥    ࠫ,      

ॣ஢    se .



     ,  ࣠  ࠭⢠    娨  ⥩

⭮  蠥  ஡  㭨쭮  ;  DNS,   

  㭨쭮  ⮫쪮  ।   ஬ ⮣, 

஢    쬠    .    DNS  

⮫쪮  :      । ࠡ  ﬨ 

ࠬ.  ਬ,      Groucho  ᫨⥫쭮

        ᮧ        ⤥;    㦥



                                - 47 -



⮫㫨   ﬨ 䨧  ⥬⨪.   , 

    ⤥  ᫨誮   堮筠, ⮡ ࠢ 

   ,    । ஫  physics.groucho.edu

  ࠬ  ⮩ .   ᢮ ᯮ짮,

    ⮢      IP   ।  

⥫⢠ ᢥ.



     ,  ࠭⢮  ࠧ஡  ,  ࠢ

᢮  .    ࠧ稥    :

   groucho.edu   ࠣ      設      Groucho  Marx

,     ६   groucho.edu 砥 ⮫쪮 ⮢

  ࠡ    ୮  業 ।⢥, ਬ 

⤥  ⥬⨪.      ⤥ 䨧 ਭ 㣮 , 

  physics.groucho.edu.    ⨭ 3.6.2, 砫  ⬥祭

쪨 㦮窮 ࠢ   .



     3.6.3     DNS



         ,        ﬨ   

      㦠᭮  ᫮ .   殢, ᫨ 

業ࠫ쭮  ࣠  ஫饣      易    

ᮬ, ⮣  - ஬ ਫ   㧭?!



       稭  ⢨⥫쭮 孨᪠  ᠭ DNS.

᫨        IP   erdos, ⮣, DNS ,  

 ,  ࠢ ,   ⢥ .



     ᪨,  DNS  -  ᪠  ।   . 

⢫  ।⢮  ⠪  뢠 ࢥ஢ (name server),

  ᭠    ଠ樥       ᪮쪨

  ࠧ.        ࠩ   ࢥ

,  ᮤঠ  ଠ ⭮⥫쭮 ⮢  ⮩ .

⮡   IP  erdos,     ᤥ -- 

  ࢥ      groucho.edu,    ।  ॡ㥬

.



       ᪠,        ᤥ, 㬠 .   

ࢥ   Groucho Marx ?  砥 ᫨   



                                - 48 -



㤮 address-resolving oracle, DNS ⠪ ᯥ稢 . 

  ਫ   ଠ ⭮⥫쭮 erdos,  室

  ⠪      ࢥ஬ ,  ஢ ⠪ 뢠

樮 . 砫  뫠  ࢥ   

,  訢    erdos.maths.groucho.edu. ࢥ  

ᮮ頥,        ਭ   稩,  

⮣ 뫠  edu .  ࠧ,  ।   

⠪    ࢥ஬     edu  祭 襣 ⢠

ଠ樨,    ਫ  ᯨ᮪    ࢥ஢  edu   

ᠬ.      ࢥ    諥       ,

ਬ  a.isi.edu.   ࢥ  , a.isi.edu  

  groucho.edu  ࠢ  ᢥ    ᠬ,   ࠢ   

ࢥ.    ࢥ     ,  

ᯮ ,  ਭ饥   ,  ୥ IP .



     ,     ᪠  IP   ᫨誮 

ᮢ.        ࠢ  ,  祬    ०  奬 

HOSTS.TXT.              ᮢ襭⢮ ⮩

奬.



     ⮡  㬥  ६ ⢥   ᮢ, ࢥ 

࠭  祭  ࠭ ଠ  .    ᫥騩 ࠧ,

  㣮  襩 쭮      

groucho.edu  ,    ࢥ   ஢  ᭮,  㤥

ࠧ   ࢥ  groucho.edu.



     筮,  ࢥ     㤥 ࠭  ଠ ᥣ, 

    १ ஥ ६.  ࢠ ६  time

to  live(६ ),  TTL. TTL  ஬ 

.



     3.6.4  ࢥ  (Domain Name Servers)



     ࢥ ,  ᮤঠ  ଠ ⭮⥫쭮 ⮢

  ।      묨  ⮩   

㯮  master name servers.   ⭮⥫쭮  

।  ⮩    㤥      殢  ।    

ࢥ஢.



                                - 49 -





     ⮡ ᯥ  ⨭ ,  ࢥ  

  ᨭ஭஢.    ⨣    ᮧ 

  ࢥ,    㦠   ଠ  䠩

,    㣨    ࢥ  १ ࠢ ࢠ ६

     ࢥ.



       稭  ᪮쪮 ࢥ஢  o  ⮬, ⮡

।    ࠡ,  㣠 -- .   設 

ࢥ஬   ,    뫠 㣨 ࢥࠬ.

筮,    奬   頥   ᡮ ࢥ,   

뫠  ࠢ ⢥    DNS, ਬ  訡 

ணࠬ ࢥ.



     筮,     ⠪ ᮧ ࢥ ,   㤥

     .  ⨯ ࢥ஢ ᯮ ⮡

஢      ਫ  ஢ ⢥. ⮬

 뢠 caching-only ࢥ஬.



     3.6.5   DNS



       ,  DNS    ⮫쪮  IP ᠬ ⮢, 

⠪   ଠ樥 ⭮⥫쭮 ࢥ஢ .  DNS 

 䠪᪨  楫  ࠧ ⨯ ᥩ.



       ଠ樨    DNS      resource record

(  ),    RR.       । ⨯,

뢠騩  ⨯  ,      ᠭ,  ।騩 ⨯

,      ன      ਬ.  ᫥  ᯮ  

। 奬 ᮢ, ⨯ IP ᮢ (IN ),  ᮢ

  Hesiod   (ᯮ㥬  MIT),  . ᭮  ᮢ

 ,  뢠     IP ᮬ.



     筮,        祬  . ,  

       ।  樠쭮,  ᪮

  ,   ६  ⠫  ᥢ. 稥 

  ⮬,  ᪮   易   ,   ६

   㣨  ⮫쪮      ⨯  CNAME,    㪠뢠  



                                - 50 -



᪮  .



         㤥  ਢ      ⨯ ᥩ,  ᤥ 

,  㣮 ,   ࠭稬 ⪨ ਬ஬. ⨭

3.6.5  뢠            㦥 

ࢥ    physics.groucho.edu.



     ஬  A  CNAME ,    ᯥ樠, 

᪮쪮  ப,    ᢥ  䠩.    -  SOA  ,

஢뢠  Start of Authority (砫 ),  ᮤন

  ଠ  ⭮⥫쭮 ,  ன  ࢥ 

.  砥, ਬ, ६    ᥩ.



              䠩  ਬ஬,  

稢   窮      ⭮⥫쭮   groucho.edu

.  樠쭮  "@", ᯮ㥬  SOA   饭

   .



      ,  ࢥ   groucho.edu  ⠪  

       -  ⭮⥫쭮    䨧  ⠪,  ⮡

ࠢ     ࢥࠬ  .    筮  ⨣  ன

ᥩ: NS   FQDN,   , 樨    IP

ᮬ.         ,   뢠

᪫묨  ﬨ.   -- 䠪᪨ ⢥ 砨 , 

ன  த⥫᪠    ন  ଠ  ⭮⥫쭮 ⮢ 

  稭.     㪠뢠騥  ࢥ  

physics.groucho.edu   㭪 3.6.5.



      ;

       ; Authoritative Information on physics.groucho.edu

      @                     IN    SOA          {

                           niels.physics.groucho.edu.

                           hostmaster.niels.physics.groucho.edu.

                           1034             ; serial no

                           360000           ; refresh

                           3600             ; retry

                           3600000          ; expire

                           3600             ; default ttl



                                - 51 -



                         }

      ;

      ; Name servers

                            IN    NS       niels

                            IN    NS       gauss.maths.groucho.edu.

      gauss.maths.groucho.edu. IN A        149.76.4.23

      ;

      ; Theoretical Physics (subnet 12)

      niels                 IN    A        149.76.12.1

                            IN    A        149.76.1.12

      nameserver            IN    CNAME    niels

      otto                  IN    A        149.76.12.2

      quark                 IN    A        149.76.12.4

      down                  IN    A        149.76.12.5

      strange               IN    A        149.76.12.6

      ...

      ; Collider Lab. (subnet 14)

      boson                 IN    A        149.76.14.1



      muon                  IN    A        149.76.14.7

      bogon                 IN    A        149.76.14.12

      ...



⨭ 5. ࠣ 䠩 amed.hosts  ⤥ .



     3.6.6.  .



     ᫥   㦥   IP  ,  ਭ饣  ,  

⥫쭮    ᪮   , ᮮ⢥饥 

.      뢠   reverse  mapping(⭮  ⮡ࠦ) 

ᯮ   ᪮쪨  ࢥᠬ,  ⮡  ஢  筮

.    ᯮ짮 ⢥ hosts 䠩,  

砥       ஢થ  ⮣  䠩.    DNS,  筮  

஢ ᬮ ᥣ ᭮ ࠭ᢠ.  ⮣, ᮧ

ᯥ樠쭠  , inaddr.arpa,  ᮤন IP   ⮢.

  ॢ⮩  dotted-quad    ਬ,  IP   149.76.12.4

ᮮ⢥    4.12.76.149.in-addr.arpa.      ,

뢠騩    , 뢠 PTR.



                                - 52 -





      ;

      ; Zone data for the groucho.edu zone.

      @                   IN       SOA          {

                           vax12.gcc.groucho.edu.

                           hostmaster.vax12.gcc.groucho.edu.

                           233              ; serial no

                           360000           ; refresh

                           3600             ; retry

                             3600000          ; expire

                           3600             ; default ttl

                         }

      ....

      ;

      ; Glue records for the physics.groucho.edu zone

      physics             IN     NS        niels.physics.groucho.edu.

                          IN     NS        gauss.maths.groucho.edu.

      niels.physics       IN     A         149.76.12.1

      gauss.maths         IN     A         149.76.4.23

      ...



⨭ 6. ࠣ 䠩 named.hosts  GMU.



         稩 筮 砥   ࠬ

   ஫  ⥬      ⮢. 

  筮 ࠢ    IP ﬨ  ﬨ, 

DNS    墠뢠 ᪮쪮 IP ⥩. ⤥ , ਬ,

砥  149.76.8.0, 149.76.12.0,  149.76.14.0.



       ᫥⢨,        ᠭ  in-addr.arpa

:        8.76.149.in-addr.arpa,       12.76.149.in-addr.arpa, 

14.76.149.in-addr.arpa.  ,  ⠭        Collider

ਨ  ॡ    饭    த⥫᪮    ⮡

⬥     in-addr.arpa 䠩. 쭠    

12   ⨭ 3.6.6. ⢥騥 ᪫   

  த⥫ 뢠  ⨭ 3.6.6.



      ;



                                - 53 -



      ; the 12.76.149.in-addr.arpa domain.

      @                IN     SOA   {

                           niels.physics.groucho.edu.

                           hostmaster.niels.physics.groucho.edu.

                           233 360000 3600 3600000 3600

                         }

      2                IN     PTR       otto.physics.groucho.edu.

      4                IN     PTR       quark.physics.groucho.edu.

      5                IN     PTR       down.physics.groucho.edu.

      6                IN     PTR       strange.physics.groucho.edu.



⨭ 7. ࠣ 䠩 named.rev   12.



      ;

      ; the 76.149.in-addr.arpa domain.

      @                   IN       SOA          {

                           vax12.gcc.groucho.edu.

                           hostmaster.vax12.gcc.groucho.edu.

                           233 360000 3600 3600000 3600

                         }

      ...

      ; subnet 4: Mathematics Dept.

      1.4              IN     PTR      sophus.maths.groucho.edu.

      17.4             IN     PTR      erdos.maths.groucho.edu.

      23.4             IN     PTR      gauss.maths.groucho.edu.

      ...

      ; subnet 12: Physics Dept, separate zone

      12               IN     NS       niels.physics.groucho.edu.

                       IN     NS       gauss.maths.groucho.edu.

      niels.physics.groucho.edu. IN  A 149.76.12.1

      gauss.maths.groucho.edu. IN  A   149.76.4.23

      ...



⨭ 8. ࠣ 䠩 named.rev   



       ᫥⢨ ⮣ ,    ᮧ ⮫쪮

    IP  ⥩,  ,    ,  ⢮  㫥 ⮢ 

netmasks   ⭮ 8.    Groucho Marx 



                                - 54 -



  netmask  255.255.255.0,  ⠪    in-addr.arpa   

ᮧ      .  ,  ᫨ netmask 255.255.255.128,

ᮧ       149.76.12.128 㤥 , ⮬ 

      ᮮ  DNS,    12.76.149.in-addr.arpa

   뫠   ࠧ஡         ,         ⮢

ᯮ騬  1  127,  128  255, ᮮ⢥⢥.

.

                                - 55 -







     4. 䨣஢ ⥢  ।.



     4.1. ன⢠, ࠩ,   



         ,    쬠    ਫ ⭮⥫쭮 ⥢

䥩ᮢ      ஡  TCP/IP,      ਫ    ⮬, 

ந室,    "⥢  "      頥    

।⢠.    ⮣,           楯

䥩ᮢ  ࠩ஢.



     -,  筮,  ।⢥  ।⢠,

ਬ  Ethernet  :  ⨭    ᨤ  ᬮ, 몠

訬  ⢮    稯    묨  ࠬ  , 

⪭    ᫮  襣  PC.    -        筮  뢠

ன⢮.



        ⮣   ⮡   ᯮ짮   Ethernet   ,  室

ᯥ樠  㭪樨, ᯮ   襣 Linux,  

   ࠡ     ⨬  ன⢮.    ⠪  뢠  ࠩ

ன.  ਬ,  Linux   ࠩ ன⢠  ᪮쪨

ப  Ethernet   祭 宦  믮塞 㭪. 

    "Becker  Series  Drivers" , 뢠 ⠪   

,  Donald  Becker.  㣮  ਬ  -  D-link  ࠩ,  

ࠡ⠥    ஬  D-link ⮢, ᮥ塞  ࠫ쭮

.



     ,     ࠧ㬨,  ਬ  ࠩ "ࠢ"

ன⢮?    ୥    Ethernet  ,      㦥

㯮.  ࠩ      ᯮᮡ ࠡ  ਥ ⮩

:   뫠    ,   ६  

 । 祭  ࠩ.



      PC,   ⠭ १   -뢮

    ⮡ࠦ  ॣ஢    ..   

      뫠  室 १  ॣ.

  -뢮  뢠  㪠 砫쭮( ᭮)



                                - 56 -



  ᭮   Ethernet  0x300,  0x360.



     筮,      ⭮⥫쭮 ஡ 

।,  ⨯  ᭮  ,  ⮬      

६   㧪   㦨  ⮯  .    뢠

autoprobing(⮬᪨  ),  砥    ६

㧪  뢠  ᪮쪮  ⪮   ࠢ ⠭

    ⥬,      , ᫨ ⠭ Ethernet. ,

   Ethernet  ,          ⮬᪨

㦨;   砥  襢묨 Ethernet ⠬.



     ,    ६ 㧪,  㤥  㦨 ⮫쪮

  Ethernet  ன⢮. ᫨  ᯮ  祬  ,

   ᮮ   ⮩ .



     㣮  ࠬ,      ᮮ  -- interrupt

request  channel  (  뢠  ).   

।  筮  뢠        㦤    ,

ਬ    ਡ뫨  ,   ந諨 㣨 ᮡ.  PC,

뢠  ந室    15  (0, 1, 3   15).

  뢠 祭   । 뢠

interrupt request channel  IRQ.



       ᠭ    3.,  頥  ன⢠ १ ⠪

뢠 䥩. 䥩 । ࠪ  㭪権,

   ⠭묨   ⨯  ।, ⨯

뫪  祭 ⠣ࠬ.



     䥩      ।⢮   .      

।    ,     䠩 ன  ४ਨ /dev.

      䥩ᮢ  Ethernet.  -  eth0,  eth1,    ..

祭  䥩ᮢ    । ன 筮  

ᯮᮡ,      ன⢠   䨣஢;   ਬ   ࢠ

⠭  Ethernet    ⠭  eth0, ᫥ -- eth1,  ⠪

.   ᪫祭    ⮣  ࠢ  -  SLIP  䥩,  

  ᪨;      直 ࠧ,  ⠭

SLIP , ᫥⥫쭮  砥 䥩





                                - 57 -



     ⨭  ஡       묨 ।⢠,

ࠩࠬ ன  䥩ᠬ.



      ६ 㧪,  뢠  ன⢠ 㦥, 

    䥩  㤥  ⠭. ࠣ ⨯筮 ࠭

㧪:



     This processor honours the WP bit even when in supervisor mode. Good.

     Floppy drive(s): fd0 is 1.44M

     Swansea University Computer Society NET3.010

     IP Protocols: ICMP, UDP, TCP

     PPP: version 0.2.1 (4 channels) OPTIMIZE FLAGS

     TCP compression code copyright 1989 Regents of the University of California

     PPP line discipline registered.

     SLIP: version 0.7.5 (4 channels)

     CSLIP: code copyright 1989 Regents of the University of California

     dl0: D-Link DE-600 pocket adapter, Ethernet Address: 00:80:C8:71:76:95

     Checking 386/387 coupling... Ok, fpu using exception 16 error reporting.

     Linux version 1.1.11 (okir@monad) #3 Sat May 7 14:57:18 MET DST 1994



          ஢  TCP/IP,   ࠩࠬ

  SLIP,  CSLIP,    PPP.    ப  c   ᮮ頥,  

㦥   d-link,   ⠭  䥩 dl0. ᫨ 

  Ethernet  ,    筮 ⠥ ப, 稭 

eth0,    ᮯ஢  ⨯  㦥  .  ᫨   

Ethernet  ,      㢨  ᮮ饭,  砥  

ᯮᮡ 㦨  .  ⮬  ਬ .



     4.2. 䨣஢ 



     設⢮   Linux   ࠭        㧮묨

᪥⠬,  ࠡ騬    ᥬ ᭮묨 ⨯  ।

PC.    砥     ᪥    ࠩ஢,

        ਣ,   ࠣ業

  ⥬  ⮬         ᢮. ⮬, 

  ᮡ   ᮡ⢥ ,  ⮫쪮 室 

ࠩ.





                                - 58 -



        ࠢ  Linux  ⥬,          

஥  .  ᭮ ⮣   "Installation and Getting

Started"  ᠭ Matt Welsh,   ⠪  ஥

Linux 㬥樨. ⮬,  ⮩ ᥪ樨  㤥 㦤 ⮫쪮 

஭ 䨣樨 Linux,  ⭮  .



       ᪥  make  config,  ᭠砫  訢 騥 

䨣樨,  ਬ             ⥬᪨

    ,    ...       ᮢ --   

প  TCP/IP  .      ⢥  y, ⮡  

ᯮᮡ ࠡ  .



     4.2.1. 樨   Linux 1.0  



     ᫥  ⮣,    ᭮    ᮢ , 䨣

த 訢  ⭮⥫쭮 ࠧ ᮡ⥩ ⨯ SCSI

ࠩ஢,  ...



     ᫥騩 ᯨ᮪ ᮢ ⭮  ஡ প .

       権   䨣樨   ﭭ   ,   -

த饩   ࠧࠡ⪨.      ᯨ᮪   権  ।

設⢮  ᨩ    (  ᭮   1.0 1.1)   (

ਨ  italics ⮬):

     *

     * Network device support

     *

     Network device support? (CONFIG ETHERCARDS) [y]



     ᬮ        㪠    ᪮,    

⢥        y,  ᫨    ᯮ짮  ⨯

⥢  ன, ᨬ  ⮣    Ethernet, SLIP,

   PPP.     ⢥  y,  প    ன  Ethernet-⨯

ࠧ蠥   ⮬᪨.   প     㣨  ⨯  ⥢

ࠩ஢ 㦭 ࠧ ⤥쭮:



     SLIP (serial line) support? (CONFIG SLIP) [y]

     SLIP compressed headers (SL COMPRESSED) [y]

     PPP (point-to-point) support (CONFIG PPP) [y]



                                - 59 -



     PLIP (parallel port) support (CONFIG PLIP) [n]



           ࠧ ⮪ 裡 ন

Linux.   SLIP      ࠭ᯮ஢  IP  ⠣ࠬ  १

᫥⥫ .  ᦠ  ᯥ稢 প

CSLIP,  騩  ᦨ  TCP/IP    ᥣ      .

        砥 CSLIP ⮬᪨,

  ᯥ稢 室 㭪樨  .



     PPP  -  㣮 ⮪  ஥ ⥩  ᫥⥫묨

.          祬 SLIP,   ࠭祭 ⮫쪮 IP, 

⠪  ন  IPX.    প PPP 뫠 祭 ⮫쪮

,      ।⠢  襬 .



     PLIP ᯥ稢 뫪 IP ⠣ࠬ १ ࠫ .

    ࠧ  ᯮ    ⮣ ⮡ 易  PC 

ࠢ DOS.



     騥   ⭮襭  Ethernet ⠬  ࠧ

⠢騪.      ⠭  ࠩ஢,  ⥬    ⠭

ᮢ.  ᫨  䨣   ᪮쪨 ࠧ 設,

  ⠭  祬  ࠩ.



     NE2000/NE1000 support (CONFIG NE2000) [y]

     WD80*3 support (CONFIG WD80x3) [n]

     SMC Ultra support (CONFIG ULTRA) [n]

     3c501 support (CONFIG EL1) [n]

     3c503 support (CONFIG EL2) [n]

     3c509/3c579 support (CONFIG EL3) [n]

     HP PCLAN support (CONFIG HPLAN) [n]

     AT1500 and NE2100 (LANCE and PCnet-ISA) support (CONFIG LANCE) [n]

     AT1700 support (CONFIG AT1700) [n]

     DEPCA support (CONFIG DEPCA) [n]

     D-Link DE600 pocket adaptor support (CONFIG DE600) [y]

     AT-LAN-TEC/RealTek pocket adaptor support (CONFIG ATP) [n]

     *

     * CD-ROM drivers

     *



                                - 60 -



      ...



     ,    ᥪ樨 䠩 ⥬, ਯ 䨣樨 

        প  NFS.  NFS   ᯮ஢

䠩  ⥬   㣨 ⮢, ⠪  䠩  ४ਨ 

室騬   設.



        NFS filesystem support (CONFIG NFS FS) [y]



     4.2.2. 樨   Linux 1.1.14  



       ᪥  Linux  1.1.14,       প IPX,

楤  䨣樨  ᫥  .    ᥪ 権 ⥯

            প    .    

ᮯ஢ ன ᮢ  ࠧ .



     *

     * Networking options

     *

     TCP/IP networking (CONFIG INET) [y]



     ⮡ ᯮ짮 TCP/IP ,   ⢥   

y.  ᫨    ⢥砥  n,  㤥   ᯮᮡ ᮡ  

প IPX.



    IP forwarding/gatewaying (CONFIG IP FORWARD) [n]



           ⢥  Y,  ᫨   ⥬  

gateway    Ethernet,   Ethernet  SLIP,  ... 

   稭   ।   ⠭         㬮砭,      ⮡

⪮䨣஢   ⠪ 뢠 firewall,   ⢥

  .  Firewalls  --      易    

ﬨ,         . 筮  ᯮ ⮡

ᯥ  짮⥫ ⥩  㯮  Internet  

஭   . 짮⥫  室  firewall 

ࠡ  Internet,  設   饭   

, ⮬   譨     firewall.

     *



                                - 61 -



     * (it is safe to leave these untouched)

     *

     PC/TCP compatibility mode (CONFIG INET PCTCP) [n]



         ࠡ⠥    ᮢ⨬    묨 ﬨ

PC/TCP,  ᪨ TCP/IP 믮묨  DOS. ᫨  ࠧ蠥

  ,        㤥  ᯮᮡ   ଠ쭮 Unix

設,   ।   ᮥ.



     Reverse ARP (CONFIG INET RARP) [n]



        㭪   砥  RARP.  RARP  ᯮ  ᪮묨

⠬    X-ନ    ६  㧪   ᢮ IP

.  RARP  室  ⮫쪮    ࠡ   ⨬ ⠬. 

᫥   ⥢ ⨫ (net-0.32d) ᮤন  ⨫

rarp     ⥬  RARP .



      Assume subnets are local (CONFIG INET SNARL) [y]



       뫪      TCP , । ।祩  IP, 

ࠧ  ⮪  ᪮쪮 ⮢. 訥  ᯮ 

ࠡ   쭮  ⨯ Ethernet, 訥  砥,  

뫠  㤠-  .  ᫨    頥  SNARL,   㤥

ࠡ  ⮫쪮    묨  ﬨ,     ।⢥

祭.  ,  ᫨    ᬮ    B  Groucho Marx

,  ⠬  設⢮  ⮢ 祭  ⮫쪮  

  .  ᫨  ࠧ蠥 SNARL,  㤥 । 

     ᯮ 訥   ࠧ  ᥬ

⠬  㭨᪮ த.



     ᫨      ᯮ짮 訥 ࠧ ⮢  

᫠  ।  ⠬ (⮬ , ਬ,  室

१   SLIP  ),      c    ᯮ  mtu  樨

⨧樨,  ⪮ 㦤   ⮩ .



      Disable NAGLE algorithm (normally enabled) (CONFIG TCP NAGLE OFF) [n]



     ࠢ  Nagle  ᯮ  ⮡  뫪 쪨 IP



                                - 62 -



⮢,   ⠪     tinygrams.  Tinygrams  筮  ᮧ

묨  ⥢묨 ணࠬ,  । ⤥ ᨬ,

⨯  telnet    rsh.  Tinygrams   ᮡ 㤮묨 

裡    㧪  .  Nagle   ⠥  

ᤥন   ⥫⢠ । TCP .  ⮨

⪫  Nalge , ⮫쪮 ᫨    쥧 ஡ 

祭 ⮢.



     The IPX protocol (CONFIG IPX) [n]



           砥   প   IPX,  ࠭ᯮ  ⮪

ᯮ㥬  Novell  ﬨ.          ࠧࠡ⪥    祭

.  ⢥  짠  --  묨  IPX ⨫⠬ DOS 

।    訬 novell ﬨ १ PPP . প

⮪  ᮪  ஢    Novell    ਬ 饬 

㤥, ⠪  ᯥ䨪樨 ᯫ⭮  .



        1.1.16, Linux ন   ⨯ ࠩ, dummy

driver  (䨪⨢  ࠩ).  騩       砫

ᥪ樨 ࠩ஢ ன.



     Dummy net driver support (CONFIG DUMMY) [y]



     ⨢  ࠩ    ⢨⥫쭮  ,  쬠

    ⮭  SLIP .   ᭮ ᪨஢

loopback 䥩.   䥩 㦥  ,  

SLIP    Ethernet,    䥩,   ६

ন  IP .    㦤  ᥪ樨 6.7.7  

6 ..



     4.3. ⢨  ⥢ ன⢠ Linux



     Linux    ন ᪮쪮 ࠩ஢  ࠧ ⨯

㤮.     ᥪ    ⪨    ᥬ  㯭

ࠩ஢,   䥩ᮢ, ᯮ㥬  .



      Linux   ⠭  䥩ᮢ,  ᠭ

.  設⢮  ࠩ஢  ন  祬  䥩,



                                - 63 -



⮣ 䥩    eth0, eth1,  ...



     lo  䥩  loopback.  ᯮ  ⫠, 

          ⠪ ன ⥢ ਫ.  ࠡ⠥  ⮬ 横,

            ⠣ࠬ, । , ⥢ ஢ ⮣ 

          .     ᥣ  loopback ன⢮,  

          讣 ᫠  稨 襣  襣 ⢠.



     ethn n- Ethernet .   䥩  

          襭⢠ Ethernet .



      dln  䥩 㯠  D-Link  DE-600 ⭮  (㣮

          Ethernet ன⢮).   ⮬,  DE-600

          ࠡ⠥ १ ࠫ .



      sln n- SLIP 䥩. ࢠ ᫥⥫쭠  ⪮䨣㥬  SLIP

          ⠭ sl0,  ...  ন    SLIP

          䥩ᮢ.



     pppn n- PPP 䥩.  SLIP 䥩ᠬ, PPP 䥩

          易  ᫥⥫쭮 , ᫨ ⮫쪮  ⪮䨣஢ 

          PPP.  饥 ६ ন  

          䥩ᮢ.



     plipn n- PLIP 䥩. PLIP ࠭ᯮ IP ⠣ࠬ 

          ࠫ . ন   PLIP 䥩ᮢ.

           ⠭ PLIP ࠩ஬  㧪 ⥬,

           ⮡ࠦ ࠫ .



       㣨  ࠩ஢ 䥩,     

饬,  ISDN  AX.25,  ।⠢ 㣨 .



       ᫥  ᥪ,    㤥  㦤 ⠫ ᯮ짮

ࠩ஢ ᠭ .





     4.4. ⠭ Ethernet





                                - 64 -



       Linux  ন ࠧ ન Ethernet . 

ᥣ  ࠩ஢  뫨  ᠭ  Donald Becker (becker@super.org). 

   ᥬ⢠   ࠩ஢         ᭮     National

Semiconductor  8390  稯;    ⠫  묨      Becker

ࠩ஢.    ⠪ ࠩ     D-Link, ।

  D-Link  ,    ।      Ethernet  १

ࠫ   .   ࠩ          ᠭ  Bjrn  Ekwall

(bj0rn@blox.se).   DEPCA   ࠩ      ᠭ   David  C.  Davies

(davies@wanton.lkg.dec.com).                         



     4.4.1. ப Ethernet .



     ᫨   ⠭ Ethernet   襩 , ᪮쪮

᪠    ᫮        .  Ethernet  -  祭

ᢨ⥫    ࠢ쭮  ப  .    

殢  뢠 50  १஬    ⢥⢫. ᫨ 

ᯮ  ⮭    T-ࠧ묨 BNC 室,  室

  祭 ।⢥  .



     ᫨    ᯮ  ⮫ ,   ᮥ 

 १ transceiver.   ⪭ transceiver ।⢥

AUI   襩 ,   ⠪ ᯮ짮 ᮪ .



     4.4.2. প 



       ᯨ᮪  ন    㯥   Ethernet HOWTOs

ᯮ  comp.os.linux.announce Paul Gortmaker.



      ᯨ᮪  ப  , ন Linux.

  ᯨ᮪  HOWTO ਡ⥫쭮   ࠧ . , 

᫨    諨        ⮬ ᯨ᪥, ஢ ᭠砫 HOWTO;

      ⠫  ⭮⥫쭮  ࠡ  . 

ਬ,    DMA-᭮  Ethernet    ᯮ  

ᠬ  DMA        Adaptec  1542  SCSI  ஫.  ᫨  

६      㣮 DMA ,  㤨,  

Ethernet          ந   襣 ⪮

᪠.





                                - 65 -



3Com EtherLink  ন  3c503  3c503/16,  - 3c507  3c509. 3c501

          ⠪ ন,  ᫨誮 , ⮡  㯠.



Novell Eagle NE1000  NE2000,  ࠧࠧ . NE1500  NE2100 ⠪

          ন.



Western Digital/SMC WD8003  WD8013 (   ᠬ   SMC Elite  SMC Elite

          Plus) ঠ ⠪    SMC Elite 16 Ultra.





Hewlett Packard HP 27252, HP 27247B  HP J2405A.





D-Link DE-600 pocket adaptor, DE-100, DE-200,  DE-220-T..  ⠪

            DE-650-T,   PCMCIA ⮩. (4)





DEC DE200 (32K/64K), DE202, DE100,  DEPCA rev E.





Allied Teliesis AT1500 and AT1700.



     ⮡ ᯮ짮    ,   ᯮ짮 

      Linux ਡ権.    ࠩ 

   . ,  ᮡ  ᮡ⢥   ᮡ 

⢥ ࠩ஬,  ஬  䠪᪨ 㦤.





     4.4.3.  ⮬᪮ । Ethernet



       ६ 㧪, Linux ஡     ।

 ⨯.    ᫥騬 ᠬ   ᫥饬 浪:



------------------------------------------------------

+--------------+-------------------------------------+

|         |  ᪠                       |

+--------------+-------------------------------------+

|WD/SMC        | 0x300, 0x280, 0x380, 0x240          |



                                - 66 -



|SMC 16 Ultra  | 0x300, 0x280                        |

|3c501         | 0x280                               |

|3c503         | 0x300, 0x310, 0x330, 0x350, 0x250,  |

|              | 0x280, 0x2a0, 0x2e0                 |

|NEx000        | 0x300, 0x280, 0x320, 0x340, 0x360   |

|HP            | 0x300, 0x320, 0x340, 0x280, 0x2C0,  |

|              | 0x200, 0x240                        |

|DEPCA         | 0x300, 0x320, 0x340, 0x360          |

+--------------+-------------------------------------+

+--------------+-------------------------------------+



         ࠭祭  autoprobing.    ,    

ᯮ          ࠧ.    ᮡ  ᠥ

    襢      ,  ⠪  

WD80x3 .  ஡ o  ⮬,   室  

  .  ᫨    ᯮ    祬  ,  ᫨

autoprobe      ﭨ  㦨    ,     

ᮮ  ᭮    .



      Net-3,  ⮣   ᯮ짮  ࠧ 奬 

  o    ⮬,  ⮡     ଠ  䠩

drivers/net/Space.c     室    ,    ᮤন  

ଠ  ⭮⥫쭮  ࠩ஢.  ४ ⮫쪮, ᫨ 

    ⥢ . 訩  o  ⮬, ⮡ ᯥ

  ⮩  ଠ樥    㧪.  ᫨   ᯮ lilo 

㧪 襩 ⥬,   । ࠬ , ।

   १        lilo.conf.  ⮡  ᮮ      Ethernet

ன⢥,   । ᫥騩 ࠬ:



     ether=irq,base addr,param1,param2,name



        ࠬ ᫮,   ६  ᫥ - 

ன⢠.  ᫮ 祭 易⥫; ᫨  饭 

ࠢ  ,    㤥  ஡  ᠬ 㦨  祭 

ᯮ 祭 ⠭  㬮砭.



       ࠬ  ⠭  IRQ    ன⢠. ᫨  

㪠,   㤥 ஡ 㦨 IRQ  ᠬ. 3c503 ࠩ



                                - 67 -



   ᯥ樠   ᮡ,         롨

᢮   IRQ   (   5,  9,  3,  4)    䨣஢    

ᯮ짮 ⮩ .



     addr  ࠬ  ᭮  -뢮 ; 祭

 ᮮ頥  ᫥  ᥭ  ᫥騩 ᯨ᮪.



     騥      ࠬ      ᯮ짮   -ࠧ

ࠧ묨 ࠩࠬ.    ࠧ塞  ⨯ WD80x3, 

।  砫       ࠧ  .

㣨    筮  ᯮ  param1  ⮡ ⠭ ஢

⫠筮  ଠ樨.    1   7  㢥稢騥 ஢

஡,      ६    8 몫砥 ; 0 砥 祭

⠭    㬮砭.  3c503  ࠩ  ᯮ param2 ⮡

   ७  transceiver  (⠭    㬮砭)  

譨 transceiver ( 祭 1).  ᯮ BNC; ᫥ --

AUI .



     ᫨         Ethernet  ,        

।  ⮬᪨,    ࠬ  ன    lilo.

,      㤮⮢ਫ,    ࠩ  砩  室

  ,   ६  ࢠ  㤥 ॣ஢ .

    ᤥ, 㪠뢠  lilo  ᫥ ࠭⢮

-뢮 ⮥ ன ⮩.



     ਬ,    Linux  ⠭  Ethernet   0x300

 eth1,   । ᫥騥 ࠬ  :



    Reserve=0x300,32 ether=0,0x300, eth1



     reserve    ॡ  ⮡    ࠩ   ண 

᫥   ࠭⢮  -뢮  ண  ன⢠.  

 ⠪ ᯮ짮 ࠬ   ࠢ  ᪮:



     Reserve=0x340,32 ether=0,0x340, eth0



     ⮡  몫  autoprobing ,   । addr 

-1:



                                - 68 -





     Ether=0,-1, eth0



     4.5. PLIP ࠩ



     PLIP  ᭮    IP  ࠫ   ᯮ, ᫨

室  ᮥ    設.   ᯮ ࠫ  

ᯥ樠       ⨣ ᪮⥩  10/c 

20/ᥪ.



     PLIP    ࢮ砫쭮  ࠧࠡ⠭    Crynwr. 쭮

ਣ  ஥:  祭 ⥫쭮 ६ ࠫ 

  PC  ᯮ짮    ᭮  ਭ஢;   ᥬ 

ᯮ짮  ⮫쪮  ⮡  ᫠      PC   ਩

ன⢮    㤠  .  PLIP ࠡ⠥, 室  ࠭祭,

ᯮ       ﭨ      ,    

।    -    ࠧ    設.  ० ࠡ

뢠   mode   zero   PLIP   (0   ᯮᮡ   PLIP).   ,  

ࠢ       ᯮ. ⮬,

 ⠪ PLIP ७,  ᯮᮡ 1  ᯮ

 8 ࠧ來 䥩.



       饥 ६, ⮫쪮 Linux ন 0 ᯮᮡ.  ⫨稨

    ࠭  ᨩ  PLIP, ⥯  ⠥  ᮢ⨬ 

PLIP  ᤥ  Crynwr,  ⠪ PLIP ࠩ஬  NCSA telnet. ⮡

ᮥ    設  ᯮ騥  PLIP,   ॡ ᯥ樠

 -- "Null Printer"  "Turbo Laplink" .   ᤥ

  ᠬ. ਫ 20.3 뢠 .



     LIP ন 讥 ⢮ .  饥 ६ 

ন Niibe Yutaka.



     ᫨   PLIP       ,    ⠭  ⥢

䥩               ⮢   ਭ,  plip0

ᮮ⢥  ࠫ쭮    lp0,  plip1  --  lp1,    ... 

饥 ६ 䥩 ⮡ࠦ   ᫥騬 ࠧ:







                                - 69 -



--------------------------------

+-----------+-----------+------+

| 䥩 | I/O   | IRQ  |

+-----------+-----------+------+

|plip0      | 0x3BC     | 7    |

|plip1      | 0x378     | 7    |

|plip2      | 0x278     | 5    |

+-----------+-----------+------+

+-----------+-----------+------+



     ᫨  ⪮䨣஢   ਭ -㣮,  

  祭  drivers/net/Space.c  室  Linux, 

ᮡ  .



        ⮡ࠦ      砥,  ,        

ᯮ짮      ࠫ      .  PLIP  ࠩ

頥           ⮫쪮,      ᮮ⢥騩   䥩

⪮䨣஢.



     4.6. SLIP  PPP ࠩ



     SLIP (Serial Line IP),  PPP ( Point-to-Point ⮪ ) - ப

ᯮ㥬  ⮪   뫪 IP ⮢ १ ᫥⥫쭮

ᮥ.   ० । ⥫䮭 SLIP  PPP  

設    室    Internet,  ⠪ ࠧ ᯥ稢 IP

 栬.



     ⮡  SLIP  PPP,  ॡ 䨪樨 

।.      ᯮ짮   ᫥⥫ . 

஡  ⮬ ᠭ   5.

.

                                - 70 -







     5. ⠭ ᫥⥫  ।



      ,  - ⠬  ,   ⮫쪮

  PC         T1 Internet ᮥ. ⮡ 

᢮     ⥩  ,    SLIP ,

UUCP  ,    ⥬ ଠ樮 ⠡ (BBS),  ᯮ

⥫䮭 .



        ᠭ    ,    .

,    讥 ⢮ ⠫,     㤥

,  ਬ  䨣஢  .   ⥬ 

墠祭    ᮧ饬  Serial HOWTO Greg Hankins,  ॣ୮

ࠢ    comp.os.linux.announce.





     5.1. 㭨樮 ணࠬ ᯥ祭   裡



        㭨樮 ⮢ 㯭  Linux. 

    --  ନ ணࠬ,   짮⥫

   㣮   ࠡ    ᨤ ।

 ନ.



     ࠤ樮  ନ쭠  ணࠬ  Unix -- kermit. 

   㤮  ணࠬ,    ন  ᯨ᮪  ⥫䮭

஢,  모    ᠭ  ਯ⮢  ᮢ  ᠭ 室 

㤠  ⥬,    ...    -- minicom,   

  ନ ணࠬ  DOS.  ⠪ -᭮

 㭨権, ਬ seyon.



     , 㯭 ᪮쪮 linux-᭮ BBS ⮢  ,

    ࠢ  ⥬ ଠ樮 ⠡.  

    ⮢                    sunsite.unc.edu 

/pub/Linux/system/Network.



     ஬    ନ   ணࠬ,      ⠪   ணࠬ

ᯥ祭,   ஥   ᯮ   ᫥⥫        



                                - 71 -



ࠪ⨢  ०    ࠭ᯮ஢         襣

.  २⢮  ⮩  孨   ⮬,  ॡ ࠧ

    ६,   ⮡   㧨   ᪮쪮      

⮬᪨,  祬            ⥭ 襩 

ࠪ⨢    ஬  ⮢ 騪  㤠 設  

ᬮ  ᭮ ଠ樨  BBS.  㣮 ஭,  ॡ

         ᪥   -  讣  ⢠  ᯮ

ଠ樨,   筮 砥.



     ᭮  ।⠢⥫  ⮣    ணࠬ ᯥ祭 --

UUCP.  UUCP --   ணࠬ,   ஢ 䠩

      㣮, 믮 ணࠬ  ⤠ , 

...     ᯮ  ࠭ᯮ஢   ⥩ 

  .  Ian  Taylor's UUCP ,  ࠡ⠥  Linux,

ᠭ      ᫥饩   .            㣮  

㭨樮   ணࠬ  ᯥ祭,  ਬ,  ᯮ㥬 

Fido.  Fido ਫ  ifmail ⠪ 㯭.



     SLIP  室  - ।  ᯮ  묨

⠪    -묨  ਫﬨ.  ⢮  ᯮ SLIP

⮡      㭨᪮      - 㣮

⢥ SLIP ࢥ, ⮡ ࠢ FTP ﬨ,  ... SLIP

  ⠪  ᯮ짮    ﭭ  㯮ﭭ 裡

-,    ᪮॥ ISDN.





     5.2. ।⠢ ᫥⥫ ன



     Unix   ᯥ稢 饭  ᫥⥫ ன⢠,

  ttys.    -  ᮪饭    Teletype(tm),

  諮    ᭮ ⮢⥫ ନ. 

ନ  ᯮ    饥  ६      ᭮  

ᨬ      ன⢠.      ⮩  ,    㤥

ᯮ짮    ନ  ᪫⥫쭮    ⭮襭  ன⢠

.



       Linux    tty: (㠫) ᮫, ᥢ

ନ  (  㯫᭮  ,  ᯮ㥬 ਫﬨ



                                - 72 -



⨯  X11)  ᫥⥫ ன⢠. ᫥ ⠪ 

  ttys,  ⮬        ᮧ   ᨨ 

᫥⥫쭮   裡;      ⥭ᨢ-  ନ  

㤠  ᮥ    ⥫䮭 .



     Ttys      䨣㥬  ࠬ஢    

⠭    ioctl .    ਬ ⮫쪮

  ᫥⥫  ன,  ⠪      㦤   让

  ⮣, ⮡ ࠡ  騬 ⨯ ᮥ.



     ।      ࠬ஢    --  ᪮   

.      ⠪  䫠  ८ࠧ  孨 

   ॣࠬ   ᨬ,      ..  Tty  ࠩ    ⠪

ন  ࠧ  樨 ,  ⠢ ࠩ 

ᥡ  ᮢ襭    ࠧ.  ਬ, SLIP ࠩ  Linux 

।⠢  ନ ᯥ樠 樯.



       ⠪  ᫥ ⭮⥫쭮 ⮣ 

  ᪮  .  ࠢ쭮 - bit rate(⮢ ७),

஥  易  ᪮  ७    ᥪ㭤 (

bps    ⪮).  ,   뢠   (Baud),  ⮦

୮.      ନ,  ,   塞.  ⭮ 

䨧᪮  ࠪ⨪  ண ᫥⥫쭮 ன⢠, 

 ६  ஥ ந諠 । . ⮢ ७

砥 ⥪饥 ﭨ 饩 ᫥⥫쭮 裡 

  窠,      । ᫮ ⮢ ।  ᥪ㭤.

             祭  筮  ࠧ,  ᪮

設⢮  ன     祬    ᪨

.



     5.3.   ᫥⥫ ன⢠



       ᥬ ன⢠  Unix ⥬, ᫥⥫ 

㯭  १  ᯥ樠 䠩, ᯮ騥  ४ਨ /dev.

   ⢠ 䠩 ன, 易  ᫥⥫묨

ࠩࠬ,        ,      䠩    

⢠.    ᨬ   䠩  ஬ , ன⢮

㤥  ᥡ -ࠧ.



                                - 73 -





       䠩  ॡ    砥,  ᫨   ᯮ 

室;          4,  䠩  ttyS0, ttyS1, 

...    ᯮ   室; 䠩  cua0,  .., 

      5.  ⥫      

⨯.  ᫨     祭    ⮢  COM1  COM4,

⥫    㤥    COM      63.  ᫨  

⠭   ⫨筠      ⮩,   ਬ    ᯮ짮  

ন饩 ⢮ ᫥⥫ ,  

 Serial Howto.



     ।,        室    COM2.  ࠧ

⥫    㤥  65,      㤥 5.

⥫쭮,      ன⢮  cua1  ஥   

.  ᬮ  ᯨ᮪  ᫥⥫ ttys  ४ਥ /dev.

  5    6          ⥫ ,

ᮮ⢥⢥:



     $ ls -l /dev/cua*

     crw-rw-rw-   1 root     root       5,  64 Nov 30 19:31  /dev/cua0

     crw-rw-rw-   1 root     root       5,  65 Nov 30 22:08  /dev/cua1

     crw-rw-rw-   1 root     root       5,  66 Oct 28 11:56  /dev/cua2

     crw-rw-rw-   1 root     root       5,  67 Mar 19  1992  /dev/cua3



     ᫨      ⠪  ன,      ᮧ  :  

㯥-짮⥫  



     # mknod -m 666 /dev/cua1 c 5 65

     # chown root.root /dev/cua1



       । ᮧ ᨬ᪮ 裡 /dev/modem

  ன⢮ , ⠪, ⮡ 砩 짮⥫  

뫨    ᪮쪮  ⨢  cua1. ,   

ᯮ짮  modem      ணࠬ,    ॠ쭮   䠩

ன⢠    㣮.    - ⮬   ணࠬ ᯮ ⠪

뢠   䠩    (lock  files)    祭  ⮣,  

ன⢮ ᯮ.  ᮮ⢥⢨  ᮣ襭,  䠩 

 cua1, ਬ,  LCK..cua1. ᯮ짮 ࠧ 䠩



                                - 74 -



ன⢠    ⮣    ᠬ  ਢ  ⮬,  ணࠬ

    ﭨ ᯮ 䠩    , 

    ᯮ짮  ன⢮      ६.  १,

 ਫ   ࠡ .



     5.4.  ।⢠  ᫥⥫ .



     Linux        饥    ६    ন    ࠧࠧ

᫥⥫  ,   ᯮ ⠭ RS-232. RS-232 

饥   ६      騩   ⠭    ᫥⥫

㭨権   PC.



          ।⢠  handshake  易⥫,    祭

.             ⠭権  ᨣ஢ 

⮢          ⮬,    㣠 ⠭ 

    ਥ    ࠡ⠥  㯠騥  .  

ᯮ㥬    "Clear to Send" (묨  뫪 

CTS)    "Ready  to  Send"(⮢묨  ᫠  RTS), ᮮ⢥⢥,

,    ஥    handshake  ।, 

 "RTS/CTS".



       PC, 䥩 RS-232 筮 ࠢ UART 稯, 祭

 16450 稯,     ᨨ, NSC 16550A.  ન

(  ᮡ  ७   㤮 ஬ 稯 Rockwell)

ᯮ  㣨  稯,   뫨 ணࠬ஢, ⮡ 

ᥡ ⠪   16550-.



      ࠧ稥  16450  16550 ,  ᫥  FIFO

 ࠧ஬ 16 ,   ६   ⮫쪮 1 



        16450 室騬  ᪮  9600 ,   ६

      ᪮⥩ ॡ 稯 ᮢ⨬  16550. ஬

  稯,  Linux  ⠪  ন  8250 稯,   ᤥ

ᯥ樠쭮  PC-AT.



        ⠭⭮   䨣樨,         ⠭

᫥⥫   COM1  COM4.  뢠  ன⢠

 ⥫묨 ࠬ  64  67, ⠪  ᠭ .



                                - 75 -





     ᫨      ⪮䨣஢    ᫥⥫ 

-㣮,       ⠭  Ted  Tso's  setserial   

rc.serial  ਯ.   ਯ  뢠  /etc/rc  ६

㧪   ⥬.    ᯮ  setserial  ⮡  䨣஢

᫥⥫ ன⢠.  rc.serial ਯ  :



     # /etc/rc.serial - serial line configuration script.

     #

     # Do wild interrupt detection

     /sbin/setserial -W /dev/cua*



     # Configure serial devices

     /sbin/setserial /dev/cua0 auto irq skip test autoconfig

     /sbin/setserial /dev/cua1 auto irq skip test autoconfig

     /sbin/setserial /dev/cua2 auto irq skip test autoconfig

     /sbin/setserial /dev/cua3 auto irq skip test autoconfig



     # Display serial device configuration

     /sbin/setserial -bg /dev/cua*





        㬥樨,  ⠢ 

 setserial  ᭥ ࠬ஢.



     ᫨  ᫥⥫쭠   㦥,  setserial -bg

   뢠   ࠢ   ⠭,        㤥

⪮䨣஢        ,   ᯮ   ࠢ   祭.

짮⥫    ७   㤮묨 Rockwell ஬

稯   ᮮ頥 뢠  ஡. , ਬ, UART 稯

뢠  NSC  16450,      ६  䠪᪨  NSC 16550, 

        䨣樮          稭饣

⭮ 



/sbin/setserial  /dev/cua1  auto irq skip test autoconfig uart 16550





       樨        ⮣ ⮡  ᭮



                                - 76 -



,    IRQ  COM  .        man ࠭栬,

setserial(8).



     ᫨      ন   ।⢠ handshake, 

  㤮⮢,      ࠧ訫  ࠡ ᭨. 設⢮

㭨樮  ணࠬ  㬮砭   ⨬ 짮.

    ⠭      .    ᥣ  ᤥ 

rc.serial ਯ, ᯮ  stty:



     $ Stty crtscts < /dev/cua1



⮡ ஢ ⢨⥫쭮  ᯮ handshake



  $ Stty -a < /dev/cua1



          뤠    ﭨ    䫠    

ன⢠;  䫠   ।騬 ᮬ    -crtscts

砥  䫠 몫祭.

.

                                - 77 -







     6. 䨣஢ TCP/IP  



      ⮩ ,  ன  蠣 室  ᮧ TCP/IP

    襩  設.  筥      祭 IP ᮢ  㤥

 室   䨣஢ 䥩ᮢ TCP/IP ,  

  ᬮਬ  ᪮쪮  㬥⮢,   쬠 㤮 

襭 ஡  ⠭ .



     設⢮  ࠡ  墠祭  ⮩  ,     ᤥ

⮫쪮    ࠧ.  ᫥⢨,   㤥  䨣樮

䠩 ⮫쪮  砥   ⥬  襩 ,  

  ୮    ४䨣  ⥬.  

  䨣஢  TCP/IP, ,  믮  ࠧ

 㦠 ⥬.  筮  /etc/rc ਯ.



     筮,  ᯥ᪠  ⥢  ⮩ 楤 ᮤন 

ਯ    rc.net  rc.inet. ,  㤥 ⠪ 

  ਯ   rc.inet1  rc.inet2,  㯮 ਯ

樠  ⥢  ,   ६  ᫥ ᪠

᭮  ⥢ ਫ.    ⢥म ਤন ⮩

楯樨.



     ,      㦤  ⢨  믮塞  rc.inet1,  

६    ਫ    ᠭ      . ᫥

砭  ⮩ ,   ⠭ ᫥⥫쭮 ,

  ࠧ 䨣 TCP/IP   襬 .

             rc.inet1  訬  ,

㤮⮢      rc.inet1   믮    ᪥  ⥬, 

१㧨    設.  ⥢  rc ਯ,   稫

  訬 Linux   訬 ਬ஬.



     6.1. ⠭ 䠩 ⥬ proc



        㬥⮢ 䨣樨  Net-2  裡  ஬

ᯮ  䠩  ⥬  proc.  proc  --  䥩, ࠧ騩

   ଠ樨  ६ 믮 १ 堭 宦 



                                - 78 -



䠩  ⥬.   ⠭,   ᬠਢ ᯨ᮪

  䠩   ᮤঠ ⠪    㣮 䠩 ⥬.

묨  ।⠢⥫ﬨ    䠩  loadavg,   ᮤন

।  ᫮  㦥  ⥬    meminfo,  뢠

⥪饥  ﭨ    ᯮ짮 ᢮.  ⮬, ⥢

    e⥢  ४.   ᮤন  䠩, 

⮡ࠦ  ﭨ 饩 ⨯ ARP ⠡, TCP ᮥ,  ⠡

⨧樨.   設⢮   㬥⮢   ஢   

 ଠ   䠩.



     Proc  䠩  ⥬  (  procfs)  筮 ⠭ 

६  㧪    /proc.    訩  ⮤  o  ⮬, ⮡

 ᫥ ப  /etc/fstab:







    # procfs mont point:

     none            /proc           proc    defaults



      믮 "mount /proc"  襬 /etc/rc ਯ.



     Procfs    饥  ६  ⪮䨣஢   設⢥ 拉

⠭    㬮砭.  ᫨ procfs   襬 ,  

  ᮮ饭  ⨯  "mount:  fs  type  procfs  not supported by

kernel".     㤨 ୮ ᮡ   ⢥ ""

    প procfs.



     6.2. ⠭ ୨



     ᫨   ᯮ   ।- Linux ਡ権, 

⭮  ᮤন  ᭮  ⥢  ਫ    ⨫  

஬   ਬ஢.  ⢥  砩,      諮   

⠭    ⨫,  ⮣,     ⠭ 

  .  ᪮           ⥢

஢,         㤨  ୨஢  ᭮  㬥

䨣樨.    ࠩ  ਢ  ୮ 樨, 

       ॡ  ᫥    ୨.  

筮  ࠭   ஬  室  娢 



                                - 79 -



netXXX.tar.gz,    XXX  -  ᨨ.  ᮮ⢥騩 Linux

1.0 -- 0.32b, ᠬ ᫥  ( 1.1.12   ) ॡ 0.32d.



     ᫨      ᮡ  ⠭ ⠭ TCP/IP ⥢

ਫ ᠬ⥫쭮,    室  設⢥

Linux  FTP  ࢥ஢.         殮 ࠢ

ᨩ ணࠬ  Net-BSD  㣨 室. 㣨 ਫ, ⨯

Xmosaic,  xarchie,    Gopher  IRC  㦭  ⤥쭮.

設⢮    ᮡ, ᫨  ᫥ ᥬ .



     樠   FTP   ⮪      Net-3  --  sunacm.swan.ac.uk,

ࠦ  sunsite.unc.edu    system/Network/sunacm.  ᫥

Net-2e    ୨   㯭  ftp.aris.com. Matthias

Urlichs   bsd   ⥢             ftp.ira.uka.de 

/pub/system/linux/netbsd.





     6.3. 㣮 ਬ



       ⪠  ⮩ ,   ।⠢  ਬ,

   ᫮ 祬 Groucho Marx ,   

砬,    묨    㤥  䠪᪨ ⠫. ᬮਬ

㠫  ,   ,   . ⮡

ࠢ  ⨬  ᮬ   䥪⨢,  ୥  ᮧ

  ஢,    PC, ࠢ塞 Linux 1.0.



       ⮬  ᠬ ⠦, ⮫쪮 १ ਤ,  㠫쭠

,    ࠡ⠥  冷    ୥.  ᯮ

ᮡ⢥  Ethernet.  쬠  ⢥,       

易  ᢮ .   蠣,   ᮧ gateway, 

㤥 । ⮣ࠬ   ﬨ. ,  ⠪ 

   UUCP   譨 ஬.  筮 ,  

⠭ SLIP ᮥ ⮡ ᮥ   Internet.



     6.4. ⠭  



     設⢮,  ᫨    ,  ⥢  ਫ  ᯮ 

쭮  ,  ஥  ⠭    ஬  ࠧ㬭



                                - 80 -



祭. ⮡ ⠭   





     # hostname name



         ࠪ⨪  ᯮ짮 ஢ 

,    㪠    . ਬ, 

   㠫쭮   ୥          vale.vbrew.com,

vlager.vbrew.com,        ...          樠,   

஢    .    -- ⮫쪮 

  ⮣  ,  ⨯  vale.  , ᪮ 쭮 

   ᯮ      ᪠   IP      ,    

㤮⮢   resolver ⥪ ᯮᮡ  IP  

.  筮 砥       /etc/hosts ( .

 ).



        । ᯮ짮  domainname, ⮡

ࠧ    ⭮⥫쭮    饩  FQDN.

   ࠧ,         ஢  뢮    hostname 

domainname  ⮡    ᭮  FQDN.  ,   襬 砥

ࠢ쭮         .  domainname    ᯮ  ⮡

⠭  NIS  ,    ⫨ 

DNS ,  ன   ਭ. NIS ᠭ   11 ..





     6.5. 祭 IP ᮢ



     ᫨     䨣  ⥢  ணࠬ  ᯥ祭  

⮭  ⢨  (ਬ,  ⮡     INN netnews

ணࠬ   ᯥ祭),      筮  ய  

ᥪ,  ⮬      㤥  㦤    IP    ⮫쪮 

䥩 loopback,  ᥣ ࠢ 127.0.0.1.



     ᫨   ᮥ    饩 ,  

  ஢     IP .  ᮧ ᮡ⢥

,    IP  ᠬ⥫쭮  ᠭ .



       । 쭮  筮  ᯮ짮 



                                - 81 -



  ⮩    ᠬ  ᪮  IP  .  ᫨      ᪮쪮

䨧᪨ ⥩,      ࠧ ⥢ ,

  ᯮ짮  ,  ⮡ ᪮   IP ᮢ 

᪮쪮 ⥩.



     ᫨      易  Internet,  ᢮  

ࠢ ⥢ .  ⮫쪮  㤮⮢,  ࠫ

    ᮢ  A, B,  C,  ⨢ 砥 襭⢮ ணࠬ

 ࠡ  ࠢ쭮. , ᫨  ॢ  襬

饬      Internet,     樠 IP .

  訩    o    ⮬,  ⮡  襣 ⥢

⠢騪   . ᫨    ⥢  ⮫쪮 

砥      롨ࠥ    Internet,    

⥢   hostmaster@internic.net.



     ⮡  ஢  ᪮쪨 Ethernet ( 㣨 ﬨ), 

  ࠧ    ᪮쪮 ⥩.  , 

  ॡ  ⮫쪮    砥,  ᫨    祬 

;  Point-to-point     뢠. ਬ, ᫨  

  Ethernet     SLIP ᮥ  譨 ஬,  

㦤  . 稭 ⮣    8..



       ਬ,    ୨ 頥  NIC  ⥢

஬  ,  砥 191.72.0.0. ⮡ ࠧ  Ethernet,

  蠥  ᯮ짮  ᥬ  ⮢    ⥫

⥢  .  ⠢ 㣨 ᥬ ⮢  ,  

  254  ⮢      .    ⠪  砥   1

୥    2 -- 쭥.  ᮮ⢥騥 ⥢  ⠪

ࠧ 191.72.1.0  191.72.2.0. ⥢ ᪠ 255.255.255.0.



     Vlager,      gateway     ﬨ, 稫

  ,  ࠢ 1    ,    IP  ࠢ

191.72.1.1    191.72.2.1,  ᮮ⢥⢥.  ⨭  뢠  

,  gateway.



            ⮬ ਬ  ᯮ   B

  ;  C     ॠ.   ⥢

,     ࠭祭 ࠭栬 , ⠪  



                                - 82 -



  C     ࠧ஡  ᪮쪮 ⥩. ਬ, 

    ᯮ짮 2     ⥢ ᪨,  

     64 ⠬  .



     6.6. ᠭ hosts  networks 䠩



     ᫥  ⮣,      ࠧ       ,  

⮢    ஬  ⮬    ᪠     

ᯮ饣 䠩 /etc/hosts. ᫨   ᮡࠥ ᯮ짮 DNS

 NIS  ⮣,       hosts 䠩.



       ᫨      ᯮ짮 DNS  NIS,   

஥  ⢮     /etc/hosts. ਬ, ᫨  

      ᪠           ⥢

䥩    饭,  ਬ    ६ 㧪.   ⮫쪮

  㤮⢠,    ⠪    ᯮ짮 ᨬ᪨

 ⮢   rc.inet ਯ.  ࠧ,   IP

ᮢ,   㤨 ⮫쪮 ஢  䠩 ⮢ 

  設,    ⮣  ⮡  ।஢ 讥 ⢮ rc

䠩.  筮,    㤥         

hosts,          gateways    NIS ࢥ, ᫨ 

ᯮ.



     ,    祭  ஢ન,     㤮⮢,  

resolver ᯮ ଠ ⮫쪮  䠩 hosts.  DNS  NIS

ணࠬ  ᯥ祭    ਡ    䠩 ਬ஢, 

    ࠭ १   ᯮ짮. ⮡ ⠢

  ਫ  ᯮ짮  ᪫⥫쭮  /etc/hosts  ᪥ IP

   ,         ।஢  䠩  /etc/host.conf.

    ப,  稭騥    祢 ᫮ order 

⠢ ப



   order hosts



     䨣 resolver ⥪ 㤥 ஡ ᠭ  7.



     hosts  䠩  ᮤন      ப,   IP

,      易⥫쭮 ᯨ᪠ ᥢ . 



                                - 83 -



⤥ ஡  ⠡樥,     稭 

ࢮ  . ,  ᫥ ᫥ ᨬ (#), 業 

਩  .



             ⠪    ஢  

⭮⥫쭮  쭮  .    vale,       

஢  , vale.vbrew.com  vale ᠬ  ᥡ, ⠪, ⮡

뫮 ⭮  樠쭮    ⪮ 쭮.



     ਬ    룫廊 䠩 ⮢ 㠫쭮 ୥  .

 ᯥ樠  , vlager-if1  vlager-if2,    

䥩ᮢ ᯮ㥬  vlager.







     #

     # Hosts file for Virtual Brewery/Virtual Winery

     #

     # IP            local       fully qualified domain name

     #

     127.0.0.1       localhost

     #

     191.72.1.1      vlager      vlager.vbrew.com

     191.72.1.1      vlager-if1

     191.72.1.2      vstout      vstout.vbrew.com

     191.72.1.3      vale        vale.vbrew.com

     #

     191.72.2.1      vlager-if2

     191.72.2.2      vbeaujolais  vbeaujolais.vbrew.com

     191.72.2.3      vbardolino   vbardolino.vbrew.com

     191.72.2.4      vchianti     vchianti.vbrew.com



     筮  ⠪     IP ᠬ ⮢,   ᨬ᪮

  ⥢ ࠬ. ⮬, 䠩 ⮢  쮭 

/etc/networks  ⮡ࠦ    ⥢   .

  㠫쭮 ୥,    ⠭ 䠩 ⥩ 

⮬:





                                - 84 -



     # /etc/networks for the Virtual Brewery

     brew-net      191.72.1.0

     wine-net      191.72.2.0





     6.7. 䨣 䥩  IP



     ᫥   ⠭      ।,    뫮  ᭥ 

।饩  ,       ⮬ ⥢ ணࠬ

ᯥ祭.      ᯮ ⮡ 䨣஢ ⥢

䥩,    樠஢  ⠡  ⨧樨.    

믮  筮    rc.inet1  ਯ,    㧪 ⥬. 

  뢠  ifconfig (  "᫨" ⭮  䥩 ), 

route.



     fconfig ᯮ ⮡ ᤥ 䥩 㯭  ,

  砥    ᥡ  祭  IP      㣨 ࠬ஢ 

ନ஢  䥩,  ⠪ ⭮  "taking up". ⨢

砥,      㤥  뫠      IP datagrams १

䥩.  ⮩  ⠭



   # ifconfig interface ip-address



       뢠  ip-   䥩ᮬ  ⨢ . 

㣨  ࠬ ⠭  㬮砭 ਬ, ᪠ 

⠭  㬮砭 祭  ⥢  IP , ⨯

255.255.0.0   B . ifconfig ᠭ  ஡  

⮩ .



     route       ࠭   ⠡

⨧樨.    ᯮ짮 ⠪



     route [add|del] target



       add  del 㬥 ।   㤠 

 ⠡.







                                - 85 -



       6.7.1. 䥩 loopback



        䥩  㦭 ନ஢  ⨢஢

-- 䥩 loopback:



   # ifconfig lo 127.0.0.1



     ,      㤥   ⠪     䨪⨢    localhost

ᯮ㥬    IP  .  ifconfig  㤥  ᪠   hosts

䠩,    ,      127.0.0.1:



     # Sample /etc/hosts entry for localhost localhost     127.0.0.1



     ⮡ ᬮ ଠ  䨣樨 䥩,  

맢 ifconfig ।  㬥  䥩:





     $ ifconfig lo

     lo        Link encap Local Loopback

               inet addr 127.0.0.1  Bcast [NONE SET]  Mask 255.0.0.0

               UP BROADCAST LOOPBACK RUNNING  MTU 2000  Metric 1

               RX packets 0 errors 0 dropped 0 overrun 0

               TX packets 0 errors 0 dropped 0 overrun 0



          , 䥩 loopback 稫 netmask ࠢ

255.0.0.0,  ⠪    127.0.0.1  --    A  .   ⠪

㢨,    䥩     ⢠ 饢⥫ ᮢ,

 - ᯮ  loopback. , ᫨  ᯮ

rwhod      襬  ,    㤥  ⠭

ப⥫    loopback   ⮣ ⮡ rwho 㭪樮஢

  ࠧ.  ⠭  ⮣    ᥪ樨 " 

ifconfig".



     ,                 襩  -"".

⢥  祣    墠⠥ --    ⠡ ⨧樨,

   IP,   䥩     祭

127.0.0.1.     ᫥饩 





                                - 86 -



     # route add 127.0.0.1



     , ⮦  ᯮ짮 localhost  IP .



     ⥬,        ஢  ࠢ쭮  ࠡ,  ਬ,

ᯮ  ping. ping - ⥢  㪮(sonar) ன⢠

  ᯮ    ஢ન  ⮣  㯥     IP , 

७  ࢠ  ६    뫪 ⠣ࠬ  祭

⢥. ६ ॡ㥬  ⮣  뢠 roundtrip time.



     # ping localhost

     PING localhost (127.0.0.1): 56 data bytes

     64 bytes from 127.0.0.1: icmp seq=0 ttl=32 time=1 ms

     64 bytes from 127.0.0.1: icmp seq=1 ttl=32 time=0 ms

     64 bytes from 127.0.0.1: icmp seq=2 ttl=32 time=0 ms

     ^C



     --- localhost ping statistics ---

     3 packets transmitted, 3 packets received, 0% packet loss

     round-trip min/avg/max = 0/0/1 ms







       맮  ping,    㤥 த ᪠   

㤥 ࢠ 짮⥫. ^C ⬥砥     Ctrl-C.



     㯮   ਬ   뢠,       ⠢ 

127.0.0.1  ⢥ 襫  ping  .  뢠  

ᯥ   襣 ࢮ ⥢ 䥩.



     ᫨  뢮   砥  ping  室  

,    ࢠ   ⭮. ஢ 訡  ⠭

䠩.   ஢  ⮡  ifconfig    ⨧騥  ਫ,

      ᯮ,   뫨  ᮢ⨬    ஬,    

  ,  ,    ஢  ࠧ襭 

(  㢨      ⢨  ४ਨ  /proc/net  ).  ᫨  

砥  ᮮ饭  訡, 饥 "Network unreachable" ,⮣

⭮      ࠢ쭮 ᯮ짮  route. ⮢



                                - 87 -



  ᯮ   ᠬ ,    ifconfig.



        ᠭ    筮  ⮡  ᯮ짮  ⥢

ਫ   ⮭ . ᫥  㯮 ப

 rc.inet1  ஢ન,   rc.inet ਯ ᪠  /etc/rc,

      १㧨    設      ᯮ짮

ࠧ  ਫ.  ਬ, "telnet localhost"  ⠭

telnet ᮥ  襬 ⮬.



     ,  䥩 loopback   ⮫쪮  ਬ  

    ,      ⥬  ⫠,    䠪᪨  ᯮ

묨  ਫﬨ    祭  ଠ쭮  ࠡ.  ⮬, 

ᥣ   䨣஢ , ᨬ  ⮣ ᮥ 

 設    .





     6.7.2. Ethernet 䥩



     䨣஢  䥩  Ethernet,      ⠪  

䥩  loopback,    ⮫쪮  ॡ   ࠬ஢  

ᯮ .



      㠫쭮 ୥,  ࠧ   IP , 

뫠  ࢮ砫쭮   B.  ⠭ 䥩  ॡ

 :



      # ifconfig eth0 vstout netmask 255.255.255.0



           砥   eth0   䥩   IP     vstout

(191.72.1.2).  ᫨    ⨫ netmask, ifconfig 뢥  netmask

     ,    ਢ      netmask  255.255.0.0.  

७쪮 ஢ਬ:



     # ifconfig eth0

     eth0      Link encap 10Mps Ethernet HWaddr  00:00:C0:90:B3:42

               inet addr 191.72.1.2 Bcast 191.72.1.255 Mask 255.255.255.0

               UP BROADCAST RUNNING  MTU 1500  Metric 1

               RX packets 0 errors 0 dropped 0 overrun 0



                                - 88 -



               TX packets 0 errors 0 dropped 0 overrun 0



               ifconfig  ⮬᪨  ⠭

ப⥫  ( Bcast) ࠢ 筮 祭, ஥

  ஬   ⮢  ⠬  ࠢ묨 1. , ࠧ

।   ᮮ饭   (     䥩  ⠭

ᨬ   ࠧ   Ethernet   )      ⠭   ࠢ

ᨬ쭮  祭  1500  ⮢.      祭   

ࠢ ᯥ樠묨 ﬨ,  뫮 ᠭ .



            loopback  砥,      ⥯  ⠭

⨧樮  ,  ᮮ頥   ,  

  ⨣ १ eth0.  㠫쭮 ୨,   ᤥ

 ⠪



     # route add -net 191.72.1.0



     砫      ᬮ      襡⢮,   ⮬     

⢨⥫쭮     祢    route  㦨,    

뢠        䥩ᮢ.  ,  㫮 쭮

:  ஢  䥩  뫨 ⪮䨣஢ 

ࠢ   祭 ( ⮬ 砥 191.72.1.0)  ⥢

        䥩.    ⢥   䥩,   

ᮮ⢥  , -- eth0.



     ,   ⠪ -net ?  ᯮ, ⮬  route

  ࠡ   ⠬     ⠬  ⤥ ⠬

(     localhost).  route 砥   dotted quad

⠭,  ⠥ । ਭ     

,  ஢      .  ᫨     - ,

 ।,   砥 ,  ⨢ 砥, 

  .



     ⮬, route 訫 ,  191.72.1.0 -  , ⮬ 

         ᯮ㥬 . ⮬   

ᮮ,    ,   -net 䫠.



     筮, 㯮 ,  ⮬⥫쭠   



                                - 89 -



  訡.  㤮 室 -- ᯮ짮 ⥢ ,

    ।   /etc/networks.     

㤮⠥;     -net 䫠   ⥯ 饭, ⮬ 

route ⥯ ,  191.72.1.0 砥 .



     # route add brew-net



     ,      稫  ᭮  蠣  䨣樨, 

㤮⮢      Ethernet  䥩  ⢨⥫쭮  ࠡ⠥

ࠢ쭮 롥   襬 Ethernet, ਬ vlager,  



   # ping vlager

     PING vlager: 64 byte packets

     64 bytes from 191.72.1.1: icmp seq=0. time=11. ms

     64 bytes from 191.72.1.1: icmp seq=1. time=7. ms

     64 bytes from 191.72.1.1: icmp seq=2. time=12. ms

     64 bytes from 191.72.1.1: icmp seq=3. time=3. ms

     ^C



       ----vstout.vbrew.com PING Statistics----

     4 packets transmitted, 4 packets received, 0% packet loss

     round-trip (ms)  min/avg/max = 3/8/12



     ᫨        뢮  ⮬,  -  ⠪.

᫨   ⠫   ⢮ ﭭ ⮢, 

砥  ஡  ।, ⨯ 宣  饣

terminator,    ...  ᫨     砥  ,  

஢   䨣   䥩       netstat.  ⭠

⨪,    ifconfig,   ᮮ  뫨  

᫠ - . ᫨      㤠 , 

  室    ⮩  設  ஢ ⠬ ⨪ 䥩.

 ࠧ,   筮 ,  ய . ஬ ⮣,

    ᬮ  ⨧樮  ଠ   route,

⮡  ᭨          ࠢ      ⠡

⮢.  route ⠥  ⠡ ⨧樨, ᫨  맢

  㬥⮢(  -n    㪠뢠     ᮢ 

⮢):





                                - 90 -



     # route -n

     Kernel routing table

     Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags Metric Ref Use    Iface

     127.0.0.1       *               255.255.255.255 UH    1      0      112 lo

     191.72.1.0      *               255.255.255.0   U     1      0       10 eth0



     ⠫쭮  祭          ᥪ樨 6.9.

  Flags  ᮤন  ᯨ᮪  䫠  ⠭   

䥩.  U  -  ᥣ  ⠭  ⨢ 䥩ᮢ,  H

ᮮ頥,       祭 砥 . ᫨ H 䫠 -

⠭   ,   ⠥ ⥢ ⮬, ⮣

   ᯮ짮 -net    route. (⮡ ஢,

ᯮ    ,     , ᬮ   Use,

஥  室      ᮮ饭ﬨ ping.) To check whether a

route  you  have entered is used at all, check if the Use field in the

second to last column increases between two invocations of ping.



     6.7.3. ⨧ १ Gateway



       ।饩  ᥪ樨,    墠⨫ ⮫쪮 砩   

⢥  Ethernet.  筮  ,  ,  ⠫ 

ﬨ,  ᮥ묨      gateway.   gateway  

뢠     Ethernet,   ᯥ   譨

஬,  (ਬ    Internet). ⮡ ᯮ짮 gateway ࢨ, 

   ᯥ   ⥢   ஢   ⥫  ଠ 

⨧樨.



     ਬ, Ethernet 㠫쭮 ୨  㠫쭮 쭨

易  १  ⠪  gateway,    vlager. ।, 

vlager  㦥  ⪮䨣஢,   ⠫ ⮫쪮  

    ⠡ ⨧樨 vstout,  ᮮ頥   

    ⨣    ⮢     쭨 १ vlager.

⢥饥  ᠭ    뢠  ;  gw  祢

᫮, ஥ ᮮ頥  ᫥騩 㬥 砥 gateway.



    # route add wine-net gw vlager



     筮,          쭨,     



                                - 91 -



   ᮮ⢥   ⠡ ⨧樨

   ୨,   뫨  ᯮᮡ ⮫쪮 ᫠  

vstout  vbardolino,  ⢥   .



       ਬ  뢠 ⮫쪮 gateway  ४砥 

    ஢묨  Ethernet.  ।  vlager

⠪    ᮥ   Internet ( ࠡ饥 १ ⥫

SLIP  ).      ⥫    ⮡ ⠣ࠬ   ,

⫨筮      ७,  ।  vlager.      

믮   ⠭ gateway  㬮砭  vstout:





 # route add default gw vlager



     ⥢   default( 㬮砭) 易  ᮬ 0.0.0.0, 

砥   ⠭  㬮砭.    

   /etc/networks, ⮬   ஥  route.



     ᫨,  ᯮ  ping,    㦨  让  業  

⮢     室 १ ᪮쪮 gateway,    

祭  让  㧪  .  ⮢  ᭮ ந室

   -   孨᪨   ஡,    ᪮॥    ६

筮   㧪    ࠢ騥  ,    -  ⮣

ন   뢠 㯠騥 ⠣ࠬ.



     6.7.4. 䨣஢ Gateway



     ⪮䨣஢   設     ।  ⮢    

Ethernet  쭮 . ୥  vlager,  㤮 

Ethernet  ⠬,     易     ⥩. ,

     ᤥ ⪮䨣஢  䥩 ⤥쭮, 

  ᮮ⢥騩 IP ,   .



     쬠   ଠ ⭮⥫쭮  䥩ᮢ

  䠩  ⮢  ⥬  , ⠪ ⮡  㤮 

 :







                                - 92 -



     191.72.1.1      vlager      vlager.vbrew.com

     191.72.1.1      vlager-if1

     191.72.2.1      vlager-if2



     ᫥⥫쭮   ᮧ  䥩ᮢ:







    # ifconfig eth0 vlager-if1

    # ifconfig eth1 vlager-if2

    # route add brew-net

    # riute add wine-net





     6.7.5. PLIP 䥩



        ᯮ짮   PLIP   裡    ᮥ    設,

    訥  ⫨  ⮣,     

ᯮ짮     Ethernet.     㯮         뢠

point-to-point(窠   窮) , ⮬   ᮥ ⮫쪮

  ("窨"),  ⨢ ப⥫ .



        ਬ,      ᬠਢ  laptop    ண

㦠饣    㠫쭮  ୥,    易  vlager १

PLIP.  Laptop  ।⢥    vlite,      ⮫쪮  

ࠫ   .         ६   㧪,         㤥

ॣ஢    plip1.  ⮡  ନ஢  ,    

⪮䨣஢ 䥩 plip1, ᯮ ᫥騥 :



     # ifconfig plip1 vlite pointopoint vlager

     # route add default gw vlager



     ࢠ    䨣  䥩,  ᮮ ,  

point-to-point ,  㤠 設 饩  vlager. 

⠭     㬮砭, ᯮ vlager  gateway. 

vlager,    ifconfig 室 ⮡ ନ஢ 

  vlager:





                                - 93 -



     # ifconfig plip1 vlager pointopoint vlite



     ᭮,     䥩  plip1    vlager      

⤥ IP ,  ᫨      191.72.1.1.



     ,    ⪮䨣஢  ⨧    laptop  

୨;              ⮢

୨    vlite.  ᮡ  殮    o    ⮬,  ⮡

  ।   ⠡ ⨧樨  ,

 ⮨  ⮬ ⮡  vlager  gateway  vlite:



     # route add vlite gw vlager



     ࠧ          ६묨  ⠬, ᯮ

  ⨧.      ᯮᮡ ᤥ  o 

᪥  gated ,    ⠭   

  ,  ⮡    ࠭ ଠ   ᪨.

    ,  ,  o  ⮬, ⮡ ᯮ짮 proxy

ARP.   proxy ARP, vlager 㤥 ⢥   ARP pf  vlite

뫠 ᮡ⢥ Ethernet .  ⮣ ,   

  vlite   稢  vlager,  㤥 ।  

laptop.  㤥   proxy ARP  ᥪ樨 6.10.



     騥   ᪨  Net-3    ᮤঠ  㬥  

plipconfig,        ⠭ IRQ  ਭ.

,      饩  ifconfig.





     6.7.6. SLIP  PPP 䥩



       SLIP   PPP ᮥ -- ᥣ   point-to-point

   PLIP ᮥ,   ⠪   ⥫쭠

ଠ. 筮,  ⠭ SLIP ᮥ ॡ 

    㤠   ⪠   १      ,      ॣ㫨஢

᫥⥫      SLIP  ᯮᮡ. PPP ᯮ 

ࠧ.  㬥  ॡ㥬  ᮧ SLIP  PPP 裡 

ᠭ   8.  9.





                                - 94 -



     6.7.7. Dummy(䨪⨢) 䥩



     ⨢   䥩   ⢨⥫쭮    ᪨,  

쭮  .     ⮭ ⮢,  設,

 易   १ . ᪨, ᫥ 設⢮

६ ⠪  ⮭ ⮬.



     ஡  ⮭  ⮢    ⮬,      ⮫쪮 

⨢  ⥢  ன⢮,  loopback  ன⢮,  ஬ 筮

祭    127.0.0.1.     ,   ᫠

      "樠쭮"  IP    쭮  .  ਬ,

ᬮ  laptop vlite,   ꥤ   ਫ 

vlite    ᫠    㣮 ਫ 

⮬    ᠬ  .    vlite    /etc/hosts  뤠  IP  

191.72.1.65,  ⠪  ࠧ  ਫ ⠥ ᫠  ⮬

.  ᪮  䥩  loopback  饥 ६ ⢥

⨢  䥩  設,      ⭮⥫쭮

⮣  !    ᫥⢨,    ⪠뢠    ⠣ࠬ, 

頥 ਫ 訡.



          室 䨪⨢ ன⢮.  蠥

  ஡  ⠪  loopback.  砥 vlite,    

  191.72.1.65       㪠뢠騩  . 

  ⠣ࠬ    191.72.1.65  㤥  ᬠਢ 쭮.

ॡ㥬 ⢨:



     # ifconfig dummy vlite

      # route add vlite



      6.8.   ifconfig



         ᪮쪮  ࠬ஢  ifconfig,    

ᠫ ࠭.   ᠭ:





     ifconfig interface [[-net|-host] address [parameters]]



     interface  -    䥩,   address - IP  



                                - 95 -



ॡ      䥩.       IP  

dotted  quad  ଠ  ,    ,  ஥  ifconfig  㤥 ᪠ 

/etc/hosts    /etc/networks.  -net    -host 樨 㦤 ifconfig

      ᮬ     ⥢  ஬    ᮬ  ,

ᮮ⢥⢥.



     ᫨   ifconfig  ᯮ  ⮫쪮      䥩,  

뢠  䨣  ⮣  䥩.     뢠 

ࠬ஢,        뢠        䥩,        

⪮䨣஢;    -a 㦤    騥.

ࠧ 뢮  Ethernet 䥩 eth0   :



     # ifconfig eth0

     eth0      Link encap 10Mbps Ethernet  HWaddr 00:00:C0:90:B3:42

               inet addr 191.72.1.2 Bcast 191.72.1.255 Mask 255.255.255.0

               UP BROADCAST RUNNING  MTU 1500  Metric 0

               RX packets 3136 errors 217 dropped 7 overrun 26

               TX packets 1752 errors 25 dropped 0 overrun 0



     MTU    Metric  뢠 ⥪饥 MTU  ᪮ 祭

  ⮣  䥩.  ᪮ 祭 ࠤ樮 ᯮ

묨 樮묨 ⥬ ⮡ ᫨ ᫮ .

Linux  ᯮ  祭,  ।   ᮢ⨬.



     RX    TX    뢠  ᪮쪮  ⮢  뫨 祭 

।    訡,  ᪮쪮 ந諮 訡, ᪮쪮 ⮢ 뫨

,  ⭮  -  墠⪨  ,   ᪮쪮 뫨 

-  ९.  ९  ਥ  筮  砥 

 室 ॥ 祬    㦨 ᫥ 뢠.

祭   䫠,   뢮   ifconfig,   ।   ⥫

ଠ           ப;   ᭥

.



     騩     ᯨ᮪     ࠬ஢    ᯮ    ifconfig 

ᮮ⢥騬  ﬨ  䫠,  묨  ᪮.  

  砥    ᮡ ⠪  몫 ,

᫨  樨 । (-).





                                - 96 -



     up       䥩 㯭  IP ஢.  

          ࠧ㬥,   IP .



(    ᮮ⢥ UP RUNNING 䫠)



     down   䥩 㯭 IP ஢.  䥪⨢

          ⪫砥  IP  १ 䥩.   , 

            㤠  ⨧樮 ,  ᯮ 

          䥩. ᫨  ﭭ 몫砥  䥩,  

          㤠   ।⠢, ᫨ , ୠ⨢

          .



     netmask mask 砥    ᯮ짮 䥩ᮬ.

               ⭠ ᫮  32 ⠬,

          ஬ । 0x, ⠪  dotted quad  .





     Pointopoint adress   ᯮ  point-to-point IP

          ᮥ.    室 ⮡ ⪮䨣஢, ਬ,

          SLIP  PLIP 䥩.





(᫨ point-to-point   ⠭, ifconfig 뢠 POINTOPOINT

          䫠.)



      broadcast address ப⥫  筮 ᮧ  ⥢

           ⠭  ⮢  .  IP ᯮ

          ࠧ 奬;    ᯮᮡ  ⨬ ࠭

          ।.



(᫨ broadcast address  ⠭, ifconfig 뢠 BROADCAST 䫠.)





      metric number    ᯮ짮  祭 ᪮

          祭  ⠡ ⨧樨 ᮧ  䥩. 

          ਪ ᯮ  RIP,  ஥ ⠡ ⨧樨.

          ⠭  㬮砭  ࠢ . ᫨   ᯮ

          RIP ,   㦤  ⮩ 樨 ; ᫨ ᯮ,



                                - 97 -



            ।  㤥   祭.





      mtu bytes   ⠭ Maximum Transmission Unit

          (ᨬ  । )  Ethernets, MTU 

          㬮砭 1500;  SLIP 䥩ᮢ 296.





      arp   ।  ப⥫ ⥩ ⨯ ⭮

          ࠤ  Ethernet.   ᯮ짮 ARP, ⮪ ᪠

          , ᯮ㥬  । 䨧᪮  

          祭  .  ப⥫ ⥩, 祭 

          㬮砭.





(᫨ ARP  祭, ifconfig 뢠 䫠 NOARP. )



     -arp 頥 ᯮ짮 ARP  ⮬ 䥩.





     promisc 頥 䥩  promiscuous ﭨ.  ப⥫쭮

          ,  ⠢ 䥩   , ᨬ 

          ⮣ 뫨   ।祭  㣮   . 

           , ᯮ 䨫 ⮢, ஢ ⥢ 䨪.

          筮,   孨   ⥢ ஡  

           ⥭ᨢ ਡ뢠.  㣮 ஭,   ࠣ

          ᫥  ஫  襩    㣨 

          .   ⨢ ⮣ ⨯   

          ᮥ  襩  㦨 ࠬ.  㣠 ᯮᮡ

          ᯮ짮  ⥫ ⮪, ⨯ Kerberos,

           SRA login.  (  ᮮ⢥ 䫠 PROMISC.)





     -promisc ⪠  promiscuous ᯮᮡ.





     allmulti Multicast  --   ப⥫ ᮢ

             㯯 ⮢,   易⥫쭮 



                                - 98 -



            ⮩  ᠬ .  Multicast   

          ন ஬.



(    ᮮ⢥ 䫠 ALLMULTI. )



    -allmulti ⪫砥 Multicast .



     6.9. ஢ઠ   netstat



     ,    ᬮ    㬥    ஢ન  襩

⥢  䨣樨    ⨢.   netstat  ,䠪᪨,

 ஬  ᪮쪨 㬥⮢ ᮡ࠭ .  㤥

㦤   㭪権  ᫥ ᥪ.



     6.9.1. ⮡ࠦ ⠡ ⨧樨



        맮   netstat      -r  䫠,    뢠  ⠡

⨧樨.  vstout,  뤠:



     # netstat -nr

     Kernel routing table

     Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags Metric Ref Use    Iface

     127.0.0.1       *               255.255.255.255 UH    1      0       50 lo

     191.72.1.0      *               255.255.255.0   U     1      0      478 eth0

     191.72.2.0      191.72.1.1      255.255.255.0   UGN   1      0      250 eth0



     -n    ⠢  netstat    dotted quad IP

   ᨬ᪨  ⮢  ⥩.  ᮡ 

       ᪮    (ਬ १ DNS

 NIS ࢥ).



               뢮    netstat    뢠    gateway

⨧樮  .  ᫨  gateway   ᯮ, ⠥

窠.    "魮" .   IP ,

⮡  室騩   ,  ᬠਢ  

⠡  ⨧樨,    ⮢    genmask   

⥬ ࠢ १  楫 .





                                - 99 -



     ⢥    뢠 ࠧ 䫠,  뢠

:



        G  ᯮ gateway.



        U 䥩,  㦭 ᯮ짮, ࠡ⠥.



        H 쪮 ⤥    ⨣ १  .

          ਬ,  loopback  127.0.0.1.



        D ⠭, ᫨  ⠡ 뫠 ந  室

          ICMP ७ࠢ塞 ᮮ饭 ( . ᥪ 3.5 ).



        M ⠭, ᫨  ⠡ 뫠  ICMP

          ७塞 ᮮ饭.



     Ref    뢠  ᫮  뫮    ,  

᪮쪮  㣨  ⮢  (ਬ  १  gateways)   

⢨  ⮣ . ᫥   뢠 ६, 

祭 ண ᯮ  ⨧樨,  䥩, १

 뫠 ⠣ࠬ.



     6.9.2. ⮡ࠦ ⨪ 䥩



       뢠   -i 䫠, netstat 뢠 ⨪ 

⥢  䥩ᮢ.  ᫨,  ஬  ⮣,    -a ,  㤥

  䥩 ।⠢  ,   ⮫쪮 , 

뫨 ⪮䨣஢  饥 ६.  vstaout, 뢮  netstat

㤥  :



     $ netstat -i

     Kernel Interface table

     Iface   MTU Met  RX-OK RX-ERR RX-DRP RX-OVR  TX-OK TX-ERR TX-DRP TX-OVR Flags

     lo        0   0   3185      0      0      0   3185      0      0      0 BLRU

     eth0   1500   0 972633     17     20    120 628711    217      0      0 BRU



     MTU   Met  뢠 ⥪騩 MTU  ᪮ 祭 

⮣  䥩.  RX    TX   뢠 ᪮쪮 ⮢ 뫨



                               - 100 -



祭      ।      訡   (RX-OK/TX-OK),  ।

(RX-ERR/TXERR),  ᪮쪮 뫮 ﭮ (RX-DRP/TX-DRP),  ᪮쪮 뫮

ﭮ - ९ (RX-OVR/TX-OVR).



     ᫥    뢠  䫠,  ⠭    ⮣

䥩.    ᯮ ᨬ쭠  䫠, 

⠥ ifconfig.



B   ⠭ ப⥫ .



        L  䥩 -- loopback ன⢮



        M 䠩 砥   ( promiscuous ᯮᮡ ).



        N ३ .



        O ARP 몫祭  ⮣ 䥩.



        P  - point-to-point ᮥ.



        R 䥩 ࠡ⠥.



        U 䥩 ⨢.





     6.9.3. ⮡ࠦ ᮥ



     Netstat  ন  ⢮ 樨  ⮡ࠦ ⨢ 

ᨢ .  -t, -u, -w,  -x 뢠 ⨢ TCP, UDP,

RAW  ,   UNIX . ᫨   -a 䫠,   

ᮥ  (   ) ⠪ 뢠.    ᯨ᮪

 ࢥ஢   饥 ६ ࠡ  襩 ⥬.



     맮 netstat -ta  vlager :



     $ netstat -ta

     Active Internet connections

     Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address    Foreign Address    (State)



                               - 101 -



     tcp        0      0 *:domain         *:*                LISTEN

     tcp        0      0 *:time           *:*                LISTEN

     tcp        0      0 *:smtp           *:*                LISTEN

     tcp        0      0 vlager:smtp      vstout:1040        ESTABLISHED

     tcp        0      0 *:telnet         *:*                LISTEN

     tcp        0      0 localhost:1046   vbardolino:telnet  ESTABLISHED

     tcp        0      0 *:chargen        *:*                LISTEN

     tcp        0      0 *:daytime        *:*                LISTEN

     tcp        0      0 *:discard        *:*                LISTEN

     tcp        0      0 *:echo           *:*                LISTEN

     tcp        0      0 *:shell          *:*                LISTEN

     tcp        0      0 *:login          *:*                LISTEN



     ,    ᥣ ࢥ஢   ᮥ. ,

⢥  ப     SMTP ᮥ  vstout,   

ᮮ頥  telnet ᮥ  vbardolino.



       ᯮ짮  -a  䫠   ⮡ࠦ   

ᥬ.





     6.10. ஢ઠ ARP 



       , 뢠  ᬮ   

ᮤঠ  ARP  ⠡, ਬ,   ॢ,  

  稭  ன  ⥢  ⮩稢. rp  ᤥ 

ࠢ  饩.



     Arp [-v] [ -t hwtype ] -a [hostname] arp [-v] [ -t hwtype ] -s hostname

     hwaddr arp [-v] -d hostname [ hostname ... ]



     hostname  㬥     ᨬ᪨ , ⠪  IP

ᮬ  dotted quad ⠭.



     ࢠ  ப ⮡ࠦ ARP   IP   㪠

       ⮢, ᫨ hostname  . ਬ,

맮 arp  vlager  뤠





                               - 102 -



     # arp -a

     IP address      HW type                 HW address

     191.72.1.3      10Mbps Ethernet         00:00:C0:5A:42:C1

     191.72.1.2      10Mbps Ethernet         00:00:C0:90:B3:42

     191.72.2.4      10Mbps Ethernet         00:00:C0:04:69:AA



      뢠 Ethernet  vlager, vstout  vale.



       ᯮ짮  -t  樨   㢨 ଠ ⮫쪮  ⮬

⨯   ।,   㪠.    ethernet,

ax25net,    pronet,  騥  10Mbps Ethernet, AMPR AX.25,  IEEE

802.5 token ring 㤮, ᮮ⢥⢥.



     -s    ᯮ ⮡  Ethernet    ARP

⠡栬. hwaddr 㬥 ।   ।, 

  㬮砭  ।  Ethernet  ᮬ,  㪠  

⭠  ,  ࠧ塞  ﬨ.      ⠪

⠭      ।   㣨 ⨯ 

।, ⠪, ᯮ -t .



         ஡,      ॡ, ⮡  

  IP      ARP  ⠡,     稭 ARP

    㤠     室, ਬ   ARP

ࠩ    㣮     訡筮  ᥡ

  IP  ᮬ  ⮣  . ठ ⠭ IP   ARP ⠡

⠪ (祭 ⥫쭮)  ன  ᥡ  ⮢  襬

Ethernet,  ਪ뢠 - 㣨.



     맮  arp    ᯮ짮    -d  㤠   ARP 

騥    .     室, ⮡ 㤨

䥩 ୮  Ethernet    IP.  

 ४䨣஢ ⥬  ࠢ ARP ଠ.



     -s    ⠪ ᯮ짮 ⮡ ᮧ proxy ARP. 

ᯥ樠쭠 孨  , ᪠ gate,   gateway 

㣮    fnord,      ⭮ ⮬

  ᠬ  ,    gate.   ⠪:  gate ᮧ

ARP      fnord,    㪠뢠   ᮡ⢥ Ethernet



                               - 103 -



䥩.      뫠 ARP   fnord, gate 

  ⢥  ᮤঠ騩 ᮡ⢥ Ethernet . 訢騩

 㤥 ⮣ 뫠  ⠣ࠬ gate,  ७ࠢ 

 fnord.



       奬      室,  ਬ,     

ࠡ    fnord    DOS  設  ⠭ TCP, ஥ 

ࠡ⠥   ⨧樥.   ᯮ proxy ARP, DOS 設

  㤥  ,  fnord 室  쭮 , ⠪ 

  ॡ -  ⭮⥫쭮 ⮢  gateway.



     㣮 祭  ਫ proxy ARP --    

⮢   gateway  ஬ 㣮  ⮫쪮 ६,

ਬ    ⥫䮭.    ।饬  ਬ,   㦥 ⮫㫨 

laptop  vlite,     易  vlager १ PLIP  ⮫쪮 

讬 ஬⪥ ६. 筮,  㤥 ࠡ ⮫쪮, ᫨

  , ண   ᯥ proxy ARP, 室 

⮩    ᠬ  IP ,    gateway. ਬ, vstout  

  proxy ARP      ୨ (191.72.1.0), 

     쭨 (191.72.2.0).



     ॡ㥬  ⢨    ᯥ祭  proxy ARP  fnord 

; 筮, Ethernet     gate.



     # arp -s fnord 00:00:c0:a1:42:e0 pub



proxy ARP    㤠 ᭮ ᯮ:



    # arp -d fnord



     6.11. 饥



     Linux      ࠧ.       ਭ

祭   奬 䨣樨,    䨣஢

⥢  ன⢠   ६ ࠡ. ਬ,  ifconfig 㤥

ࠡ  㬥⠬,  ⠭ IRQ   DMA .



     㣮    --  ⥫ mtu 䫠   route,



                               - 104 -



   㤥   ⠭   ᨬ   ࠧ      

। .  -। MTU  MTU 

䥩.    㤥  ᯮ짮       ⮢ १

gateway,        gateway  ⮬  祭 ॡ

祭    MTU. ਬ, ।   wanderer 易 

vlager  १  SLIP  .   뫪   vstout  wanderer,

⥢  ஢    wanderer  ᯮ짮     1500 ⮢,

⮬      뫠  १  Ethernet. SLIP ,  㣮

஭, ᯮ  MTU 296, ⠪  ⥢ ஢  vlager 

      ࠧ   IP      訥  ࠣ,  

뢠    296  ⮢.  ᫨  ⮣,  䨣஢ 

    vstout  ⠪,  ⮡  ࠧ  ᯮ짮  MTU  296, ⮣

⭮⥫쭮  ࠧ  :



   # route add wanderer gw vlager mtu 296



           mtu   ⠪   롮筮

⬥  १ " " ⨪ (SNARL).  ⨪

--   䨣樨   ᠭ   4.



.

                               - 105 -





     7.   ࢨ  䨣 饣 ன⢠.



       㦥 㦤   3., TCP/IP     

ࠧ 奬, ⮡ ८ࠧ     .    ⮩

ᯮᮡ,   ண    २  ᯮᮡ,   

࠭⢮   뫮 饯  , - ⠡ ⮢,  ࠭

  /etc/hosts.    ⮫쪮      LAN,    ࠢ

  ⢥ ஬,     IP 饭 

譨 ஬. ଠ  䠩  㦥 ᠭ   6.

       㣮 ஭,   ᯮ짮  BIND  -  Berkeley  Internet

Name Domain Service -  ॢ ⮢  IP . 䨣 BIND

  饩 ॥,   ᫨  ⮫쪮    ᤥ  , 

   ⥢ ⮯    .  Linux,   

  㣨 Unix- c⥬, 㦨 ᯥ稢 १

ணࠬ,  뢠 named.  ᪥,  ணࠬ 㦠 ⢮

᭮ 䠩     ᮡ⢥ ,     ⤠  

 짮⥫᪨ ᮢ. 騥 ᯮᮡ ॡ, ⮡ 

易⥫쭮     ࢥ    .

          , 祬   ਡ⥫

᪨  ⮣   ࠡ⠥ ࢥ. ᫨   ᯮ짮 BIND 

樮  ।   祬  묨  LAN      Internet

uplink,     ਮ    BIND, ਬ 

ਪ  "DNS  and  BIND" (. [GETST "liu-dns"]).    

஢  ਬ砭,   ᮤঠ  BIND 筨.  ⠪ 

 newsgroup   DNS 뢠 comp.protocols.tcp-ip.domains.



      7.1 ⥪  ன.



        ਬ  " 饬 ன⢥ ",    㧠

 ᯥ樠쭮 ਬ, ⮬ 筮    

⥪   ன -  ⥬  㭪権,      

    ⠭୮ ⥪ C. ࠫ ணࠬ 

gethostbyname(2)  gethostbyaddr(2),        IP  

ਭ騥  ,   .    ᪮䨣஢ 

⮬ ᬮ ଠ樨  ,   鸞 ࢥ஢,  

ᯮ짮    NIS() (Network Information Service).

㣮  ਬ,    smail,    ࠧ ࠩ 



                               - 106 -



  襯᫥,  㦤  ᮡ ஦.



      7.1.1  䨣樨 .



      ࠫ 䠩,    ࠢ  襩  ⠭  -

host.conf.   ᮮ頥 饬 ன  ࢨ ᯮ짮,  

 浪.



      樨  host.conf    ⤥ ப.  

 ⤥  ࠭⢮ (spaces  tabs).  (#) 

ப,  ࠥ   ᫥饩 ப.



      㯭 ᫥騥 樨:



      Order:     । 冷  ஬  ॡ  

               㯭 㣨. Valid  -  뢠    ࢥ 

                 ⮢   /etc/hosts,  nis   NIS  ᪮.  

                          ।. 冷,  

                  ப । 冷  ஬ 

               ॡ । 㣨.



      Multi:     ᯮ짮  .    ।,

               ࠧ襭    /etc/hosts  ᪮쪮 IP ᮢ,

                筮 뢠 "multi - homed".  䫠 

                 DNS  NIS .



      Nospoof:  㦥 뫮 ᭥  ।饩 , DNS  

                  ਭ饣 IP , ᯮ inaddr.arpa

               . ⪨ ࢥ஢  ঠ      

               뢠   "spoofing".⮡  ᥡ  ⮣,

               饥 ன⢮    ᪮䨣஢ 

               ஢,      騩  IP   䠪᪨

               易    祭  . ᫨ ,  ⮬ 

               㤥  ⪠    㤥 饭  訡.  

                 ⮣ 祭  nospoof.



      Alert:         ᯮ짮    㬥.  ᫨  

                祭,   ⪨ spoof (. )  



                               - 107 -



               稭 ⮣, ⮡  饥 ன⢮ ࠢ 

               ᮮ饭  syslog 㤮.



      Trim:          㬥, ஥  㤥

               㤠    । ᪮.   

               ଠ樮 ⮢,     ⮫쪮  筮

               ।    쭮 .  ᪨  

                 쭮  ,  㤥  㤠   ⮩ ,

               ⠪ ࠧ  ⢨   /etc/hosts.



       Trim   ᬠਢ      ᪮쪨

⥩.







       䠩  vlager 뢠 :



                 # /etc/host.conf

                 # We have named running, but no NIS (yet)

                 order   bind hosts

                 # Allow multiple addrs

                 multi   on

                 # Guard against spoof attempts

                 nospoof on

                 # Trim local dooain"(not really necessary).

                 trim    vbrew.com.



      7.1.2 ࠬ । 㦥 饣 ன⢠.



      ⠭  䠩 host.conf   ⬥, ᯮ 

ࠬ஢ । 㦥.  ᫥騥:



      RESOLV  HOST  CONF.    ।  䠩,    㤥  ⠭

 /etc/host.conf.



      RESOLV SERV ORDER ⬥ order ,   host.conf.  㣨,

  , bind,   nis,  ⤥  ஡,  ⮩,

稥,   窮  ⮩.



                               - 108 -





      RESOLV SPOOF CHECK । ਨ, ਭ  ⨢

spoofing.   ⠭  ⪫砥 樥 off. 祭

।०  spoof ஢ ,      몫  logging,

ᮮ⢥ᢥ.  祭  * 砥 spoof ஢,  ⠢ logging

 ।  host.conf.



      RESOLV MULTI  । 㦥 (   .  몫.), 

  ᯮ짮  ⪫祭 multi 樨  tt host.conf.



      RESOLV OVERRIDE TRIM DOMAINS  ।  㦥  ।  ᯨ᮪

trim ,  ⪫砥 ,    host.conf.



      RESOLV ADD TRIM DOMAINS  । 㦥 । ᯨ᮪ trim

,    host.conf.







      7.1.3 䨣஢ ࢥ ᪠ --- resolv.conf



        䨣஢  ⥪  饣  ன⢠,

  ⮣  ⮡  ᯮ짮  BIND  㦨    ᪠

⮢,    易⥫쭮   ᮮ,   ࢥ 

ᯮ.  ⤥ 䠩, ।祭 ᯥ樠쭮 

⮣, 뢠 resolv.conf. ᫨    䠩        ,

 饥 ன⢮ ਬ  ࢥ, ।  襣

쭮 .᫨  ᪠ ࢥ   襬 쭮 ,  

  ⠭    ⤥쭮,   ᤥ, 㤥 ᭥

  ᫥饬 ࠧ.  ᫨  쯮    

ᯮ짮  饥   ࢥ,  ⮬  ⤠

।⥭.

             resolv.conf - nameserver,  

  IP    ᯮ㥬 ࢥ. ᫨   ।  ᪮쪮

 ࢥ஢ ᯮ nameserver  ᪮쪮 ࠧ,   

஢   浪. ⮬       

  ࢥ . ﭭ,  ন   

ࢥ஢.

      ᫨  nameserver  ,  饥 ன⢮ ⠥



                               - 109 -



ᮥ  ࢥ஬  쭮 .

       㣨 樨, domain  search        묨  

㬮砭 ﬨ,     , ᫨ BIND  

   ࢮ .  search । ᯨ᮪  

⥩,  室 ஢. 㭪 ᯨ᪠ ⤥ ஡ 

⠡樥.

      ᫨  search  ,    㬮砭 ᯨ᮪

᪠ ᮧ  쭮  , ᯮ ᠬ 

 ।⢥,   த⥫᪨    root.

쭮       ᯮ짮 

; ᫨         ,  饥 ன⢮  

१ getdomainname(2) ⥬ 맮.



      ᫨   ᫨誮  , ᬮ ਬ resolv.conf

䠩   Virtual Brewery:



                 # /etc/resolv.conf

                 # Our domain

                 domain         vbrew.com

                 #

                 # We use vlager as central nameserver:

                 nameserver     191.72.1.1







       ।  vale, 饥 ன⢮ ᪠   

 砥 㤠, vale.vbrew.com,  vale.com.



      7.1.4 訡⮩稢 饣 ன⢠.



      ᫨    ᪠ LAN  襩 ,  ६ 

ᯮ짮 業ࠫ ࢥ, ᫨    㯭.  २⢮  ⮣

⮨  ⮬,    ࠧࠡ    ,  ⠪      

ࠢ  .  奬  ⮪:  ᣮ५   

襬 㭨  ,    뫮    ࠡ    LAN

襣 ⤥, ⮬  饥 ன⢮     -

 ࢥ஢.  뫮 login  X-terminals,  뫮    ਭ, 

..



                               - 110 -



           㭨᪮ த, ᪠  ஢,

  易  ᮡ  孨  ,  ⮡   砥

 ⨬.

      One - ⠭  ࢥ,  । hostnames 

襩 쭮 ,   ।        㣨

hostnames    ࢥࠬ. 筮,  ਬ ⮫쪮 ⮣, 

 ᯮ  ᮡ⢥ .

       ⢥ ୠ⨢,    ࠭  ⠡

࠭  ⮢ 襩   LAN  /etc/hosts.  /etc/host.conf 

   "order bind hosts"  ⮣, ⮡ 饥 ன⢮

㫠    䠩, ᫨ 業ࠫ ࢥ ᫠  襫 

.



                            7.2  named.



      ணࠬ,  ᯥ稢 㦨   

設⢥ Unix 設 筮 뢠 named.  ணࠬ

ࢮ砫쭮  ࠧࠡ⠭    BSD  ᯥ祭 ,  ,,

  㣨  ࢥ஢.       饥 ६ ᯮ 

設⢥ Linux  ⠫樮  ⮢,     BIND-

4.8.3.  , BIND-4.9.3,  ⮩   ,  

 ᪮ 㯭  Linux.

       ࠧ ॡ ண   ࠡ⠥ Domain

Name  System. ᫨ ᫥饥  㤥    ᮢᥬ    ⭮,  

  ᫥   3.,    ஡  ଠ

  ᭮ DNS.







      Named 筮 ᪠  砫쭮 㧪 ⥬,    ࠡ⠥

 設   १㧨.  ௠ ଠ 

䨣樮 䠩 뢠 /etc/named.boot,   ࠧ 䠩,

  ᮤঠ    ⥩ ᮢ.   

뢠  zone files. ଠ  ᥬ⨪  䠩  ᭥ 

᫥饬 ࠧ.

       ᪠ named,     ப:



      # /usr/sbin/named



                               - 111 -





       named, ⠥  named.boot  䠩    zone  file,

⠭  ⠬.   뢠    筮        id    

/var/run/named.pid   ASCII,  㦠   zone  files    ᭮

ࢥ஢,  砥 室 ᪠  listening      53  

ᮢ DNS. (1)



                       7.2.1  named.boot.



       named.boot  ᭮ 祭   ᮤন  

ଠ樨,   ᮤন  㪠⥫   䠩, ᮤঠ騥 zone

ଠ,  㪠⥫  㣨 ࢥࠬ. ਨ  䠩 砫쭮

㧪  稭    窨    ⮩     

᫥饩 . ०, 祬  㤨  ଠ  named.boot 䠩 

஡,  ᬮਬ ⨯ 䠩  vlager  ।⠢  㭪

7.2.1. (2)



        ᭮ ,   ⮬ ਬ  㦠

ଠ   named.  ଠ    䠩,

।    ஬ 㬥.   ᮤঠ  ⥪⮢  ।⠢

DNS  筨  ,   ᬮਬ .



      1.  ࠧ named  binaries  騥  Linux  FTP  sites,

    ,   ⫨      㣠.  

 ᢮ ᮡ⢥ pid 䠩,  ࠭   /tmp  /var/tmp.

      2. ,   ⥩  ⮬ ਬ   筮

窨.  ࠭ ᨨ named ਭ  窨  named.boot 

訡,   뢠. BIND-4.9.3,  㦥 㯮, ࠭ .







      ;

      ; /etc/named.boot file for vlager.vbrew.com

      ;

      directory     /var/named

      ;

      ;             domain                   file

      ;---------------------------------------------------



                               - 112 -



      cache         .                        named.ca

      primary       vbrew.com                named.hosts

      primary       0.0.127.in-addr.arpa     named.local

      primary       72.191.in-addr.arpa      named.rev



                     㭮 9. Named.boot 䠩  vlager.



       ⮬ ਬ,  ᪮䨣஢ named    ᭮  ࢥ  

 ⥩,  祭 ᭮묨 ࠬ     䠩.

ࢠ    ப, ਬ,  named ⢮ 

᭮  ࢥ  vbrew.com, ਭ zone   䠩  named.hosts.

祢  ᫮ ⠫ ᮮ頥 ,   zone files ࠧ 

/var/named.



        祭 ᮡ   ⢮ 䠪᪨   

設, ᪠ ࢥ.  㭪 - ⭠:  

named   ⬥ ,  㦠 ᭮ ࢥ hints      䠩

(named.ca   襬 ਬ).  ୥  ࢥࠬ hints .



          ᯨ᮪      権,    



      ᯮ짮 named.boot:



      directory - । ४,  ன zone files ﭭ

室.  䠩        ⭮⥫쭮  ⮩

४ਨ.᪮쪮  ४਩      ।    ⭮

ᯮ directory. ᭮ ⠭ Linux filesystem,  ४

  /var/named.



      primary  -           䠩    㬥,

    ࢥ஬  ୮    named  . 

᭮ ࢥ, named 㦠 zone ଠ    䠩.







       ᭮ 㤥 ᥣ,  ࠩ       ᭮

    boot-䠩,    ⭮  ⡮  

127.0.0.0,    쭮 ⮩ .



                               - 113 -





      secondary  -   , ᯨ᮪ ᮢ,   䠩 

㬥.    ࢥ   ࢥ஬ 

⠭ . ࢥ ন  

㯠騥    ,    ᮡࠥ   䠩,  ஡

㧨     ᭮ ࢥ. IP ,  ࠩ  

᭮  ࢥ,      named()  ᯨ᪥ ᮢ. 

ࢥ   ⠪      ,   ᯥ譮  ७ 

  ,    ⥬ 㤥 ࠭  䠩  १ࢭ

,      ⨩  㬥. ᫨        ᭮

ࢥ஢    ⢥砥,      ⠭  䠩 

१ࢭ  .named ⥬ ⠥     

ﭭ  ࢠ.     SOA ⨯ .



      cache -      䠩  㬥.  䠩

ᮤন ᪠ ࢥ hints,   ᯨ᪮  ᥩ,

㪠뢠   ࢥ.  ⮫쪮 NS     ਧ. 㬥

,  ᭮ ,- 筨  . 祭 : ᫨ 

     boot-䠩, named  稭  ࠧࠡ뢠

    .    ண  ࠪ⨪  㢥

⥢ 㧪,  ᫨  ᫥騩  ࢥ     

. ஬ ⮣,  named    㤥  ᯮᮡ   ࢥ஢, 

⠪ ࠧ      ஡  ᮢ   ᪫祭 , 

. ᪫祭   ⮣  ࠢ  -    ᯮ

ࢥ 뫪  (  堭  த   ).



      forwarders -   ᯨ᮪   㬥.  IP

  ⮬ ᯨ᪥ 筮 । ᯨ᮪ ࢥ஢,     named

  ᤥ , 蠥     쭮  .  

   浪,      ⢥砥  .



      slave -     ࢥ 稭 ࢥ஬. 

     㤥 믮 ४ᨢ   ᠬ⥫쭮, 

㤥  ⮫쪮 ࠢ   ࢥࠬ ।  forwarders

஬.









                               - 114 -



        樨,    㤥 뢠 ,  sortlist

  domain.  ⥫쭮,         ४⨢,        

ᯮ짮  zone 䠩  .  -  $INCLUDE    $ORIGIN.

   ।  ,    㤥 뢠  .



      7.2.2 DNS 䠩  .



      ᭮ 䠩 砥 named,  named.hosts, ᥣ  

 ᮥ  ,    뢠  origin.    -  

 ன ।  襬   ᭮묨 . 

᭮  䠩     ।        ⮢

⭮⥫쭮  ⮩ . ,   䠩 䨣樨, ⠥

᮫,  ᫨   稢    ⢥  窥,     

㤥   ᬠਢ ⭮⥫쭮 origin.  rigin  

㯮, ᫨  ᯮ "@".



       , ᮤঠ騥  ᭮ 䠩 ।  筨

ᥩ,  Rrs(resource records)  ⪮.  ⠢ ᠬ

  ଠ樨 㯭 १ DNS.  ᯮᮡ    

⨯.  , ਬ ⮡ࠦ    IP ,  CNAME 

樨  ᥢ     樠 . ਬ,

ᬮ  㭮 7.2.3  ࠭ 116,  뢠 named.hosts

᭮ 䠩  virtual brewery.



      ᮡ    ᭮  䠩    騬  ଠ⮬:



      [domain] [ttl] [class] type rdata



       ⤥ ஡  ⠡樥.    த

१

      ᪮쪮 ப, ᫨ 뢠"䨣ୠ ᪮   ।

ࢮ ப,  ᫥  稢 뢠饩 䨣୮ ᪮.

-  窮  ⮩   ப .



      domain     ன  . ᫨  

  , RR ⠥     ।饣 RR.



      ttl 室  ⮣ ⮡ ⠢ 騥 ன⢠



                               - 115 -



뢠 ଠ ᫥ । ஬⪠ ६,  RR

樨  "time to live'',    ttl  ⪮.  ttl

। ६  ᥪ㭤.







      information  ᨫ ᫥ ⮣,   뫠    ࢥ.

 - 筮 ᫮  ᥬ ࠧ鸞.



      ᫨ ttl 祭  ,   㤥  ᯮ짮 祭 

㬮砭   祭 쭮  ।饩 SOA .



      class  -  ,  IN  IP ᮢ,  HS 

ꥪ   Hesoid .  TCP/IP ⥩,  室 ᤥ  IN.

᫨     , 㤥 ਭ  ।饣 RR.



      type  뢠 ⨯  RR.    騥  ⨯:  A,  SOA,  PTR,

  NS. 騥 ࠧ 뢠 ࠧ ⨯ RR.



      rdata  ন  易  RR. ଠ ⮣ 

   ⨯ RR. ,  㤥 ᠭ   RR ⤥쭮.



      following - 襭 ᯨ᮪ RR,    㦭  ᯮ짮  

DNS ᭮  䠩.    ᪮쪮      ,      

㤥 .      ᯥਬ⠫묨,  , 讣

ᯮ짮.



      SOA



       뢠    (SOA  砥  "  Start  of

Authority'').   ᮮ頥   ᫥   SOA RR ᮤন

 ଠ   .    ᭮  䠩,  祭

᭮  ஬   ᮤঠ SOA   ⮩ .  筨

  ᮤঠ  ᫥騧 :



      origin  - ᪮   ᭮ ࢥ  ⮩

. 筮   ᮫⭮ .





                               - 116 -







      contact  - email  祫 ⢥⢥   ঠ

,   "@"  ⢥ 窨.  ਬ,  ᫨  ⢥⢥ 

Virtual Brewery - janet,  ⮣   ᮤঠ  janet.vbrew.com.



      serial  -  ᨨ 쭮  䠩,  ࠦ  

⢥ 筮 ᫮. 直 ࠧ,    

쭮  䠩,    ᫮   㢥祭.



      ਩  ᯮ 묨 ࢥࠬ, ⮡ ᯮ,

 쭠 ଠ 뫠 . ⮡ ⠢    ஢

ᮢ६ ॡ,  ࢥ 訢 SOA 

ਬ୮  ࢥ   । ஬⪨ ६,  ࠢ

浪     㥬  SOA  .  ᫨    ,  

   ࢥ ७ 楫     ᭮ ࢥ.



      refresh ।  ࢠ,    ᥪ㭤,    

ࢥ  ᯮ짮  ஢ઠ SOA ᥩ ᭮ ࢥ.

 -    祬  ᥬ ࠧ鸞.



       ᭮, ⥢ ⮯ ᫨誮     ⮣,

⮡   筮 । ࢠ  ᫨讬   

⥩,       ⥩.



      retry   । ࢠ      ࢥ

   ᮥ   ᭮  ࢥ஬,  ᫨     

쭠 ॣ ௨ 㤠.      ᫨誮

쪨, ⮬   ६ ⪠ ࢥ  ⥢ ஡

       ⥢ .  ,  

,        訬 롮஬.



      expire - ।  ६    ᥪ㭤  ᫥  ண  ࢥ

 -    , ᫨   뫮

   ⠪  ᭮ ࢥ஬.  ஬⮪ ६  ᭮

  祭 訬. Craig Hunt (GETS "hunt - tcpip"]) ४ 42

.





                               - 117 -



      minimum -    㬮砭  ttl  祭    室

ᥩ,  筮    ।  . ॡ  㣮  ࢥ,

⮡  RR  ஢ન ᫥ । - ६.







      祣  ᤥ   ६  ᫥  ண    ࢥ

஡ ஢  ଠ.



      minimum   訬  祭,  ᮡ    LANs,  

⥢ ⮯    . 祭     .

 砥,  ⢥ Rrs   ,    

 ਯ뢠  ࠧ ttl.



      A



      樨 IP   hostname. 筨   ᮤন 

 dotted quad notation.



           ⮫쪮  . Hostname

ᯮ㥬   ⮩   ᬠਢ  㦥    ᪨

hostname.   㣨 hostnames - ᥢ      ⮡ࠦ  

᪮ hostname ᯮ CNAME .



      NS



      뢠   ࢥ 稭 .    ᭥,

祬,    NS  ,  ᬮ  ࠧ  3.6.

筨    ᮤন hostname ࢥ.  ࠧ

⥫ hostname  A , ⠪ 뢠 glue,     IP

 ࢥ.



      CNAME



      樨  ᥢ         ᪨ hostname.

᪨ hostname -  䠩,  ᯥ稢    ;

ᥢ  易  ⨬  CNAME ,     

ᮡ⢥ .



                               - 118 -





      PTR







       ⨯  ᯮ,  ⮣, ⮡  ᮥ    

Addr.arpa   hostnaoes.  ᯮ  ⭮ ⮡ࠦ

IP  ᮢ  hostnames.  hostname   ᪨ hostname.



      MX



       RR  ८ࠧ⥫   .    祣  

 ८ࠧ⥫ , 㦤  ࠧ 14.4.1   14..

⠪ MX  ᫥騩:



      [domain] [ttl] [class] MX preference host



      host  ८ࠧ⥫    .  

८ࠧ⥫  ।⠥ 楫 ᫮, 易  ⨬ ⮬.

 ७ ,    ⠢   , 㤥

ॡ   ,    騥  MX ᥩ   ⮩  ,  

      ᯥ譮.  砫  㤥 ஡  ,  ண

ᠬ  ᫮,         ᫮  ⠭ (

᫮ 뢠-preference value).



      HINFO   ।⠢ ଠ ⭮⥫쭮  

। ⥬  ணࠬ ᯥ祭. ⠪ ⮩ :



      [domain] [ttl] [class] HINFO hardware software



      ⭠     ।⢠,  ᯮ㥬

⨬ ⮬.  ᯥ樠 ᮣ襭, ⮡ 筮 ।  .

᮪ 室    "Assigned Numbers'' (RF 1340). ᫨ 

ᮤন ஡,          窨.  

⥩ ணࠬ ᯥ祭  ᯮ  樮  ⥬.

  ᭮, 室饥    ࠭  "Assigned Numbers'' RFC.



      7.2.3   䠩.



                               - 119 -





      㭪 7.2.3, 7.2.3, 7.2.3,  7.2.3    ਬ  䠩  

 ࢥ  brewery, ࠧ饭  vlager. ᫥⢨ ࠪ

㦤   (⢥  쭠  ᫨⥫쭠  ),  ਬ

-  쭮 ⮩. ᫨  ॡ  ᫮,     

   named,    "DNS and BIND'' by Cricket Liu  and

Paul  Albitz  ([GETST "liu-dns"]).



                  &   "



       䠩 named.ca,   㢨  㭪 7.2.3,  뢠

ਬ hint   root name ࢥ.   䠩 筮

뢠   ࢥ஢,   ⮣.    ⥪騩

ᯨ᮪ ࢥ஢  root , ᯮ nslookup, ᠭ  

 ⮩ .(3)



              ;

              ; /var/named/named.ca          Cache file for the brewery.

              ;                We're not on the Internet, so we don't need

              ;                any root servers. To activate these

              ;                records, remove the semicolons.

              ;

              ; .                99999999   IN    NS  NS.NIC.DDN.MIL

              ; NS.NIC.DDN.MIL   99999999   IN    A   26.3.0.103

              ; .                99999999   IN    NS  NS.NASA.GOV

              ; NS.NASA.GOV      99999999   IN    A   128.102.16.10



                           㭮 10.  named.ca.



      7.2.4 ஢ઠ ⠭ ࢥ(Name Server Setup).



      3. ,     ᬮ  ᤥ     襣  ࢥ

  root ࢥ,  ᫨    - root server  hints:

墠  22! ⮡   ⮩ ,   ⠪ ஡

⠢ nslookup ᯮ짮 㣮 ࢥ,    ᯮ짮

ਬ  䠩   㭪 7.2.3,  ⥬   ᯨ᮪

室 ࢥ஢.





                               - 120 -







            ;

            ; /var/named/named.hosts       Local hosts at the brewery

            ;                               Origin is vbrew.com

            ;

            @                   IN  SOA   vlager.vbrew.com. (

                                          janet.vbrew.com.

                                          16         ; serial

                                          86400      ; refresh: once per

day

                                          3600       ; retry:   ong howr

                                          3600000    ; expire:  42 days

                                          604800     ; minimum: 1 week

                                          )

                                IN  NS    vlager.vbrew.com.

            ;

            ; local mail is distributed on vlager

                                IN  MX    10 vlager

            ;

            ; loopback address

            localhost.          IN  A     127.0.0.1

            ; brewery Ethernet

            vlager              IN  A     191.72.1.1

            vlager-if1          IN  CNAME vlager

            ; vlager is also news server

            news                IN  CNAME vlager

            vstout              IN  A     191.72.1.2

            vale                IN  A     191.72.1.3

            ; winery Ethernet

            vlager-if2          IN  A     191.72.2.1

            vbardolino          IN  A     191.72.2.2

            vchianti            IN  A     191.72.2.3

            vbeaujolais         IN  A     191.72.2.4



                          㭮 11.  named.hosts.



        ४᭮  ।⢮    ஢ન  ⢨ ⠭



                               - 121 -



襣 ࢥ(server setup).  뢠 nslookup,   

ᯮ짮   ࠪ⨢ ०    ப.  ᫥

砥,   뢠  



      nslookup hostname



        ᤥ   ࢥ, ।  resolv.conf,  

hostname. (᫨   䠩  祬  ࢥ, nslookup 롥

- )







             ;

             ; /var/named/named.local       Reverse mapping of 127.0.0

             ;                               Origin is 0.0.127.in-

addr.arpa.

             ;

             @                   IN  SOA   vlager.vbrew.com. (

                                           joe.vbrew.com.

                                           1          ; serial

            "   "                          360000     ; refresh: 100 hrs

                                           3600       ; retry:   one hour

                                           3600000    ; expire:  42 days

                                         ; minimum: 100 hrs

                                           )

                                 IN  NS    vlager.vbrew.com.

             1                   IN  PTR   localhost.



                          㭮 12.  named.local.



      ࠪ⨢ ०,      墠뢠騬.  ஬

⮣  ᬮ 㠫 ⮢,      ᤥ    

 ⨯ DNS ,  ७  ଠ  .



        뢠  㬥, nslookup ⮡ࠧ  

ᯮ㥬 ࢥ,  㯨  ࠪ⨢ ०.  " > "

ਣ襭(prompt),        ண   

ᤥ  .   㬮砭,    A ,  ᮤঠ騩  IP



                               - 122 -



    ⭮襭  .



           ⨯,  ᯮ  "set  type=type",  

type(⨯)    室  , ᠭ  

ࠧ  7.2,  ANY.



      ਬ,      ᫥騩 :







            ;

            ; /var/named/named.rev         Reverse mapping of our IP

addresses

            ;                               Origin is 72.191.in-addr.arpa.

            ;

            @                   IN  SOA   vlager.vbrew.com. (

                                          joe.vbrew.com.

                                          16         ; serial

                                          86400      ; refresh: once per

day

                                          3600       ; retry:   one hour

                                          3600000    ; expire:  42 days

                                          604800     ; minimum; 1 week

                                          )

                                IN  NS    vlager.vbrew.com.

            ; brewery

            1.1                 IN  PTR   vlager.vbrew.com.

            2.1                 IN  PTR   vstout.vbrew.com.

            3.1                 IN  PTR   vale.vbrew.com.

            ; winery

            1.2                 IN  PTR   vlager-if1.vbrew.com.

            2.2                 IN  PTR   vbardolino.vbrew.com.

            3.2                 IN  PTR   vchianti.vbrew.com.

            4.2                 IN  PTR   vbeaujolais.vbrew.com.



                           㭮 13.  named.rev.







                               - 123 -



      $ nslookup

                 Default Name Server:  rs10.hrz.th-darmstadt.de

                 Address:  130.83.56.60



                 > sunsite.unc.edu

                 Name Server:  rs10.hrz.th-darmstadt.de

                 Address:  130.83.56.60



                 Non-authoritative answer:

                 Name:    sunsite.unc.edu

                 Address:  152.2.22.81





      ᫨  ஡  ᤥ      ,  ஥    

 易 IP ,  㣨  뫨      DNS  

,  nslookup ᮮ  訡: "No type A records found''. ,

   ⠢ ᤥ   ᥩ 㣨 ⨯ ( ), 

"set  type" . ਬ, ⮡  SOA  unc.edu,  

:







      > unc.edu

                 *** No address (A) records available for unc.edu

                 Name Server:  rs10.hrz.th-darmstadt.de

                 Address:  130.83.56.60



                 > set type=SOA

                 > unc.edu

                 Name Server:  rs10.hrz.th-darmstadt.de

                 Address:  130.83.56.60



                 Non-authoritative answer:

                 unc.edu

                         origin = ns.unc.edu

                      &  mcil addr = shava.ns.unc.edu

                         serial = 930408

                         refresh = 28800 (8 hours)



                               - 124 -



                         retry   = 3600 (1 hour)

                         expire  = 1209600 (14 days)

                         minimum ttl = 86400 (1 day)



                 Authoritative answers can be found from:

                 UNC.EDU nameserver = SAMBA.ACS.UNC.EDU

                 SAMBA.ACS.UNC.EDU       internet address = 128.109.157.30



       ࠧ   ᤥ   MX ᥩ,  ..

ᯮ짮 ⨯ ANY ୥  室 , 易  

.



      > set type=MX

                 > unc.edu

                 Non-authoritative answer:

                 unc.edu preference = 10, mail exchanger =

lambada.oit.unc.edu

                 lambada.oit.unc.edu     internet address = 152.2.22.80



                 Authoritative answers can be found from:

                 UNC.EDU nameserver = SAMBA.ACS.UNC.EDU

                 SAMBA.ACS.UNC.EDU       internet address = 128.109.157.30



      ࠪ᪮ ਬ nslookup,  ⫠, -  ⥪騩

ᯨ᮪ root ࢥ஢  䠩 named.ca.    ᤥ  ,

訢   ⨯ NS ᥩ, 易  root :







                 > set typ=NS

                 > .

                 Name Server:  fb0430.mathematik.th-darmstadt.de

                 Address:  130.83.2.30



                 Non-authoritative answer:

                 (root)  nameserver = NS.INTERNIC.NET

                 (root)  nameserver = AOS.ARL.ARMY.MIL

                 (root)  nameserver = C.NYSER.NET



                               - 125 -



                 (root)  nameserver = TERP.UMD.EDU

                 (root)  nameserver = NS.NASA.GOV

                 (root)  nameserver = NIC.NORDU.NET

                 (root)  nameserver = NS.NIC.DDN.MIL



                 Authoritative answers can be found from:

                 (root)  nameserver = NS.INTERNIC.NET

                 (root)  nameserver = AOS.ARL.ARMY.MIL

                 (root)  nameserver = C.NYSER.NET

                 (root)  nameserver = TERP.UMD.EDU

                 (root)  nameserver = NS.NASA.GOV

                 (root)  nameserver = NIC.NORDU.NET

                 (root)  nameserver = NS.NIC.DDN.MIL

                 NS.INTERNIC.NET internet address = 198.41.0.4

                 AOS.ARL.ARMY.MIL        internet address = 128.63.4.82

                 AOS.ARL.ARMY.MIL        internet address = 192.5.25.82

                 AOS.ARL.ARMY.MIL        internet address = 26.3.0.29

                 C.NYSER.NET     internet address = 192.33.4.12

                 TERP.UMD.EDU    internet address = 128.8.10.90

                 NS.NASA.GOV     internet address = 128.102.16.10

                 NS.NASA.GOV     internet address = 192.52.195.10

                 NS.NASA.GOV     internet address = 45.13.10.121

                 NIC.NORDU.NET   internet address = 192.36.148.17

                 NS.NIC.DDN.MIL  internet address = 192.112.36.4



       ⥬ , 㯭  nslookup    祭  

ᯮ짮  help  nslookup.



      7.2.5 㣨  㬥⠫ ।⢠



       ᪮쪮 㬥⠫ ।,      

訬 砬  BIND .  ⪮     .

    㬥樨,   ਫ    ⨬

㬥⠫묨 ।⢠  ᭥ ⮣,   ᯮ짮.







      hostcvt - ।⢮,  ஥         襩    砫쭮



                               - 126 -



BIND 䨣樨, ८ࠧ뢠  /etc/hosts 䠩   䠩  

named.     אַ (A)  ⭮ ࠦ (PTR), 

   ᥢ  ..  筮,      㤥    

ࠡ    , ᪮      ந 祭

஢  ⥬  SOA  ᠬ, ਬ,  ਡ MX 

 ..      ࠭  ᪮쪮 ⠡⮪ ᯨਭ.

Hostcvt -  BIND  筨,   ⠪  ᯮ짮 

⮭   ᪮쪮 Linux FTP ࢥ.



      ᫥ ⠭  襣  ࢥ,        

஢   䨣.  (,       ⮦)

।⢮    ⮣  dnswalk, perl-based  

ண㫨  襩 DNS   , ᪨  騥  訡  

஢  ᮢ⨬  ଠ樨. Dnswalk  饭 

comp.sources.misc ,    㯥   FTP, 

娢  㯯.







      8. ᫥⥫쭠  IP



      浪  ⮪    裡,  SLIP    PPP,  ᯥ稢

Internet connectivity    宩  裡.  ஬        

᫥⥫쭮 㤮   FIFO ஬,  

।⢠   㦭. ᯮ짮  -   ᫮ 祬

ᯮ짮 mailbox,  ⮬  㢥稢 ᫮  ࣠権,

 ।  ⥫䮭  맮      IP   㯭

⮨ .



        ࠩ 㯭  Linux-  SLIP    PPP.  SLIP  

⠬   祭  ६,  ࠡ⠥ 筮  .   PPP

ࠩ   ࠧࠡ⠭ ᮢᥬ  MIchael Callahan    Al  Longyear.

  ࠩ  㤥 ᠭ  ᫥饩 .



      8.1 騥 ॡ.



       ⮣, ⮡ ᯮ짮  SLIP    PPP,    

᪮䨣஢   ࠡ    ﬨ,    ᠭ  



                               - 127 -



।  .    ⠭  looback  interface,  

ᯥ    name resolution.  ᮥ  Internet,  ᮬ

 ᯮ짮 DNS.       -    

ࢥ     resolv.conf 䠩;  ࢥ ᤥ   ⮫쪮

SLIP    㤥 ⨢஢.



      ,  襭  ⨬쭮, ⮬   ᪨  

  室 १  SLIP/PPP . ᫨  

⭮⥫쭮 ਭ ,   ॡ,    ⠪ ⠭

cache-only ࢥ.  ⢨⥫쭮  㦨騩,  ⮫쪮 

  ४⥫    DNS ᮢ, ந  襬 .

२⢮ ⮩ 奬  - ,   ᮧ  ,  ⠪,  ⮡

設⢮  ᮢ     ᫠ १ ᫥⥫ 

⮫쪮  ࠧ. Named.boot 䠩   cache-only ࢥ஢, 룫廊 ⠪:



      ; named.boot file for caching-only server

                 directory                            /var/named



                 primary       0.0.127.in-addr.arpa   db.127.0.0 ; loopback

net

                 cache         .                      db.cache   ; root

servers



         ⮬ 䠩,  ⠪  ⠭







      db.cache 䠩  室騬 ᯨ᪮ root ࢥ஢.  뢠

     "䨣 饣 ன⢠".



      8.2 SLIP .



      䮭 맮 IP  ࢥ஢    ।  SLIP  㦨

१ ᯥ樠 짮⥫᪨ account(). ᫥ login  ⠪ account,

  室   ;  ணࠬ  script 窨 -

⪫ SLIP  ࠩ  ࢥ஢    ᫥⥫쭮        

᪮䨣 ᮮ⢥騩 ⥢ interface. ⥬    ᤥ

⮦  ᠬ    裡.



                               - 128 -





        樮 ⥬, SLIP ࠩ --  user-space

ணࠬ;  Linux,  -   ,        

॥. ॡ, , ⮡ 浪   뫠 

८ࠧ    SLIP ०.  믮 ।⢮ tty line

discipline,  SLIPDISC.    tty 室  筮 line discipline

(DISC0),      ⮫쪮   ᢬ 짮⥫, ᯮ

normal read (2)  write(2) 맮,  SLIP ࠩ -  ⪫祭    

  ⥭    tty,      , 㯠騥  ३ ,

 ய饭 SLIP ࠩ஬.



      SLIP  ࠩ  ।⢥    ᫮  ࠧ⥩  

SLIP ⮪.  ஬  筮  SLIP,    ⠪     CSLIP,

 믮 ⠪ 뢠 Van Jacobson header compression 

室  IP .(1) ⥫쭮,  -⮢ ᨨ 

    ⮪.



      ⮩ ᯮᮡ ८ࠧ ᫥⥫     SLIP  ०

-  ᯮ짮 slattach. ⨬,        /dev/cua3,  

 㤠筮 ᮥ  SLIP ࢥ.  ⥬  믮:



      #slattach /dev/cua3 &



        line discipline cua3  SLIPDISC,  ᮥ  

   interface SLIP . ᫨   ࢠ ⨢ SLIP ,

   㤥 ᮥ  sl0;  뫠  ᮥ  sl1, 

⠪ .  騥  ন  쬨 ६ SLIP 痢.



      1. Van Jacobson header compression ᠭ  RFC 1441.







        㬮砭 ଫ , ࠭  slattach  -

CSLIP.      㣮 ०, ᯮ -p  ४⥫.

  ⮣, ⮡ ᯮ짮 normal SLIP (no compression),  

ᯮ짮



      # slattach -p slip /dev/cua3 &



                               - 129 -





      㣨 ० - cslip, slip6, cslip6 ( -⮢ ᨨ

Slip()),   adaptive  ⨢ SLIP. ᫥  ⠢    

,  ⮡ ᭨,  ⨯ ଫ  SLIP ᯮ remote

end.



      ,   易 ᯮ짮 ⠪  ଫ, 

   peer. ਬ, ᫨ cowslip ᯮ CSLIP,    

ᯮ짮  . ⮬ ᮣᮢ  ⠪,   ping

⥫쭮     ୥  ⭮. ᫨ 㣮  pings

,        㢨 ᮮ饭 ⨯ "Can't build ICMP header'' 

襬  .    ᯮᮡ   ⭮ - 

ᯮ짮 adaptive SLIP.



      ᪨, slattach  ⮫쪮    ⪫  SLIP,  

    ⪫砥 㣨 ⮪,   ᯮ

᫥⥫  ⠪,   PPP  KISS (㣮 ⮪,

ᯮ㥬  쬨  ham radio).  ⠫,   

slattach 樨 . 8.



      ᫥ ।  SLIP  ࠩ,      ᪮䨣஢

⥢ interface.  ᭮,    ᯮ㥬  ⠭  ifconfig    route

. ।,   vlager  ᮥ ࢥ஬ crowslip.

   믮:



      # ifconfig sl0 vlager pointopoint cowslip

                 # route add cowslip

                 # route add default gw cowslip



      ࢠ  䨣 interface  point-to-point  

cowslip,   ६      ਡ  route  

cowslip       㬮砭 , ᯮ㥬 cowslip  .



       ⠦ SLIP 裡,  ᭠砫  㤠   

cowslip, ᯮ route c del 樥, 㡥 interface,  ।

slatch  ᨣ hangup( 㡪). ᫥⢨   hangup

,  ᯮ騩  ନ ணࠬ:





                               - 130 -







                 # route del default

                 # route del cowslip

                 # ifconfig sl0 down

                 # kill -HUP 516



      8.3 ᯮ짮 dip



          .  ,           

⮬⨧஢ 㯮 蠣 ⠪, ⮡  ⮫쪮  뢫 

 ,  믮   蠣,  .  - ,

 祣 㦥 dip. (2) 饥  ⮣ ᪠ -  3.3.7.

ࠢ﫠 ᪮쪨 쬨, ⮬  㦥   ᬮ

  dip   ணࠬ.  ࠧ  ࠧ 

"" ᫨  饩 ᨨ.



      Dip ᯥ稢   몮,   ࠡ뢠

  , ८ࠧ   SLIP ०,    䨣  interface.

 쭮 ਬ⨢  ࠭祭,   室  

設⢠  砥.   dip()   讥 ⢮

஭  몮   .



      ⮡ 뫮  ᪮䨣஢  SLIP  interface,  dip  ॡ

root ਢ.  ⥯ 뫮  ᮡ⥫쭮  ⮣, ⮡  ᤥ

dip setuid  root, ⠪ ࠧ  짮⥫   ᮥ 

 SLIP ࢥ஬  室  थ⠢    root

㯠.   祭 ᭮, ⮬   ⠭ 䨪⨢

interface()      㬮砭 ⮢ dip  ࠧ

ࠢ    襩  .   㦥,   訬 짮⥫

ਮ    ᮥ    SLIP ࢥࠬ,    ⠪

    .  ,  ᫨     訬 짮⥫

 SLIP ,   쪨 ணࠬ  

। SLIP  ࢥ,    맮  dip   ᯥ᪨

script(),  ⠭ .  ணࠬ   ⥬

᭮ ᤥ setuid root. (3)



      8.3.1   Script(業਩).



                               - 131 -





       script   㭪 8.3.1.   ᯮ짮 

裡  cowslip, 뢠 dip  script   㬥:



      2. Dip ࠧ㬥 Dialup IP.   ᠭ Fred van Kempen.

      3. Diplogin  ( )   饭 setuid(). . ࠧ 

 ⮩ .







                  # Sample dip script for dialing up cowslip



                  # Set local and remote name and address

                  get $local vlager

                  get $remote cowslip



       "          port cua3                # choose a serial port

                  speed 38400              # set speed to max

                  modem HAYES              # set modem type

                  reset                    # reset modem and tty

                  flush                    # flush out modem response



                  # Prepare for dialing.

                  send ATQ0V1E1X1\r

                  wait OK 2

                  if $errlvl != 0 goto error

                  dial 41988

                  if $errlvl != 0 goto error

                  wait CONNECT 60

                  if $errlvl != 0 goto error



                  # Okay, we're connected now

                  sleep 3

                  send \r\n\r\n

                  wait ogin: 10

                  if $errlvl != 0 goto error

                  send Svlager\n

                  wait ssword: 5



                               - 132 -



                  if $errlvl != 0 goto error

                  send hey-jude\n

                  wait running 30

                  if $errlvl != 0 goto error



                  # We have logged in, and the remote side is firing up

SLIP.

                  print Connected to $remote with address $rmtip

                  default                  # Make this link our default

route

                  mode SLIP                # We go to SLIP mode, too

                  # fall through in case of error



                 error:

                  print SLIP to $remote failed.



                     㭮 14.  dip script.







      # dip cowslip.dip

                 DIP: Dialup IP Protocol Driver version 3.3.7 (12/13/93)

                 Written by Fred N. van Kempen, MicroWalt Corporation.



                 connected to cowslip.moo.com with addr 193.174.7.129

                 #



      ᫥ ᮥ  cowslip  祭 SLIP, dip ⤥ 

ନ   ⮩  ।⠢  SLIP 裡.   ᬮ "

⥬   ᯮ짮  ⥢ 㣨  SLIP 裡. ⮡

  ,  맮 dip c 樥 -k.  諥  hangup

ᨣ  dip  , ᯮ id dip   /etc/dip.pid: (4)



      # kill -k



       dip script 몥, 祢 ᫮ 騥 䨪  ᨬ $

 ࠧ . Dip  ।। ⢮

६,       ᫥  .  $remote    $local,



                               - 133 -



ਬ,   ᮤঠ hostnames 쭮  ⥫쭮 ,

祭  SLIP .



          ⨯ script -  , 

 dip  ᯮᮡ  ⠭  ६.  ,    

⥫ hostname ⠭  vlager  cowslip, ᮮ⢥⢥.



      騥  ஢ ⠭    ନ    .

Reset 뫠 reset ப    ;    Hayes-ᮢ⨬  ,

  ATZ. 騩   ॠ ,  ⠪  

login chat   ࠡ⠫ ࠢ쭮.  hat  -  쭮 :  

  ࠥ    41988,    ⥫䮭  cowslip,   ᮥ

  account  Svlager  १  ஫  hey-jude.  Wait   ⠢ dip

 ப,      㬥;  ,    ன

㬥  wait time, ᫨  ப  뫠 祭. If 

ࠧᠭ  楤 室  ⥬,  ஢ ,   訡

   믮 ⮩ .



      ⮣(final) , 믮 ᫥  logging,    

㬮砭,  ⠢ SLIP  易      㬮砭  

  ᥬ ⠬,  ०,  ⪫砥 SLIP    

䨣 interface  ⠡ ⮢(routing tables)  .



      4. . newsgroup alt.tla   ஬᪮  

஭  ६ ᨬ.







      8.3.2 Dip 뫪.



     " ப ᯮ㥬, dip        祭    ᠭ.

⮬,  ⮬ ࠧ   뫪    設⢠  dip  .  

  ⪨   , 뢠 dip    test  ०,  

 help  .    ⮣,  ⮡    ⭮⥫쭮  ᨭ⠪

,      - 㬥⮢;  筮    

ࠡ⠥  ,   㦭  㬥.



                  $ dip -t



                               - 134 -



                 DIP: Dialup IP Protocol Driver version 3.3.7 (12/13/93)

                 Written by Fred N. van Kempen, MicroWalt Corporation.



      DIP> help

                 DIP knows about the following commands:



                         databits default  dial     echo     flush

                         get      goto     help     if       init

                         mode     modem    parity   print    port

                         reset    send     sleep    speed    stopbits

                         term     wait



                 DIP> echo

                 Usage: echo on|off

                 DIP>



       ᥬ 殮, ਬ,  뤥 DIP> prompt

뢠,         test  ०,      output

ந.    ਬ, 뢠騥 ⮪  prompt 

ਭ  script 뢮.



      8.3.2.1  .



        r,    dip ᯥ稢  䨣

襩  ᫥⥫쭮   .      -  祢,

⠪    ,   롨ࠥ ᫥⥫ , 

த⢨,    ,  ⮯ ,  ⭮, 

⠭ 騥 ࠬ .



          롨ࠥ  ⨯  .    饥  ६,

⢥ ন ⨯ - HAYES.   ᯥ dip ⨯

,     ⪠    믮 reset . Reset

  뫠 reset ப  ; ᯮ㥬 ப  

࠭   ⨯ .  Hayes-ᮢ⨬ ,  - ATZ.



      Flush code  ᯮ짮  ⮣, ⮡    ॠ樨,

  뫠 so far.  chat script     ⠭,

⮬     ⠥ OK ॠ樨   ࠭ .



                               - 135 -









       init 롨ࠥ initialization ப,  㦭 

। ஬ . 祭  㬮砭  Hayes  - "ATE0 Q0 V1

X1'',  砥 ⮡ࠦ  ࠭   long result code,  

롨ࠥ  ᫥ ( ஢ન ⮭ 誠).



       dial   뫠 initialization ப      

ࠥ  ⥬.   㬮砭 dial   Hayes

 - ATD.



      8.3.2.2 echo  term.



       ECHO 㦨    ⫠,  ன ᯮ짮

ECHO  ON  dip ECHO  ᮫   뫠    浪

ன.     몫祭 ᭮,  ECHO OFF.



      Dip ⠪     ⠢  script  ०  ६  

㯨   terminal ०.  ⮬ ०,   ᯮ짮 dip 筮

⠪      terminal ணࠬ, 饩  ᫥⥫  

  饩    . ⮡ ⠢  ०,  " Ctrl-] ".



      8.3.2.3 Get .



      Get  - dip  ᯮᮡ  ⠭  ६.    

ଠ  - ⠭ ६  ⠭,        

㯮⮬ ਬ.    ,   ⠪    짮⥫  

室 । 祢 ᫮  祭:



      DIP> get $local ask

      Enter the value for $local:



      ⨩  ⮤  ⮨    ⮬,  ⮡  ஡  

祭   ⤠ . 㤫,   ,   祭

   :  SLIP ࢥ   

ᯮ짮  ᮡ⢥ IP   SLIP  裡,    㤥

ਯ뢠       ꥤ  ᮢ  直  ࠧ,    



                               - 136 -



ࠥ  ,    ᮮ饭, ஥ ନ  ⭮⥫쭮

  ஬    뫨 祭. ᫨ ᬮ ᮮ饭 -    -

  த  ⮣  ``Your address: 193.174.7.202'',  ᫥騩

ࠣ dip  ⨫     :



      wait address: 10

      get $locip remote







      8.3.2.4 Print 



         ECHO ⥪  dip ᮫.      dip  ६

 ᯮ짮  print , ⠪ :



      DIP> print Using port $port at speed $speed

      Using port cua3 at speed 38400



      8.3.2.5 ६ (Variable Names)



      Dip ⮫쪮  ।। ⢮ ६.

६   ᥣ 稭  ᨬ     ᠭ 

  ॣ.



      $local  $locip ६ ᮤঠ  쭮   

  IP . ⠭ hostname ⠢ dip ࠭ ᪨

hostname  $local,    ᠬ ६ ਯ뢠  $locip  ᮮ⢥騩

IP  . 筠  砥  ⠭ $locip.



      $remote  $rmtip ६  ⮦ ᠬ  ⤠  ⮢

 ᮢ. $mtu ᮤন MTU 祭  ᮥ.



          ६ - ⢥,          

祭 ।⢥ ᯮ get .  㣨 ६

  ⮫쪮 ⠭ १ ᮮ⢥騥 ,   

ᯮ짮  print ;  - $modem, $port,  $speed.



      $errlvl - ६, १          



                               - 137 -



१

      ᫥ 믮 . ஢ 訡 0 㪠뢠    ᯥ,

  

      ६  㫥 祭 砥 訡.



      8.3.2.6 If  Goto 



      If  -  ᫮ 㪠, 祬    筮  㧠  



      if. ⠪:



      if var op number goto label



       ࠦ     ࠢ      

६ $errlvl, $locip,  $rmtip. ன ࠭   楫

᫮;  op     ==,!=, <,>, < =,  > =.







       goto  믮  script  continue  ப,  饩

 . ⪠     ⮪  ,  

 稢 稥.



      8.3.2.7 send, wait  sleep



         믮    chat  scripts    dip.  Send

뢮   㬥  ᫥⥫ .      ন

६,     C-style backslash character  sequences  ⨯

\n    \b.   ⨫ (~) ᯮ  ᮪饭  ⪨

return/newline.



      wait    ᫮    㬥,     ᬠਢ        室

 ᫥⥫쭮 ,    ᯮ   ᫮.    ᠬ

 ᥡ ।⢥   ᮤঠ ஡. 롮筮   

 wait timeout value  ன  㬥;  ᫨    ᫮  

祭   祭  ६,   

祭 $errlvl ࠢ 1.





                               - 138 -



      Sleep     ᯮ짮    ⮣,  ⮡  

஥ ⢮  ६,   ਬ, patiently        

login ᫥⥫쭮  襭.  ᭮, ࢠ । 

ᥪ㭤.



      8.3.2.8 mode  default



        ᯮ  ⮣, ⮡ ४ ᫥⥫

  SLIP ०  ᪮䨣஢ interface.



      Mode  - ᫥ , 믮 dip  ।    

daemon ०.  訡  ,  祣  頥.



      Mode   ⮪  㬥. Dip ﭭ ᯮ

SLIP  CSLIP  室騥 .   dip   adcptive

SLIP.



      ᫥ ⪫祭 SLIP  ०    ᫥⥫쭮  ,  dip

믮 ifconfig    ⮣,  ⮡  ᪮䨣஢  interface  

 (point-to-point  link),    맢    

   ⮢ ⥫쭮 .



      ᫨, ஬ ⮣, script 믮      㬮砭  

। mode,  dip ⠪ c  㬮砭    SLIP .



      8.4   server ०



      ⠭  襣  SLIP     뫠    㤭    .

믮 ⨢,   䨣஢ 襣    

⮣,  ⮡ ⢮  SLIP ࢥ, -  .







      ⢥ ᯮᮡ ᤥ  - ᯮ짮 dip  server ०,

     ⨣,  뢠      diplogin.    

䠩 䨣樨 - /etc/diphosts,  ᮥ  login    

 ⮣  .    ⢥  ୠ⨢,      ⠪

ᯮ짮 sliplogin, BSD-ந ।⢮, ஥ 뢠 



                               - 139 -



  奬 䨣樨,    믮  shell  scripts

直  ࠧ,   ᮥ  ࠧꥤ.  饥 ६ 

ந室   .



       ணࠬ ॡ, ⮡  ⠭  login  account  

 SLIP . ਬ, ।⠢   ᯥ稢  SLIP

㦨 Arthur Dent  Dent.beta.com,    ᮧ  account

  dent,  ᫥ ப  襬 䠩 ஫(passwd

file):



      dent:*:501:60:Arthur Dent's SLIP account:/tmp:/usr/sbin/diplogin



      ᫥⢨,   뫨  ⠭ ஫ Dent(), ⨫

passwd.



      ,  dent 祭, dip   ࢥ. ⮡

।, ⢨⥫쭮      ࠧ襭  ᯮ짮  SLIP,  㦭

     짮⥫  /etc/diphosts.  䠩 ஡ 뢠&

⠢ 㯠   ࠬ ᮥ   SLIP 짮⥫.

   dent    宦 :



      dent::dent.beta.com:Arthur Dent:SLIP,296



      ࢠ  ⤥塞 稥 ⥩ -  짮⥫ 

    .     ᮤঠ  ⥫

஫  (. ).  -  hostname    IP    뢠  .

   ଠ樮    ᯥ樠쭮  祭  (

).  ᫥  뢠 ࠬ ᮥ.  - ᯨ᮪,

⤥  묨, ।騩 ⮪ ( 饥 ६   SLIP

 CSLIP),  ᫥   MTU.



       dent 室  ⥬,  diplogin    ଠ

⭮⥫쭮   diphosts 䠩, , ᫨      ,

᪠뢠  " ஫ 譥  ''. ப,  짮⥫ -

ࠢ   (஢) ஫  diphosts. ᫨  

ᮮ⢥,   ⪠ 室  ⥬ 㤥 ⪫.







                               - 140 -





        ⠥ ⠭,   짮⥫  

ᮥ,      ᠥ . Diplogin ⥬  

 ଠ쭮 discipline line  멤.



      Diplogin  ॡ  ਢ  㯥-짮⥫. ᫨  

⨫  dip setuid root,     ᤥ  diplogin  ⤥쭮

  dip()   ⮩ 裡. Diplogin  ⥬  ᤥ

setuid,  ⢨   ﭨ dip ।⢥.







      9.  ⮪(point-to-point protocol)



      9.1 뢠騩 P's



      筮 ⠪   SLIP, PPP - ⮪  ⮣,  ⮡  뫠

⠣ࠬ १ ᫥⥫ ,     㯮

筮⥩.   ᮮ騥 ஭ 㤨 樨, ⠪ 

IP     ᨬ ⠣ࠬ ࠧ  ६ ᪠, 

ᯥ稢 ࠧ襭 .     ⥩,  PPP

  ⤥  ⮪. ,    ⪮  ᬮਬ    

⠭    PPP.   㦤      ;    ᫨  

 ᭨ -  ⭮⥫쭮  PPP,      ⥫쭮

४   ᯥ䨪  RFC 1548, ⠪    dozen 

companion RFCs. (1)



       ᠬ ᭮ PPP    ࠢ  ।祩    ᮪

஢, ᮪饭  HDLC(High-Level  Data  Link  Control  Protocol),(2),

 । ࠭  㠫   PPP,  

ᯥ稢  16 ࠧ冷  ஫쭮  㬬.    ⨢  

ਬ⨢ ଫ SLIP , PPP ᯮᮡ  墠  

㣨 ⮪⠪  IP ⨯ IPX Novell's,   Appletalk.  PPP

⨣  ⮣,    ⮪  ᭮ HDLC.



      LCP(Link Control Protocol),  ⮪  ࠢ  裡,

ᯮ   設 HDLC   権,   ⭮襭  

  裡,  ⨯ Maximum Receive Unit (MRU),  



                               - 141 -



ᨬ ࠧ ⠣ࠬ  ஭ 裡.



       蠣  ⠤ 䨣樨 裡 PPP ᪮ ࠧ襭.

    易⥫쭮,  ⢨⥫쭮  뫮     dial-

up  .  筮, 뢠      ॣ஢

ᥡ, 뢠,        ᥪ  .  ᫨  

ࠫ ࠢ ,   㤥  ࢠ.    PPP,  ࠧ襭

ࠡ⠥  ᯮᮡ;   뢠騩    ⠪  ,

⮡  ࢥ  ᥡ.  楤  ⠭    

     㣠.   ⮪  ࠧ ⨯

ࠧ襭,      㤨 .      "⮪

⠭    ஫",   PAP(Password Authentication

Protocol ),   CHAP(Challenge  Handshake Authentication Protocol).



       ⥢ ⮪,  ࠧ ४  裡,  

  IP, AppleTalk,  .,  ᪮䨣஢  ᪨,  ᯮ

ᮮ⢥ Network Control Protocol  (NCP).  ਬ,  ⮡  ᫠

IP  ⠣ࠬ ४



      1.  RFCs ᫥   Annoted  Bibiliography    

⮩ .

      2. ᪨,  HDLC-      騩    ⮪,

⥭             㭠த ࣠樥  ⠭⨧樨







      裡,  PPPs  ᭠砫 㤨,   IP ᮢ

     ᯮ.  ⮪  ࠢ,  ᯮ㥬  

⮣  -  IPCP,  the Internet Protocol Control Protocol.



        뫪  ⠭  IP  ⠣ࠬ  ४  裡,    PPP

⠪ ন Van Jacobson header compression IP ⠣ࠬ.  -

⮤   ⮣, ⮡ ᮪  TCP   ᥣ ६ ⠬.

  ⠪ ᯮ  CSLIP,    -    ⭮    VJ  header

compression. ᯮ짮 ᦠ   祭    ६

᪠  १ IPCP.



      9.2 PPP  Linux



                               - 142 -





       Linux, PPP 㭪樮  饯   ,

low-level HDLC ࠩ,  ࠧ饭  ,    ࠭⢮

짮⥫  pppd  daemon, ஥ ࠡ뢠 ࠧ ⮪

ࠢ.  饥  ࠧꥤ PPP  Linux - linux-ppp-1.0.0, ஥

ᮤন    PPP  ,  pppd,   ணࠬ,    chat

ᯮ    ⮣, ⮡ 믮 ⤠ .



      PPP kernel ࠩ    ᠭ  Michael  Callahan. Pppd  

뢥   PPP ॠ樨  Sun  386BSD 設,    ᠭ

Drew Perkins  㣨,  ন Paul Mackerras.  뫮

।⠢  Linux Al Longyear. (3) chat  ᠭ Karl Fox.(4)



      筮  ⠪       SLIP,  PPP  믮  ।⢮  ᯥ樠쭮

line discipline.  ⮣, ⮡ ᯮ짮  ᫥⥫    

PPP ,  ᭠砫  ⠭   訬  

筮,   ᫥⢨ ८ࠧ   PPP ०.  ⮬ ⮤,

  室騥   室  १  PPP  ࠩ,    ஢

室騥   HDLC     ᮮ⢥⢨  (  HDLC  

   16    ⮢ ஫쭮 㬬).  饥 ६,  ᯮᮡ 

롮,  ᯮ  Van Jacobson header compression.  ⮫쪮 Linux

ন IPX, PPP ࠩ 㤥 ७  ⮣, ⮡ ࠡ뢠

IPX .



      Kernel  ࠩ    pppd,  PPP  daemon,    믮

楫 樠  ⥫ ਮ,   室

। ⥬,  䠪᪮ ⥢      ᫠  ४

裡.  Pppd  ࠨ, ᯮ  権. PPP -

,       ⢥ .



      3.   ᪠,    祭  ஥ ६ 

⮣, ⮡ . ᫨   -  ⭮⥫쭮 PPP

  饬,      ᥣ        ⭮⥫쭮  NET

  Linux activists mailing list..

      4. Karl@morningstar.com.









                               - 143 -



       , ,     뢠    ᯥ  pppd,  

    .   ஡ ଠ樨,   

࠭栬  樨   䠩 README  pppd 室 ࠭,

஥      ஢ 設⢮ ᮢ,  

      ᤥ. ᫨    ஡  ᫥

⥭ ᥩ 㬥樨,      newsgroup

omp.protocols.ppp    ࠢ,     ⮬   㧭

  pppd.



      9.3  pppd



            ᮥc    Internet  १  PPP  ,  



      ⠭   ࠡ   ﬨ  ⨯  

横,   饣  ன⢠.    뫨  ᠭ    ।"

.     ,  㦭 㯮 ⭮⥫쭮

ᯮ짮 DNS   ᫥⥫쭮 ;   

SLIP   ᠭ.



        ਬ ⮣,  ⠭ PPP     pppd,

।⠢,   -  vlager ᭮.  㦥 ᮥ  ࢥ஬ 

⥫䮭,  c3po,  ॣ஢    ppp  account.  C3po  㦥

⨫  ᢮  PPP ࠩ. ᫥ 室  㭨樮 ணࠬ,

  ᯮ  ᮥ  ⥫䮭,  室 믮

᫥ :



      # pppd /dev/cua3 38400 crtscts defaultroute



       ६ ᫥⥫  cua3   PPP  ०  

⠭  IP   c3po.  ।,  ᯮ㥬  

᫥⥫쭮   㤥 38400bps.  crtscts  砥  ⭮

㪮⨥    ,   ࠡ  ᪮  祬 9600

\ᥪ.



       ,  pppd  ᫥ ᪠ -   

 ࠪ⨪  裡,  ᯮ  LCP.  筮,    

㬮砭 ⢮ 権,  ஬ pppd ஡ , ⠪ 

  㤥 ஡   .  ⨬   LCP  



                               - 144 -



஡  ᪮쪮 .



       饥 ६,  ⠪ ਭ,    c3po    ॡ

- ⠭ 襩  ,  ⠪    ਮ

䨣樨  襭 ᯥ譮.



      Pppd 㤥 ਢ    IP  ࠬ    peer  ᯮ

IPCP,  IP ࠢ ⮪.     筮 ।﫨 IP







        pppd ,     ஡  ᯮ짮  ,

祭   稨 饣 ன⢮,  ᬮ  쭮

hostname.    ⥬     .



      筮, 祣  砥  ⨬ 祭ﬨ  㬮砭. 

᫨  設 室  Ethernet,   ᯮ짮   ᠬ

IP    .   Ethernet,   PPP  interface.    ⥬  

,  pppd   ᯮ짮 ࠧ ,    

訢  襣 peer  ⮣, ⮡ ᯮ짮 

ᯥ᪨ .    樨 㦤 .



      ᫥ 宦  IPCP  ਮ  ⠭,  pppd  ⮢  

host's networking layer  ⮣, ⮡  ᯮ짮  PPP  .  砫

㤥 ᪮䨣஢ PPP ⥢ interface  point-to-point ,

ᯮ ppp0  ࢮ PPP c裡,   ⨢, ppp1  

ன,   ⠪ . ⥬,  ⠭   ⠡,  

㪠뢠     㣮    裡.    ਬ,    ,

pppd  ᤥ   㬮砭 ⥢     c3  樨

defaultroute.  (5)   ⠢   ⠣ࠬ    ⠬    

襩  쭮     ᫠묨    C3po.      ࠧ

⮢,       pppd ন,   㤨   ⮩

.



      9.4 ᯮ짮 䠩 権



      ० 祬 pppd ஠ 㬥  ப, 

ᬮ ᪮쪮  䠩    権,      㬮砭.  



                               - 145 -



䠩   ᮤঠ  室騥 㬥   ப,

࠭騥 ४  ந쭮  ᫠  .  ਨ

।⠢    ᢮ ᯥ樠묨 .



       䠩 権 - /etc/ppp/options,  ᥣ ᬠਢ

⮣,  ᪠ pppd.  ᯮ짮  ⮣    ⠭

  祭  㬮砭 -  , ⮬    

  ࠭ 짮⥫  믮 ᪮쪨 饩,

   ⠢  ஧ . ਬ, ⮡ pppd  ᨫ

   ⠭  ( PAP  CHAP)  peer,  

   auth   ⮬  䠩.      室  ⮣,

⮡  ⠫  ⠭ PPP       ⥬,  

     ⥫  .



      㣮  䠩  権,    ⠥  ᫥  /etc/ppp/options -

pprc   室 ⠫ 짮⥫.    

짮⥫  筮 ।  ᮡ⢥ ⢮ 権  㬮砭.



       䠩  /etc/ppp/options   룫拉 ᫥騬 ࠧ:



      5.   㬮砭 ⥢    ⮫쪮

⠭, ᫨      ⠭.







      # Global options for pppd running on vlager.vbrew.com

                 auth                 # require authentication

                 usehostname          # use local hostname for CHAP

                 lock                 # use UUCP-style device locking

                 domain vbrew.com     # our domain name



          権     ⠭    

 ᭥ . 祢 ᫮ ஢ ⠢ pppd 㯨

⠭ UUCP ⮤ ஢ ன⢠.  ⨬ ᮡ࠭, 

,  頥  ᫥⥫쭮 ன, ᪠

/dev/cua3,  ᮧ  䠩 ஢,  LCK.. cua3  UUCP ⮫,

⮡ ᮮ,     ன⢮ 室  ᯮ짮. 室

।  㣨 ணࠬ  ⨯  minicom    uuci  쭮



                               - 146 -



ன⢠      ६    ᯮ PPP.



      稭  ᯥ祭 ⮩ 樥  쭮 䨣樮

䠩 - ,  樨 ⨯ ,  뫨     

⬥,     ᯥ稢 ਥ ஢  .  

,     樨   ⬥ ;  ⠪ ਬ

-ᮥ ப.



      9.5    chat



        饩,   㣠    㤮  

襨 ਬ - ,    ⠭   ०,

祬       pppd.  ⫨稥  dip, pppd  

ᮡ⢥ script     ⥫쭮 ⥬  ॣ樨,

     ணࠬ  shell script  ⮣,

⮡  ᤥ  .  ,  㤥 믮     

pppd    connect    line option. Pppd ७  室    室

  ᫥⥫쭮  .    ணࠬ  ⮣ - expect,

ᠭ  Don  Libes.     祭   ᭮  Tcl, 

뫠  ࠧࠡ⠭  筮    ⮣  ਫ.



      Pppd       ணࠬ  뢠  called  chat,

   । UUCP-style chat script.   ᭮,  chat

script ⮨    ।  ᫥⥫쭮  ப,    

   ⤠ ⥬,  ⢥⮢,    

᫠.  㤥 뢠  expect    send  ப,  ᮮ⢥⢥.  

⨯筠 롮ઠ  chat script;



      ogin: b1ff ssword: s3kr3t







       ᮮ頥 chat ⮡  ⠥  ⤠ ⥬   ⮣,

⮡  ᫠ login prompt,   login  b1ff.  ⮫쪮  ogin:

⠪ ⮡ 뫮  ࠢ   login prompt  孥 ॣ  

 ॣ I,  室  ᪠.    ப  -  expect

string ᭮,  ⠢ chat  ஫,  뫠 ᢮ ஫ 

⢥.



                               - 147 -





         ᭮   ,  祣  ।祭  chat  scripts.

 script    ᮥ    PPP  ࢥ஬,  ᮬ   

 ᮮ騥    . ।⠢,      

  Hayes ,    ⥫䮭  ࢥ    318714.  

맮  chat   ⠭ 裡  c3po  :



      $ chat -v '' ATZ OK ATDT318714 CONNECT '' ogin: ppp word: GaGariN



       ।, ࢠ ப     expect ப,  ⠪

    㤥   -  ०, 祬  㫨 ,  

ᤥ  chat ⠪, ⮡  ᭠砫 , ৤    ப.  

த   뫠 ATZ, reset   Hayes-ᮢ⨬ , 

  ॠ (OK).  ப 뫠 dial   ஬

⥫䮭  chat,   ᮮ饭 CONNECT  ⢥.   ⨬  ᫥

  ப  ᭮, ⮬    ⨬ 뫠,   

 ண 室   ⥬. ⮪  chat script ࠡ⠥ 筮 ⠪,

 ᠭ .



       -v  caht log all activities  syslog daemon's local2

facility. (6)



      । chat script   ப  ࠢ ,

⮬   짮⥫    ᬠਢ    ப

ᮢ     ᯮ짮 ps .    ⮣, 

chat script   䠩, ᪠ dial-c3po.   ⠢ chat 

script    䠩   ப,    -f,

ᮯ஢    䠩. 襭 ⢠  pppd ⥯

룫拉  ᫥騬 ࠧ:



      # pppd connect "chat -f dial-c3po" /dev/cua3 38400 -detach \

                         crtscts modem defaultroute



      6. ᫨   ।  syslog.conf  ⠪,  ⮡  ७

  log ᮮ饭  䠩, 㤮⮢,   䠩  ᥬ୮

⠥,  ⠪  chat ⠪ ॣ  chat script 

㬮砭  -   ஫  .





                               - 148 -







       ᮥ饩 樨,  । dial-up script, 

   樨      ப: - detach,    ᮮ頥

ppd   ⤥  ᮫   ᮬ ।뫪. 祢

᫮   ⠢    믮      -।

⢨     ᫥⥫쭮  ன⢥,    "  㡪"

०    ᫥ 맮. ᫨   ᯮ  祢 ᫮, pppd 

㤥 । DCD ,  㤥  㦥 .



      ਬ,   뫨 쭮  ;  chct  

뢠    chat script.  祭  

ᮡ  - ᯮᮡ  筮 । ப  ன 

ࢠ  chat   訡.  ਩ ப - BUSY,    NO

CARRIER,      筮 ,  뢠 

,       㡪.  ⮣, ⮡ ᤥ chat

ᯮ騬    ,  ᪮॥ ॥ 祬 멤 ६,  

। 砫 script, ᯮ  祢 ᫮ ABORT.



      $ chat -v ABORT BUSY ABORT 'NO CARRIER' '' ATZ OK ...



        ०,    祭 ஢  

६   ⥩ chat scripts, ⠢  TIME  OUT  樨.  

⠫,     chat(8) ࠢ筨.



      ,    ⥫     ᫮

祭 ⥩ chat script. ਬ,        砥

⤠ end'slogin prompt,     ᫠ BREAK,

  ⪨.     ⮣, ᮥ sub-script 

expect ப.    ⮨  ᫥⥫쭮 send-  expect- ப,

筮 ⠪        script ।⢥,  ⤥

ᠬ.  Sub-script  믮 直 ࠧ,  expected ப 

 뫮 祣 祭.   ਬ  ,  ஢ 

chat script ᫥騬 ࠧ:



      ogin:-BREAK-ogin: ppp ssword: GaGariN



      ,  chat  ,  ⤠ ⥬  뫠



                               - 149 -



  室   ⥬, sub-script 믮 ᭠砫 뫠 BREAK, 

⥬    室  ⥬  ᭮.  ᫨  prompt  ⥯  ,

  script  㤥 த  筮,   ࢥ  訡.







      9.6 ⫠ 襩 PPP ⠭



       㬮砭, pppd  ॣ    ।०    ᮮ饭

 訡    syslog's  daemon  facility.            "

 syslog.conf,  ७   䠩,      ᮫,

 syslog        ᮮ饭.    

뫠   ᮮ饭  /var/log/ppp-log:



      daemon.*                /var/log/ppp-log



      ᫨  PPP ⠭  ࠡ⠥,  ᬮ ⮣ log 䠩,

      ᪠,  -  ࠢ쭮. ᫨  

,     ᮡ ⫠騩 뢮, ᯮ

  ⫠.    pppd log  ᮤঠ    ࠢ

,  ᫠   祭  syslog.  ᮮ饭   

daemon facility.



       祭,   ⥫쭠  ᮡ - ⪫祭

kernel-level ⫠,  뢠  pppd    樥  kdebug.  

ᮯ஢   ᫮ 㬥⮬,   ࠧ來  

᫥  祭:  1    ᮮ饭  ⫠,  2    

ᮤঠ  ᥩ  室饩  HDLC ,  4  ⮣, ⮡ ᤥ

ࠩ ਭ 室騬    HDLC .  ⮣, ⮡  墠

kernel  ⫠饥  ᮮ饭,    ⠪  syslogd daemon,

  klogd daemon.     ࠢ kernel ⫠  syslog's

kernel facility.



      9.7 IP 樨 䨣樨



      ICP  ᯮ    ⮣,  ⮡      IP

ࠬ஢    䨣樮 裡. 筮,   peer  

뫠  IPCP  䨣樨, 㪠뢠,    ६ 



                               - 150 -



   祭   㬮砭,        祭.

᫥  祭, ⤠ end ᬠਢ  ,  ⢥ত

 ⪫ .



      Pppd   ⢮ ࠢ, ⭮⥫쭮 IPCP 権, 

   ॣ.   ந    १  ࠧ

樨  ப,   㤨 .







      9.7.1 롮 IP ᮢ



       ਬ ,    pppd, 뢠饩  c3po 

⠭騩  IP .  ᫮  ਭ  ⮣, ⮡

   IP    裡. ,  ࠫ 

vlager's      IP,  塞 c3po ᯥ ᥡ

ᮡ⢥.      ஫  ⥬ ,  

ᯮ         㣮  裡. Pppd ন

⤥ ࠧ ⮣.



      ⮡    ,    ᯥ稢  pppd

᫥饬

      ﬨ:



      local addr:remote addr



       local addr  remote addr      ।      dotted

quad notation,   hostnames.(7)  ⠢ pppd  

ᯮ짮    ᮡ⢥    IP,    ன  

peer.  ᫨  peer ⪫     祭 IPCP  ॣ஢,

    IP   㤥 ⠭. (8)



      ᫨   ⠭    ,    ਭ  

,   ᯮ  peer,        뢠  remote  addr

part. ਬ,  ⮣, ⮡ vlager ᯮ짮 IP    130.83.4.27

 ᮡ⢥,      130.83.4.27:      ப.

 ⠭ remote ᮢ ⮫쪮,  㫨    

 .



                               - 151 -



      ᯮ 祭  㬮砭, pppd ⥬ ᯮ ,

易   訬 hostname.



       PPP ࢥ,  ࠡ뢠 ⢮ ⮢,

ਯ뢠  ᪨:    祭  ⥬  ⮫쪮  

 饭  ॡ  ᫥  ⮣,      ४⨫

ॣ஢ ᭮.    ந室  ᮥ    ⠪

ࢥ஬,         㤮⮢,  pppd  訢 -

 IP   ࢥ,     㤥 ਭ ࢥ  ,

⮡      ᯮ짮.  砥 ,     ।

⮣,     ᯮ짮  noipdefault,  ⠢ pppd

 pegr, ⮡ ᯥ  IP  ᯮ짮 

쭮 .



      7. ᯮ짮  hostnames    ⮩  樨    ᫥⢨    

CHAP ⠭ .    ࠧ  CHAP.

      8.    peer PPP ⬥   ⭮⥫쭮 IP

ᮢ,   pppd  ipcp-accept-local    ipcp-accept-remote  樨.

   㪮  ᭥ ⠫.







      9.7.2 ࠢ १  PPP



      ᫥ ⠭ ⥢ interface, pppd 㤥 ⠭  

 ⮫쪮  ᢮ peer. ᫨ remote  室    LAN,  

易⥫쭮   ᯮᮡ ᮥ  ⠬ ⢠

""  襣 peer;   ⥢    ⠭.



       㦥 ,  pppd   ⢭    

㬮砭 , ᯮ  defaultroute.   祭  

᫨  PPP ࢥ,    易 㤥 ⢮  

Internet .



       砩,   ⥬      

⢥ ,  ⠪ ⭮⥫쭮   ⮣, ⮡

 믮. ਬ, 쬨  㦠    Virtual

Brewery,    쭠 設 뢠 loner.  ᮥ  vlager



                               - 152 -



१ PPP,    ᯮ    Brewery.    vlager,    

⥯    pppd   proxyarp,    ⠭    ARP

    loner.     ⮬᪨ ᤥ loner 㯭  

  Winery.



      ,    ᥣ     , ਬ

  ᮥ  LAN.  筮 ॡ  ᯥ樠쭮

⥢ , ⮬            ᢮  

   㬮砭. ஬ ⮣,   peer ᯮ짮 裡 PPP

      㬮砭  ஢    横,      

 ⠬    peer   time-to-live

.



        ਬ,  ।,    Virtual  Brewery  뢠

     - 㣮 த. ࠧ  ᪠

ᮡ⢥  Ethernet ᯮ IP ⥢   191.72.3.0,  

    3   Brewery  B .   ᮥ 

Brewery's main Ethernet  via PPP  ⣮, ⮡ ஢  

稪,    ..  , vlager   ; peer 뢠

sub-etha        IP 191.72.3.1..



       sub-etha ᮥ   vlager,    ਬ    

㬮砭   vlager  .  vlager,  㤥 

⠭ ⥢    3,  室  sub-etha. 

⮣,  ᯮ㥬  ᮡ  pppd,    㦤    -  ip-

⮢ .  shell script  ணࠬ, ࠧ饭  

/etc/ppp,   믮 ᫥ ⮣,   PPP  interface  

᪮䨣஢.     ,  뢠  ᫥騬 







      ip-up iface device speed local addr remote addr



       iface 뢠 ⥢  interface  ᯮ㥬,  device - ய

䠩 ᫥⥫쭮 ன⢠  ᯮ㥬  (/dev/tty,  ᫨

stdin/stdout ᯮ),  speed - த⢨ ன⢠.  Local

addr    remote addr  IP , ᯮ㥬        裡

  dotted  quad notation.  襬 砥, ip-up script,  ᮤঠ



                               - 153 -



᫥騩   ࠣ:



      #!/bin/sh

                 case $5 in

                 191.72.3.1)            # this is sub-etha

                         route add -net 191.72.3.0 gw 191.72.3.1;;

                 esac

                 exit 0



        ०, /etc/ppp/ip-down ᯮ  ⮣,  ⮡

⬥  ⢨ ip-up ᫥ ⮣,   PPP 뫠 ஢

᭮.



      , 奬 ⮢   .  ⠭  室

⠡   PPP ,  ,  㣨       

祣 ⭮⥫쭮  裡  PPP.        ஡,  ᫨  

   ࠧ  ᢮,   㬮砭   sub-

etha,      Brewery ࠢ  vlager  㬮砭. ᫨  

  ⠪,    ⢥  㤥 ᯮ짮 daemon 

  ⠬. ᫥ ᮧ ⥢  ।   ࠤ

    ᥬ ⠬  ᮥ .



      9.8 樨 ࠢ 



      ,  㦥  ⮫㫨    LCP,  ⮪  ࠢ  裡,

 ᯮ  ⮣, ⮡  ࠪ⨪  裡,  

஢ .



         樨,        祭  LCP -

ᨬ 砥   ᨭ஭ ⮡ࠦ  ࠢ饣  ᨬ.

  㣨 LCP 権 䨣樨,     ᫨誮

ᯥ樠஢   㦤  .    RFC

1548  ᠭ ⮣.







      ᨭ஭ ⮡ࠦ ࠢ饣 ᨬ,  ࠧ୮

뢠  async ⮡ࠦ, ᯮ  ᨭ஭  ⨯



                               - 154 -



⥫䮭       ࠢ  ᨬ,  

㦭        ( ᯥ᪮ ᫥⥫쭮  

ࠪࠬ). ਬ,          XON    XOFF,

ᯮ㥬        㪮 ணࠬ ᯥ祭, ⮬  

    ᪮䨣஢     祭 ⮯-

ᨣ. Ctrl-] (telnet ᨬ ESC). PPP   室  

   ASCII ஢  0  31, 筮 ।   sync

⮡ࠦ.



      Async  ⮡ࠦ -   ਭ  32  ,    ᠬ  訬

⮬, ᮮ⢥騬 ASCII NUL ,  訬 ⮬ ᮮ⢥騬 31

ASCII. ᫨  ⠭,   ᮮ頥 ᮮ⢥饬 , 

  ।  뫪  १  .  ࢮ砫쭮,  async

⮡ࠦ  - ⢮  0xffffffff,    ࠢ騥 ᨬ

 esaped.



       ⮣, ⮡ ᮮ 襬 peer,        

escaped   ࠢ騥 ᨬ,  ⮫쪮 ᪮쪮  ,  

筮  ।  asyncmap  pppd ᯮ  asyncmap. ਬ,

᫨ ⮫쪮 ^S   ^Q  (ASCII  17    19,  筮  ᯮ㥬  

-ᨣ(XON)     ⮯-ᨣ(XOFF))   escaped,  

 ᯮ짮 ᫥ :



                 Asyncmap 0x000A0000



      ᨬ 砥 ,  MRU, ᮮ頥 peer ᨬ ࠧ

HDLC ࠬ,   ⨬ .     

祭 MTU (ᨬ쭠  ),         

饣.  MTU  - ࠬ kernel  ன⢠  ࠡ    ﬨ,  

뢠  ᨬ  inerface   ᯮᮡ  ࠡ⪥.

MRU , 祬 ᮢ  remote end  ⮣, ⮡  ஢ 

३  訩  祬  MRU; interface    ᯮᮡ 1500 .



      롮 MRU  ⠪ 让  ⮣    ᯮᮡ 

뫪,  ⮣,    ᠬ  訩  throughput.  ᫨  

     ࠪ⨢ ਫ  ,  ⠭  MRU  

祭 ᥣ 296 -  , ⠪, ⮡ 砩 訩  

(,   FTP ᥠ)  ᤥ    "jump''. ⮡ ᮮ



                               - 155 -



pppd  ⮡   ᨫ MRU 296,         mru  296.  

MRUs,  , ⮫쪮  , ᫨      (

⪫砥  㬮砭).







      Pppd  ⠪  LCP 権,  䨣 

  ॣ஢, ⨯ ᨬ쭮    ᮢ

䨣樨,     । ⥬   㤥

ࢠ.

    &

"      祭,   樨,    LCP ECHO

ᮮ饭. PPP ।   ᮮ饭,  ECHO  ⢥ ECHO.

Pppd ᯮ  ᮡ, ⮡ ஢,     

.     ⪫    ᯮ    lcp-echo-interval

      ६ . ᫨    祭 

⤠    ⮣ ࢠ,  pppd ᣥ  ECHO,

  㤥  ,    ECHO ⢥ peer . ᫨  peer  

頥 ⢥,     㤥  ࢠ  ᫥ ண ᫠

᫠  ᮢ.          ⠭ ᯮ 

lcp-echo-failure.  㬮砭,  ᮡ ⪫祭  楫.



      9.9 騥 ᬮ७ 



       ᪮䨣஢ PPP daemon   ࠧ⥫ 

.     ⠪  ,    ࠧ襭  ᮥ

 祫   ᢮    Ethernet (  祭 ).

 ⮬ ࠧ,   㤨 ᪮쪮  ਥ,      ᤥ

   PPP    䨣 ᭮.



       ஡  pppd - ,  䨣 ⥢ ன⢠  

⠡ ⮢  ॡ  ਢ  root.    㤥  筮

ࠧ     ᫮, 믮  setuid  root.  ,  pppd

  짮⥫ ⠭ ࠧ -५ 樨.

    ⨢   , 짮⥫  㫨஢

⨬ ﬨ,  ।  ⠭    祭     㬮砭

    쭮    䠩 /etc/ppp/options,  ⥬   ⨯

9.4.      , ⨯ ⥫ 権,   



                               - 156 -



⬥ 짮⥫,  ⠪   ᯥ稢 ਥ  ⨢

㫨஢.



      筮,    ᥡ  ⥬,  묨 PPP ⠪

頥. ⮡ ࠧ ,      ᥣ    

⠭   襣 peer. ⥫쭮,   

 ࠭ ⠬ ᯮ짮   IP    

롥,  ࠭   ࠩ    ᪮쪨.  騩  ࠧ

㤥 易  ⨬ ஡.







      9.10 ⠭   PPP

      .10.1 CHAP ⨢ PAP



       PPP,  ⥬  ॡ, ⮡ peer    ᥡ

ᯮ     ⥫  ⮪.   - (PAP), 

(CHAP).      ⠭,     㣮, ⮡

 ᥡ, ᨬ  ⮣,     caller  callee. 

    " "  " ࢥ "    ᤥ ࠧ稥

  ⥬      authenticator.  PPP daemon  訢

peer ⭮ , 뫠    㣮  LCP  䨣樨,

騩  ⮪.



      PAP  ᭮ ࠡ⠥  ⮬   ᠬ  ᯮᮡ    ଠ쭠

楤 室  ⥬.   ᥡ, 뫠  짮⥫ 

஫  ࢥ,  ࠢ     ᥪ⮢.  

⮤  梨  eavesdroppers,     

஫,   ᫥⥫ ,   ७ ⠭  襭

訡.



      CHAP        ⪮.    CHAP,  authenticator    (

 ࢥ) 뫠  ᯮ冷筮  ᣥ஢  "  challenge''

ப    ,   hostname.   ᯮ  hostname  

⮣,  ⮡ ᪠ ᮮ⢥騩 , ꥤ   challenge,  

  ப, ᯮ ࠢ hashing function. 

㤥  饭   ࢥ   hostname .  ࢥ  ⥯

믮      ᠬ ᫥,  ⢥ত .



                               - 157 -





      㣠 ᮡ CHAP - ,    ॡ  

    ᠬ ᥡ  ᪥,  뫠 challenges  

।  ஬⪨  ६, ⮡ 㤮⮢   

  "諥  ",  ਬ, ⮫쪮 ४ ⥫䮭

.



      Pppd ࠭ ᥪ     CHAP    PAP      ⤥

䠩, 뢠  /etc/ppp/chap-secrets    pap-secrets  ᮮ⢥⢥.

室 ⤠     㣮 䠩,   訩 ஫

 CHAP  PAP ।祭  ⮣, ⮡    訬

peer,  .



       㬮砭, pppd  ॡ ⠭   remote,







       ᮣ蠥  ᥡ  襭 remote.   CHAP

  ᨫ쭠 祬 PAP, pppd ஡ ᯮ짮 㯮

直  ࠧ,   . ᫨ peer ⮣  ন,  ᫨

pppd    CHAP   remote ⥬  䠩 ஢ chap, 

頥   PAP. ᫨     PAP      peer  ⠪,    

⪠   楫,   ᫥⢨,  ஥.



             ⤥묨  ᯮᮡ. ਬ,

  auth 祢 ᫮, pppd ॡ, ⮡ peer  ᠬ

ᥡ. Pppd ᮣ ᯮ짮  CHAP  PAP  ⮣,   ⮫쪮

  㤥    peer  CHAP      PAP

ᮮ⢥⢥.   㣨  樨,  ⮡      몫

    ⥫ ⮪,     뢠  .

   pppd (8)  ⠫.



      ᫨  ⥬,  묨   PPP, ᮣ 

ᠬ ᥡ    ,          auth      

䠩 /etc/ppp/options  । ஫     ⥬    䠩

஢ chap. ᫨ ⥬  ন CHAP,     䠩

pap ஢.  ࠧ,    㤮⮢    ⮬,    

 ⥬  ᮥ  訬 ⮬.



                               - 158 -





      騥   ࠧ  㦤    PPP  䠩  ஢,  pap-

secrets   chap-secrets.    ࠧ駭 "  /etc/ppp    ᮤঠ  ன

, ࢥ஢  ஫, 易⥫쭮 ᮯ஢  ᯨ᪮  

ᮢ  IP.    ⥩ ࢥ ⫨筠  CHAP 

PAP,   ⠪   ⮣,    ᥡ ᠬ⥫쭮  peer,

  ॡ㥬  ࢥ ।⢥  .



      9.10.2  ஢ CHAP



          ᥡ   ࢥ஬, ᯮ  CHAP,

ppd  䠩 ஢ PAP     ᪮    ࠢ

쭮 hostname,   ࢥ ࠢ    remote  hostname

᫠    CHAP Challenge.  ॡ peer   ᥡ, ஫

  﫨: pppd 㤥  ⥬  ᪠      ᪮

  ࠢ   ⤠ hostname (᫠  CHAP ⢥

)   ࢥ ࠢ 쭮 .



      饥  - ⨯ 䠩 ஢ chap  vlager: (9)







      # CHAP secrets for vlager.vbrew.com

       #

       # client          server            secret                addrs

       #-------------------------------------------------------------------

---

       vlager.vbrew.com  c3po.lucas.com    "Use The Source Luke"

vlager.vbrew.com

       c3po.lucas.com    vlager.vbrew.com  "riverrun, pasteve"

c3po.lucas.com

       *                 vlager.vbrew.com  "VeryStupidPassword"

pub.vbrew.com



       ⠭ PPP 裡  c3po, c3po 訢 vlager  

ᥡ, ᯮ CHAP, 뫠 CHAP challenge. Pppd ⥬ ᬠਢ chap

    ᪮ , ࠢ  vlager.vbrew.com 

 ࢥ  ࠢ    c3po.lucas.com,  (10)    室



                               - 159 -



  ,  . ⥬ ந CHAP ⢥  challenge

string    (ᯮ 筨 Luke),  뫠  c3po.



         ᠬ ६, pppd ⠢ CHAP challenge    c3po,

ᮤঠ 㭨  challenge  string,      ஢

hostname vlager.vbrew.com. C3po ᮧ CHAP ⢥ ᯮᮡ,  

⮫쪮   㤨,  頥     vlager.  Pppd  ⥯  

᪨ hostname (c3po.vbrew.com)  ⢥,  ᪮ 䠩  chap

 , ᮮ⢥饩 c3po  ,  vlager  ࢥ. 

   ⠪  pppd ꥤ CHAP  challe  pasteve,    ,

  ࠢ १  3po CHA ⢥.



      ந쭠 ⢥    IP, 

   ,   ࢮ .   

    dotted quad notation   hostnames,  ࠧ᪠  

  饣 ன⢠. ਬ, ᫨  c3po,  ᯮ짮

IP   ६ IPCP ॣ,    ⮬ ᯨ᪥,  㤥

⪫,    IPCP 㤥 몫祭.  ⨯䠩,  , 3po

᫥⥫쭮  㤥 ࠭祭 ᯮ짮 ᮡ ᫨   

,      ,  祭    -

।頥  ᯮ짮  IP   ⮬.



         ਬ 䠩 ஢ chap   

⠭  PPP  vlager ⮬         ࢥ

ᮮ⢥ hostname. ⢥ ॡ - ,     ஫,

  ᯮ  pub.vbrew.com. 室  㯯  ᨬ  hostnames

   -  䠩 ஢, ⠪  pppd 㤥 ᥣ

ᯮ짮   ᯥ ,  ਬ  

ࢥ / .



      9.  窨 -   ஫,    㦠    ⮣,

⮡   ࠭⢮  ஫.

      10.  hostname ਭ  CHAP challenge.







        ᫮,    㦭  㯮  ⭮⥫쭮

ᯮᮡ,  pppd  ⨣  hostnames:        䠩  ஢.



                               - 160 -



  뫮 ᭥  ०,  ⤠  hostncme  ᥣ  ᯥ稢

peer    CHAP Challenge   Response packet.   hostname  㤥

祭,  ᫨ 맢 gethostname 㭪 (2)  㬮砭. ᫨ 

⠭   ⥬ 襬 ஢ hostname,  

 ᯥ  pppd .



      # pppd ...domain vbrew.com



       ⥭  Brewery   vlager   

⠭  ⢨. 㣨 樨,  

progpppd's  idea ⭮⥫쭮 쭮 hostname -  usehostname    name.

      IP    ப, ᯮ饩

"local:varremote",   local -   dotted quad,  pppd

ᯮ       hostname.  ⠫, 

 pppd ࠭ ࠢ筨 (8).



      9.10.3  ஢ PAP.



       ஢ PAP 祭 宦  ,  ᯮ CHAP.

砫   ᥣ ᮤঠ  짮⥫   

ࢥ;    ন  PAP.  remote 뫠

騩 , ppd ᯮ  ,      

ࢥ  ࠢ    쭮 hostname,      짮⥫

ࠢ       짮⥫, ᫠  . 

 ᥡ  peer ந, pppd  롥 ,  㤥 ᫠

      ࠢ    쭮  짮⥫, 

 ࢥ ࠢ  remote hostname.



       䠩 ஢ PAP   룫廊 ᫥騬 ࠧ:



      # /etc/ppp/pap-secrets

       #

       # user          server          secret          addrs

       vlager-pap      c3po            cresspahl       vlager.vbrew.com

       c3po            vlager          DonaldGNUth     c3po.lucas.com



      ࢠ  ᯮ  ⮣, ⮡    

ਬ   3.



                               - 161 -









        뢠,  짮⥫    c3po,  

  ।⢥  .



       vlager-pap  ⮫,    짮⥫, 

뫠  c3po.  㬮砭, pppd 롥  hostname  

짮⥫,    ⠪ । ࠧ ,  

짮⥫, ᮯ஢  .



       롮    䠩  ஢  PAP  ॣ  

⠭   peer, pppd    remote .

᪮     ᯮᮡ 宦 ⮣,    筮

।    ⮩  ப, ᯮ remotename  祢

᫮,  ᮯ஢ hostname peer.  ࠧ,    ᯮ짮

㯮     ⠭   c3po,  塞

 ᫥    ப pppd's:



      \#{} pppd ... remotename c3po user vlager-pap



       ⢥⮩  (  ᫥騥 ),    筮

।   IP ࠧ襭  ⮣ ⭮ ⢠, 筮 

   䠩 ஢ CHAP. Peer  ⥬ ⮫쪮    ⮣

ᯨ᪠.   ⨯ 䠩,  ॡ㥬, ⮡ c3po ᯮ짮 ॠ 

IP.



      ,  PAP 쭮 ᫠ ⥫ ⮤,  

। 直 ࠧ,   ᯮ CHAP,  ᫨    .

    㤥 ᫥⥫쭮 뢠 PAP   ⠫  ;  ᫨  

ᮢ   ᯮ짮 PAP,   ᪮쪮   pppd

࠭  ࠢ筨 (8).



      9.11 䨣஢ PPP ࢥ



        ᪥  pppd,  ᪮    ࢥ - ⮫쪮    魮

 ᮮ⢥饩 樨     ப.  뫮  

,  ᫨   ᮧ  ᯥ樠 account, ᪠  ppp,  



                               - 162 -



  ⮬  script   ணࠬ  窥 室   ⥬,

  뢠  pppd    ⨬ ﬨ. ਬ,   

᫥   /etc/passwd:





"

      ppp:*:500:200:Public PPP Account:/tmp:/etc/ppp/ppplogin



      筮,          ᯮ짮   

㭨ᠫ uids  gids 祬 ,   .  ⠪ 뫨  

 ⠭ ஫  㯮⮣ account, ᯮ饣 

passwd.



      Ppplogin script   룫廊 ᫥騬 ࠧ:



      #!/bin/sh

                 # ppplogin - script to fire up pppd on login

                 mesg n

                 stty -echo

                 exec pppd -detach silent modem crtscts



        mesg    㣨  짮⥫,  ⮡    

tty, ᯮ,    ਬ,    .    stty  몫砥

-⮡ࠦ  ࠭.  室, ⮬   peer 

뫠  ᯮ ⮡ࠦ  ࠭.     pppd,

   -detach, ⮬   ।頥 pppd   ᮥ

  ࠢ tty. ᫨   筮 ।  ,  㤥  

  ।뫪, ᮧ shell script exit.  뫮  ᠭ. Silent

  ⠢ pppd ,         ⥬  맮

०,  祬   稭 뫠.    ।頥    ஢

  ६,   ⥬ 맮     㦨  PPP  

DTR  ,  ⮡ ,   peer ,  crtscts 砥

⭮ 㪮⨥.



        権,     㤨   

, ਬ, 筮 । auth   ப pppd's,  

쭮 䠩 権. 㪮⢮ ⠪ 㦤  ᯥ᪨

樨  .  몫. 㠫 ⥫ ⮪.



                               - 163 -









                    10.  ⥢ ਫ



      ᫥ ᯥ譮 ⠭ IP  饣 ன⢠,  

   㣠  ᯥ稢騬    ࠡ    .  

稭   䨣 ᪮쪨  ⥢ ਫ, 

Inetd ࢥ,  ணࠬ    rlogin  ᮢ㯭.  ⥫쭠

楤   饭 뢠,     䥩,    㣨

  ⥢   ⥬ (NFS). ⥢ ଠ樮 ⥬

(NIS)  ᭮    ⮬   ᠬ,    briefly. 䨣 NFS

 NIS,   讥 ⢮ , 㤥 ᠭ   ⤥

.    ਬ   ஭   netnews ⠪.



      筮,      ⥢ ਫ  ⮩ .

᫨    ⠭ , ஥  㦤  ,  

ॣࠬ, gopher,  xmosaic    㪮 

⠫.



                           10.1 Inetd 㯥-ࢥ



      , 㣨  ।⠢  ⠪  뢠묨  daemons. Daemon

 ணࠬ,  뢠  ,  . ᫨ 

ந室,  ᮧ ୨ ,   ਭ  ,    

६   ᭮ த  쭥 ᮢ.  ⨥ 

⮪    । 㦨,  daemon  

᪠  ,     裡,      

砥   ᯮᮡ ⥬  ࠭



       ࠧ,    Un*x  ⠫  ᪠  "  㯥-

ࢥ  ",  ᮧ   鸞 ,  蠥   

६   ᯮ짮  ⮡࠭  ⥬  맮  (2).

  ⤠   訢   , 㯥-ࢥ 砥

    ஦  㣮 ࢥ, 筮 ⠭  ⮣ .



      㯥-ࢥ, 筮 ᯮ㥬 - inetd, Internet Daemon. 

稭  砫쭮  㧪  ⥬,      ᯨ᮪  ,  



                               - 164 -



   頥  䠩 ᪠,  /etc/inetd.conf.  

   ⥬ 뢠 ࢥࠬ, ⠬   ਢ ,

    ନ஢訬 inetd, ०⢥  뢠

७  㣨.   chargen        

,    daytime   system's idea



         ⮩  ⥪  ⮨    ⢥  ,

ᤥ   ᫥饩 :







      service type protocol wait user server cmdline



      祭   ᫥騥:



      Service  ࢨ᭮ . Service name    ॢ  

 , ᬠਢ  䠩 services.  䠩 㤥 ᠭ 

ࠧ 10.3.



      type  ।  ⨯  ,    ⮪    (    -

ਥ㥬 ⮪)   dgram  (  ⠣ࠬ  ⮪).  TCP

᭮   㣠,      ᥣ  ᯮ짮  ⮪,  

  ६    UDP-᭮ 㣨  ᥣ ᯮ짮 dgram.



      Protocol 뢠 ⮪ ७,  ᯮ㥬

㦨.     室騬  ⮪,  

䠩  ⮪, ⠪ ᭥ .



      wait   ਬ ⮫쪮  dgram .     

⠪ wait  nowait. ᫨ wait ।,  inetd ⮫쪮 믮 

ࢥ  筮  ⠭        ६.  ,  

 த    ᫥ 祭 ࢥ.



         "⢥ - 吝  "  ࢥ஢,  

   室騥 ⠣ࠬ,  ⥬ 室. 設⢮ RPC ࢥ஢

   ⨯   ᫥⥫쭮  筮  ।  wait.

⨢  ⨯, " " ࢥ,   ࠭筮

  ࠧ殢,  ⮡  饭묨 ६;   । 



                               - 165 -



ᯮ.  ࢥ  筮 । nowait.



       ⮪  ᥣ ᯮ짮 nowait.



      User   筮 室  ⥬  짮⥫,

᭥ .  㤥  root user,   " 㣨  

ᯮ짮 ࠧ  account.    -  祭      

ਬ   ਭ樯 襣 ⢠ ਢ , 

      ᪠   ਢ஢

account ᫨ ணࠬ  ॡ ⮣  饣 㭪樮஢. 

ਬ,  NNTP  ࢥ  ⥩ 㤥 ᪠ ,   

 (⨯ tftp,  finger)   ࠢ  nobody.







      server    ணࠬ ࢥ,  㤥 믮.



      cmdline -  ப,   㦭    

ࢥ.   砥 㬥 0,     .

筮,     㤥  ணࠬ ࢥ, ᫨ ணࠬ  

ᥡ  -㣮,  뢠  ࠧ .



          ७ .



        inetd.conf  䠩  ࠦ    㭪   10.1. Finger

service ப஢ ⠪ ⮡  뫮  㯭.   

믮  ᮮࠦ ᭮, ⮬     ᯮ짮

訬  ⮣, ⮡   짮⥫   襩 ⥬.



      Tftp ࠦ ப஢ ⠪. Tftp  ⢫

ਬ⨢ ⮪ । 䠩,     ।  

ᥬ୮  - ⠥ 䠩  襩 ⥬  ஫.  ᮡ ।

  䠩  /etc/passwd,   ⮣,    ᯮ ⥭

஫.



      TFTP 筮 ᯮ ன  ᪠  X ନ 

㧪    ࢥ  砫쭮 㧪. ᫨  

  tftpd  ⮩ ஡, 㤮⮢,    ࠭祭



                               - 166 -



  ⢨   ४ ⮢ 㤥 ⠭  䠩,

     ⠫   tftpd's .    

ன  tftp     ਬ.



                       10.2 Tcpd ।⢠ ࠢ 㯮

  "

      稭         ।⢮    

, ਫ ࠧࠡ⠭ ⠪, ⮡  ਭ    ⨢  ⨯

襭.     ,  ,      flawed  (

⥫쭮 ஢묨 RTM Internet  worm),      

ࠧ   묨 ⠬,          ⭮

㦨   ਭ,  묨 ⠬,      

⪫.    㦥 ⪮ 㦤 finger  tftp 㣨 .







       #

       # inetd services

       ftp       stream tcp nowait root   /usr/sbin/ftpd    in.ftpd -l

       telnet    stream tcp nowait root   /usr/sbin/telnetd in.telnetd -

b/etc/issue

       #finger    stream tcp nowait bin    /usr/sbin/fingerd in.fingerd

       #tftp      dgram  udp wait   nobody /usr/sbin/tftpd   in.tftpd

       #tftp      dgram  udp wait   nobody /usr/sbin/tftpd  in.tftpd

/boot/diskless

       login     stream tcp nowait root   /usr/sbin/rlogind in.rlogind

       shell     stream tcp nowait root   /usr/sbin/rshd    in.rshd

       exec      stream tcp nowait root   /usr/sbin/rexecd  in.rexecd

       #

       #       inetd internal services

       #

       daytime   stream tcp nowait root internal

       daytime   dgram  udp nowait root internal

       time      stream tcp nowait root internal

       time      dgram  udp nowait root internal

       echo      stream tcp nowait root internal

       echo      dgram  udp nowait root internal

       discard   stream tcp nowait root internal



                               - 167 -



       discard   dgram  udp nowait root internal

       chargen   stream tcp nowait root internal

       chargen   dgram  udp nowait root internal



                     . 15.   /etc/inetd.conf file.



      ࠭   ⨬ 㣠 " ७ ⢠ "  ⮫쪮,

   筮 ⠭,  inetd  ᯥ稢  

  ᥩ .



     & ।⢮  ⮣ - tcpd, (1), ⠪ 뢠 daemon

wrapper.  P 㣨   ப஫஢   ,

뢠   ணࠬ ࢥ. Tcpd  ॣ      syslog

daemon,  ஢   remote  ᯮ짮  㦨,  

⮫쪮  ᫨   㤥 믮  ॠ쭮 ணࠬ ࢥ. ,

   ࠡ  udp-᭮묨 㣠.



      ਬ, ⮡ ७ finger daemon,    

corresponding   inetd.conf



            1. ᠭ Wietse Venema, wietse@wzv.win.tue.nl.







       # wrap finger daemon

       finger  stream  tcp     nowait  root    /usr/sbin/tcpd   in.fingerd



        - access ஫,      

筮 ⠪   筠  ⠭  finger,    ᪫祭  ⮣,  

   ॣ஢  syslog's auth facility.



      ࠢ  㯮  믮  ।⢮      䠩,

뢠 /etc/hosts.allow    /etc/hosts.deny.    ᮤঠ  ࠧ襭

室   栭 㯠, ᮮ⢥⢥,   㣠  ⠬.

 tcpd ࠡ뢠      㦨  finger  

᪮    ,  Biff.foobar.com,  ᬠਢ

hosts.allow  hosts.deny  ( ⮬ 浪)  ᮮ⢥饩  

ࢨ᭮  ᪮  . ᫨  ᮮ⢥⢨ 뫠  



                               - 168 -



, ᨬ       hosts.deny.  ᫨  ᮮ⢥⢨

    hosts.deny,      㤥 ⪫ 뢠 .奬.

᫨  ᮮ⢥⢨   ,  㤥 ਭ.



      室  䠩 㯠 룫 ᫥騬 ࠧ:



                 Servicelist: hostlist [: shellcmd]



      Servicelist - ᯨ᮪ ࢨ   /etc/services,    祢

᫮ ALL. ⮡ ᮮ⢥⢮ ᥬ  㣠    ᪫祭  finger  

tftp, ᯮ "ALL"EXCGPT finger, tftp''.



      Hostlist - ᯨ᮪  ⮢  ᮢ IP,  祢 ᫮ ALL,

LOCAL,   UNKNOWN.  ALL  ᮮ⢥    ,      ६  

LOCAL ᮮ⢥  ,    ᮤঠ騥  .(2)  UNKNOWN

ᮮ⢥   ⢠          訡.

Name    string, 稭饥   窨  ᮮ⢥  ᥬ  ⠬,  

   ࠢ묨  ⮬  .  ਬ,.foobar.com    -

Biff.foobar.com.   ⠪  ᫮    IP  ⥢  ᮢ  

     ࠭ ࠢ筨 (5)  ⠫.



       ⮣, ⮡ ⪠  㯥  finger  tftp 㣠, ஬

 ⮢,    ᫥饥    /etc/hosts.deny,      ᤥ

 /etc/hosts.allow:



      2. 筮 ⮫쪮   ⮢, 祭  ᪮ 

/etc/hosts  ᮤঠ  窨.







      in.tftpd, in.fingerd: ALL EXCEPT LOCAL, .your.domain



      ந쭠 shellcmd    ᮤঠ     ,

⮡ 맢,   ᮣᮢ.    ⠭

,   ࠧ ⥭樠 :



                 in.ftpd: ALL EXCEPT LOCAL, .vbrew.com : \

                       echo "request from %d@%h" >> /var/log/finger.log; \



                               - 169 -



                       if [ %h != "vlager.vbrew.com" ]; then \

                           finger -l @%h >> /var/log/finger.l  ⫨.

   ᥢ   筮  ।  ୠ⨢  

  ⮣     ᠬ 㦨.



      筮,     䠩 ,  室







        ⥢ ணࠬ ᯥ祭  襩 Linux  ⥬.

,    롮  ⮣ 䠩 .



       # The services file:

       #

       # well-known services

       echo           7/tcp                 # Echo

       echo           7/udp                 #

       discard        9/tcp  sink null      # Discard

       discard        9/udp  sink null      #

       daytime       13/tcp                 # Daytime

       daytime       13/udp                 #

       chargen       19/tcp  ttytst source  # Character Generator

       chargen       19/udp  ttytst source  #

       ftp-data      20/tcp                 # File Transfer Protocol (Data)

       ftp           21/tcp                 # File Transfer Protocol

(Control)

       telnet        23/tcp                 # Virtual Terminal Protocol

       smtp          25/tcp                 # Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

       nntp         119/tcp  readnews       # Network News Transfer

Protocol

       #

       # UNIX services

       exec         512/tcp                 # BSD rexecd

       biff         512/udp  comsat         # mail notification

       login        513/tcp                 # remote login

       who          513/udp  whod   "       # remote who and uptime

       shell        514/tcp  cmd            # remote command, no passwd

used



                               - 170 -



       syslog       514/udp                 # remote system logging

       printer      515/tcp  spooler        # remote print spooling

       route        520/udp  router routed  # routing information protocol





      , , ਬ, 㦨 ECHO  ।    

7     TCP  UDP,    512 ᯮ   ࠧ

,             daemon  (

ᮮ 짮⥫ ⭮⥫쭮  , ᬮ xbiff(1x)), 

UDP,     remote execution (rexec(1)), ᯮ TCP.







       #

       # Internet (IP) protocols

       #

       ip      0       IP              # internet protocol, pseudo protocol

number

       icmp    1       ICMP            # internet control message protocol

       igmp    2       IGMP            # internet group multicast protocol

       tcp     6       TCP             # transmission control protocol

       udp     17      UDP             # user datagram protocol

       raw     255     RAW             # RAW IP interface



            10.4 ⠭樮 ࠢ



      祭 騩 堭    -ࢥ  ਫ  ᯥ稢

RPC, ⮬ ⠭樮 ࠢ. RPC  ࠧࠡ⠭  Sun

Micrsystems,    ⥬ -  㬥⠫ ।  

㭪権.  ਫ, ନ஢  設 RPC - NFS, Network

Filesystem,   NIS, Network Information System,    

।⠢    ᫥ .



      RPC ࢥ ⮨  ⥬ 楤 ⮣,     

, 뫠 RPC     ࢥ,      ࠬࠬ

楤.  ࢥ 맮  祭  楤      ,

    ⭮ 頥 祭, ᫨  . ⮡ 

設-ᨬ묨,  ,    ⮬    ࢥ஬



                               - 171 -



८ࠧ    ⠪ 뢠  譥  ।⠢   

(XDR)    ࠢ⥫,     ८ࠧ ⭮  設 - 쭮



      ,  筥    RPC  ਫ    ᮢ⨬

   楤 call interface. 筮,  ⮬ 

ࢥ ࠧ訫   ਫ,     original

behavior.  ⥫쭮, RPC ணࠬ   ᨨ, ਯ뢠

 , 筮 稭騩  1,     ᨥ RPC 令 

 䥩  稪. , ࢥ  ।  ᪮쪮

ᨩ  ६;   ⥬ 㪠뢠 ஬ ᨨ ᨨ 

 ᯮ짮.



      ⥢      RPC  ࢥࠬ    ன - ᮡ. RPC

ࢥ ।    ⥬ 楤;   ⢮

뢠 ணࠬ,    筮  ஢  ஬

ணࠬ.     㦨 ⡮ ᯨ᪠     ⮣,

⮡  ணࠬ஢ ᫠ 筮 ࠭塞  /etc/rpc, 롮ઠ

ண  ந    㭪 10.4







       TCP/IP , । ࠬ RPC 﫠  ணࠬ஢

ᥫ   饭  ⥢  㣠.       ࠫ -     

ࢥ, ᯥ稢騩,  TCP  UDP      ணࠬ    

ᨨ. , RPC  ਫ  ᯮ  UDP  뫪  ,  

 ⭮  TCP ⮣,  ,    ।  

   ⢥ UDP ⠣ࠬ.



      筮, ᪨ ணࠬ   ᯮᮡ ᭨ 

    ⮡ࠦ  ணࠬ.  ᯮ짮  䠩

䨣樨   ⮣,   ᫨誮 ;       RPC

ਫ    ᯮ  १ࢨ஢  ,      

࠭⨨,         ࢮ砫쭮  ࠧ㬥  ᯮ짮  

ਫ "  . ⥫쭮, RPC  ਫ  롨  

  ,     ,  ॣ஢     ⠪

뢠  por  ⢨  -   㦨 broker   RPC

ࢥ஢, 믮騥  設: ,     ⠪ 

㦨     ஬  ணࠬ ᭠砫 ᤥ 



                               - 172 -



portmapper    ᫠    㦨,     ⨣.



       ⮤   ⮪,      ⢥

 ⪠, 祭 宦  inetd daemon. ,   砩  

㦥, ⮬   portmapper 㬨ࠥ,  RPC ଠ 

;  筮 ,    १   RPC  ࢥ

,   १㧨 楫 設.



        Linux,  portmapper  뢠  rpc.portmap    ﭭ

室   /usr/sbin. ஬ 㢥७ ⮣,     rc.inet2,

ortmapper   ॡ  ࠡ  䨣樨.



      10.5 䨣஢ r 



          믮      remote  .  -

rlogin, rsh, rcp  rcmd.   ஦    remote    

 짮⥫ 믮 . 筮,     

account   ,     믮.   ࠧ  

   믮 楤 ࠧ襭. 筮,  ᮮ

  室   ⥬ 짮⥫  ࢥ, 







       #

       # /etc/rpc - miscellaenous RPC-based services

       #

       portmapper      100000  portmap sunrpc

       rstatd          100001  rstat rstat svc rup perfmeter

       rusersd         100002  rusers

       nfs             100003  nfsprog

       ypserv          100004  ypprog

       mountd          100005  mount showmount

       ypbind          100007

       walld           100008  rwall shutdown

       yppasswdd       100009  yppasswd

       bootparam       100026

  "    ypupdated       100028  ypupdate





                               - 173 -



                         . 16.   A sample /etc/rpc file.



       । 訢 ஫,  ⢥ত  ᯮᮡ.



      , ,  ⥫쭮  ᫠  ஢ન  ࠧ襭  

 짮⥫. ਬ, ᫨      ॣ஢

  㣨 設  襩 쭮 ᫨⥫쭮 ,   

   ਧ   ஫  ࠧ.



      ⪫祭 ࠧ襭 ⥫쭮 ⮫쪮    ᫥  ⮢,  

  ஫ ᨭ஭஢,    ᫠ 

ਢ஢  짮⥫,         

    設     ⨢ 稭. 直  ࠧ,    

     ॣ஢    襬    

室  筮    । 筮 室  ⥬  ஫,

㤮⮢,      訡 ।⠢  -

.



        ᯮᮡ ஢ ࠧ襭,  ⮣ ⮡ ஢

r    .  -   㯥  짮⥫,  ⮡  

     ᥬ 짮⥫  ॣ஢    ஫.  

   ࠢ ⥪ 뢠 /etc/hosts.equiv.  ᮤন

ᯨ᮪    짮⥫,    ᬠਢ

묨  짮⥫    쭮 . ୠ⨢  -

 짮⥫  -  ।⠢ 㣨 짮⥫    

  ᫥    䠩.rhosts   ४ਨ 짮⥫. 

ᮮࠦ ᭮,  ⥪  ਭ 짮⥫

 㯥 짮⥫,     symbolic link,   㤥

஢







        訢 r 㦨,      

짮⥫   䠩 /etc/hosts.equiv,  ⥬  䠩.rhosts

짮⥫.  - ਬ,  ।,       janet    ࠡ⠥ "

        ⠥ ॣ஢  joe's account  euler. 

,   ⨬   Janet  ᪮ 짮⥫,   Joe  

쭮  짮⥫.



                               - 174 -



      ,  ⨯ Janet



      $ Rlogin -l joe euler



       , ࢥ ᭠砫 ஢ਫ    hosts.equiv  (4),

।⠢   Janet ᢮ ,  ᫨ ,    ஡

ᬮ.Rhosts   室 ⠫ joe's.



       hosts.equiv  euler 室  :



                 gauss

                 euler

                 -public

                 quark.physics.groucho.edu     andres



       ⮨     ,  易⥫쭮  ᮯ஢

 짮⥫.  ᫨    ⢠     ,    

 짮⥫  ⮣ ⢠  饭       acount

   ஢ப.    襨    ਬ,    Janet    

 ॣ஢   account janet  室   ,    

 ᠬ ਬ  㣮 짮⥫  ᪫祭  root

, ᫨ Janet  ॣ஢  joe ,  ஫  筮.



      ᫨      ᮯ஢    짮⥫,  

    ᫥  㯮⮩ ⨯  ⥪,    ⮬

짮⥫ 㤥  ஫-᢮   ᥬ accont  

᪫祭  accony\t root.



            ⠪  ।⢮    "",    

 "-騩".  ॡ ࠧ襭   account    饬,

ᨬ   ⮣,  짮⥫ 筮 ࠢ ।⠢  

⥪.rhosts.



      3.  NFS । 㦥,  뫨    ⮬   444,

⮬  㯥 짮⥫  ࠭稢  㯥    䠩  

᪠, ⠭ १ NFS.

      4. ,  䠩 hosts.equiv  ᪠   - 

  ॣ樨  root.



                               - 175 -





                                   "   / 165 -



      ଠ䠩.rhosts 祭  ⠪  hosts.equiv,    祭

 ⫨筮. ᬮ Joe's.rhosts 䠩  Euler:



      chomp.cs.groucho.edu

                 gauss      janet



      ࢠ  ᪠,   joe  ᢮  acess  

ॣ樨   Chomp.cs.groucho.edu,     ࠢ 

㣮 account  euler  chomp.    -  讥  

⮣,    ஬ ।⠢ janet ᢮   account  Joe

  ॣ樨   .



      ,       祭    ⡮஬.

 뢠饣   ,  ⠪,  ⮡    ᮡ

failed   ⠬    饬  ன.      

ᬠਢ   ᮮ⢥⢨     ॣ ஢ 

    ᫥ 砥:



      + ᪨    (  ᥢ)  㪢쭮

ᮮ⢥    䠩.



      + ᫨    -  ஢,  

 (⨯ 饭 騬 ன⢮,   

믮 DNS),  ᮮ⢥    ⢠ 䠩, 

ࠢ    ⥬  , ७   

.







                      11. ⥢ ଠ樮 ⥬



        ᪠  ᫨⥫ ,    楫 -

ᯥ । 㦥 訬 짮⥫,   

祢.   stepping  stone    ⮬      ࠭

묨     ⨯ 짮⥫ ᨭ஭஢  ᥬ



                               - 176 -



⢠.      ।  ⨬,   襭館 , 魮 

᫮ 㦨 , 饥 DNS.  㣨 , 

  ⠪  ᯥ樠஢ 㦨. ஬ ⮣, ᫨  

쭮 ᫨⥫쭮    no Internet activity, ⠭ DNS

    먬  㤭   ஢.



       - , 祬 Sun ࠧࠡ뢠 NIS, ⥢ ଠ樮

⥬. NIS ᯥ稢 饭 ।⢠  㯠      ,

   ᯮ짮  ଠ樨  ⨯ ⮣,

ᮤঠ    passwd   㯯 䠩  ⢠  襩 . 

⠢     ⮫쪮      ⢥  ⥬,    ⥬

  ᠬ묨  account     ⢠.       ०,    

ᯮ짮    NIS,    ⮡ । hostname ଠ樮 

/etc/hos .



      NIS ᭮  RPC,  砥 ࢥ, client-side ⥪, 

᪮쪮 ⨢ 㬥⠫  ।.  ࢮ砫쭮,  NIS

뢠  ࠭,    YP,        ப

ᯮ,  ⮡  樠쭮   ⮩ 㣥.  㣮

஭,  ࠭  - ઠ ⮢⥫ ⠭᪮ 裡,

 ॡ  Sun     . ᪮  , 

থ   쬨,   ⠪  YP   䨪    

⨯ ypserv, ypbind,  .. , NIS 㯭  㠫쭮  ᥣ

Un*ces    ⠬    ᢮ ॠ.  -  BSD ࠧꥤ

 -2 ,   祭   饩 ⢮ ॠ樨 ᭮᪨

 Sun. 筠 ᪠   ⮣ ࠧꥤ 뫠  GNU

Libc  祭 ⥫쭮  ६,   ६  ⨢

ணࠬ  ⮫쪮    ७ᥭ   Linux Swen Thmmler. (1)  NIS

ࢥ  -  ⨧  ॠ樨  ᭮᪨. Tobias Reber ᠫ 㣮

NIS ,  ।⢠  ࢥ;   뢠 yps. (2)



       饥 ६(ﭭ),  १  NIS, 뢠

NYS, ᤥ Peter Eriksson, (3),  ন  ,    plain

NIS   Sun's much ᬮ७ NIS.



      1. swen@uni-paderborn.de. NIS  㯭    yp-

linux.tar.gz   sunsite.unc.edu   / . 2.   *

⮩ ) - yps-0.21        祭   ftp.lysator.liu.se 



                               - 177 -



/pub/NYS ⠫. 3. pen@lysator.liu.se.







      +. NYS  ⮫쪮 ᯥ稢  ⢮  NIS  㬥⠫

।   ࢥ,     ⠪  ਡ    ⢮

  㭪権,    묨  ⮣, ⮡

  ⠭ libc  筮 .  砥 

䨣樮 奬  樨  hostname 襭,  ஥  

⥪  奬    ᯮ짮    host.conf. ᮡ  㭪権

 㦤 .



        ।  NYS  ᪮॥  祬      㣨

,   ஬   ⭮  " ࠤ樮 " NIS  .  ᫨

     ⮢,  , ᠭ  ⮩  

     筮. ⮡  ⥫  ଠ,

   ⠭   NIS, ⨯ NFS Hal Stern's  NIS

(. [GETST "ண - nfs"]).



       饥 ६, NYS -   ࠧ,   ᫥⥫쭮

⠭ Linux ⨫ ⨯ ⥢ ணࠬ  室  ⥬

ணࠬ,      NYS 奬 䨣樨.  NYS ᮥ  

mainstream  libc    ࠭᫨஢   binaries,  ᫨  

  ⠢   ᯮ짮 NYS.       ਫ

ନ஢  䠩,  筮 । -lnsl  ᫥  libc 

騪.    뢠  ५ 㭪  libnsl, NYS

⠭୮ ⥪  C.



                            11.1 ⢮  NIS



      NIS  ࠭  ଠ    ,  室       ⠪

뢠 ⮡ࠦ,  ᮤঠ  keyvalue  pairs.  ⮡ࠦ

࠭     業ࠫ쭮 , 믮饬 NIS  ࢥ,    ண

   ᪨  ଠ  १  ࠧ  RPC  맮.

襭   , ⮡ࠦ ࠭  䠩 DBM. (4)



      ⯡ࠦ ᠬ  ᥡ  筮      ⥪⮢  䠩

⨯ /etc/hosts  /etc/passwd.   䠩, ⤥



                               - 178 -



⮡ࠦ  - ᮧ,    ⨯ . ਬ,  

  ᪠   䠩    ⠪       IP.

⢥⢥,    NIS ⮡ࠦ 祭   䠩,  뢠

hosts.byname    hosts.byaddr, ᮮ⢥⢥.  11.1 ᯨ᪮ 

⮡ࠦ  䠩    ᣥ஢.



      4. DBM -  ⥪  ࠢ      

ᯮ ⮤ ஢, ⮡ ᪮  ᫥. 

᢮ DBM ॠ   GNU  ஥㥬  뢠  Gdbm,  

  設⢠ Linux ࠭ .







              -----------------------------------------------------------

              +-----------------+---------------------------------------+

              |Master File      | Map(s)                                |

              +-----------------+---------------------------------------+

              +-----------------+---------------------------------------+

              |/etc/hosts       | hosts.byname       hosts.byaddr       |

              |/etc/networks    | networks.byname    networks.byaddr    |

              |/etc/passwd      | passwd.byname      passwd.byuid       |

              |/etc/group       | group.byname       group.bygid        |

              |/etc/services    | services.byname    services.bynumber  |

              |/etc/rpc         | rpc.byname         rpc.bynumber       |

              |/etc/protocols   | protocols.byname   protocols.bynumber |

              |/usr/lib/aliases | mail.aliases                          |

              +-----------------+---------------------------------------+

              +-----------------+---------------------------------------+



       1.  ⠭ NIS ⮡ࠦ  ᮮ⢥騥

砩.



       㣨 䠩  ⮡ࠦ,       

  NIS    㣮.      ᮤঠ  ଠ  

ਫ   㦤   ⮩  ,  ⨯  bootparams  ⮡ࠦ,

஥   ᯮ짮 묨 BOOTP ࢥࠬ,  

஬  饥 ६       㭪    Linux

(Ethers.byname    ethers.byaddr ⮡ࠦ).



                               - 179 -





          ⮡ࠦ,    筮  ᯮ  ஧,

  ⪨ ᫥⥫쭮  .      ᯨ᮪

஧  訬 NIS  㬥⠫묨  ।⢠,  

᫥ :



                 $ ypcat -x

                 NIS map nickname translation table:

                         "passwd" -> "passwd.byname"

                         "group" -> "group.byname"

                         "networks" -> "networks.byaddr"

                         "hosts" -> "hosts.byname"

                         "protocols" -> "protocols.bynumber"

                         "services" -> "services.byname"

                         "aliases" -> "mail.aliases"

                         "ethers" -> "ethers.byname"

                         "rpc" -> "rpc.bynumber"

                         "netmasks" -> "netmasks.byaddr"

                         "publickey" -> "publickey.byname"

                         "netid" -> "netid.byname"

                         "passwd.adjunct" -> "passwd.adjunct.byname"

                         "group.adjunct" -> "group.adjunct.byname"

                         "timezone" -> "timezone.byname"







      NIS ࢥ ࠤ樮 뢠 ypserv.   ।  

⢥ ࢥ 筮 墠⠥; 訥   롨 ᪮쪮

ࢥ஢   ࠧ 設  ࠧ ᥣ , ⮡ 㬥

㧪   設 ࢥ  ணࠬ  ⨧樨.  

ᨭ஭஢,       ࢥ஬,  㣨

稭묨 ࢥࠬ.  ⮡ࠦ  ᮧ ⮫쪮  master

server's host. 㤠,  । ᥬ slaves/



       ⬥⨫,   ਫ ⭮⥫쭮 "  " 祭

।   ६; 筮  ⫨⥫쭮 ⨥   NIS,

஥  ⭮   ⠪ ,    ⥬   ⮢

       䨣樨 ⥬ ᤥ १ NIS:  NIS



                               - 180 -



.    ᮦ,  NIS     ᮫⭮  祣  饣  

ﬨ,    묨   ⮫㫨  DNS.  

筮 १   ,     ᥣ 筮 । 

⨯ 



      NIS   ᮢ襭 ⨢  㭪  ⮫쪮. 

筮   짮⥫, ஬ ࠧ ஫  ᥬ

設  . ⥫쭮, ,    NIS  

५⭮  ⮫쪮 ࠬ. 筮,   㤥  

  ᪮   ⫨筮   㣮 NIS    

襩  쭮  . ਬ,   Virtual Brewery 

ᮧ   NIS  ,   Brewery ।⢥,    

    뢠  brewery   winery, ᮮ⢥⢥. 㣠

ᮢ襭    奬    ⮣,  ⮡  ᯮ짮 DNS

      NIS.  ⮡  ⠭    NIS 

  襣  ⢠,  domainname.     뢠  

㬥,  ⠥ ⥪饥 NIS  ;   

,    㯥 짮⥫ :



      # domainname brewery



      NIS    ।,    NIS  ࢥ-ਫ  ᤥ

. ਬ, ணࠬ 室  ⥬  ⢥  Winery  ,

ᤥ  NIS ࢥ Winery (   , ᫨  ⠬ 뫨

⤥)  ଠ樨 ஫ 짮⥫;   ६  ਫ 

Brewery  host  ਪ  ࢥ Brewery'.



       ⠩,  ⠧     襭,    ,  

 㧭   ࢥ஬  ᮥ.    ⮥  ਡ

뫮    䠩 䨣樨,  뢠 , ⮡ 

ࢥ. ,  ਡ 뫮  쭮  ,  ⮬  

       ᯮ짮  ࠧ  ࢥ  (  ⮩

  ᠬ   , 筮),  ᨬ   㯭.

⥫쭮, ࠤ樮  NIS implementations   ᯥ樠

d ⮡ 㦨 室騩 NIS ࢥ   NIS . ।

ᯮᮡ 믮  NIS







                               - 181 -





      ,    ਫ,  ᭠砫      ypbind  

ࢥ ᯮ.



      Ypbind ᫥ ࢥ, ।  쭮  IP  ;  ᭠砫

 ⢥ ਭ, ⮡  ⥭樠쭮 ᠬ   㤥

ᯮ짮   ᫥⥫  NIS. ᫥ ⮣, 

  ࢠ ⥪,  ᫨ ࢥ ⠭ 㯭, ypbind,

᫥  ⨢ ࢥ ᭮.



      , ᯮୠ 窠 ⭮⥫쭮 ᪮  뢠 - ,

   । 㦤  ⮬,          :

ypbind  ᫥ ,    ⢥砥,     NIS  ࢥ஬

⠪     "諥".  ᮡ ࠧ㬥  ⠭

㤭  -  ᫨  ࠢ 訬   ஫  NIS.

 ਭ  ⨢ ⮣, NYS  ᯮ ypbind  㬮砭, 

ࠥ ࢥ   ⠨ 䠩 䨣樨.



      11.2 NIS ⨢ NIS +



      NIS  NIS + ਭ ⨥   祬    

楫. NIS + ஢  ࠧ ᯮᮡ.  ᪮

 ࠭⢮  ࠧ묨 NIS  ﬨ,    ᯮ

᪮ , ⠢ ஬⪨   ⠪ DNS.

 ⮡ࠦ, ⠪  뢠 ⠡ ᯮ ,  ⠢

 ப   ⮫殢,   ப ।⠢ ।  NIS + 

,   ६   ⮫ 뢠  ४ +   

⭮⥫쭮 .   ⠡      NIS  +  -  

  ⠪  த⥫᪨ ⥩. ஬ ⮣,    ⠡

  ᮤঠ      㣮  ⠡.  ᮡ  

  祭 ଠ樨  ᯮᮡ.



      ࠤ樮 NIS  RPC  ᨨ 2,   ६  NIS + -

  - 3.



      NIS +  , 祭 ப ᯮ㥬 ,   

⢨⥫쭮      ⭮⥫쭮 ⮣. (,  祣).

  ⮩  稭,   㤥 뢠  ⨬ . ᫨  



                               - 182 -



ᮢ    祭 襣,     NIS  Sun  +

ࠢ筨   ([GETST "nisplus"]).



      11.3 ᪠ ஭ NIS







      ᫨      ७ᥭ ਫ , 

易⥫쭮 ,  設⢮ NIS ⮡ࠦ, ᫥ 

ᮮ⢥ ⥪  㭪権    ⥪  C.  ਬ,  ⮡

   passwd ଠ,  ᯮ getpwnam (3)    getpwuid

㭪樨  (3)   頥 ଠ , 易   

  짮⥫   ᫥ 筮 짮⥫. 

ଠ  ⥫⢠,   㭪樨    믮    

    ⠭⭮  䠩,   ⨯ /etc/passwd.



      Nis- ॠ  㭪権, , 㤥 ஢, 

 饭 RPC  ⮣, ⮡  NIS ࢥ  ᪠ 

짮⥫  筮.  砥      ਫ.

㭪   ⠪ "⥭஢ " NIS ⮡ࠦ  "    "

ࢮ砫 ⥪  ⨬. 筮,   ⭮  ॠ쭮

䨪樨  䠩,  ⮫쪮 砥 ,     ਫ

 ᫨  䠩     ⥭஢.



        ⠤樮  NIS  ॠ権,  ⠬  ᯮ짮  騥

᫮, ⭮⥫쭮   ⮡ࠦ,   뫨

⥭஢  室 ଠ樨. ,   passwd

⮡ࠦ,  ॡ㥬 kludgy modifications ⥪ passwd, ,

 믮 ࠢ쭮, 㦨  . ⮡  ⮣

pitfalls,  NYS  ᯮ   奬  䨣樨    ।,

ᯮ    ⭮    ⢮ ᪨ 㭪権 ࢮ砫

        浪.    㤥 ᠭ .



                             11.4  NIS ࢥ



      ᫥  ⠪    ⥮᪮  techno-babble,   - ६,

⮡   㪨  吝 ࠡ  䨣樨.   ⮬

ࠧ,   襬 䨣 NIS ࢥ. ᫨  㦥  NIS  



                               - 183 -



ࢥ   襩 ,    㤥 ⠭  ᮡ⢥

ࢥ;    ⮬ 砥,    ᭮ ய᪠  ࠧ.



      <>   Note  that  if  you are just going to experiment with the

           server, make sure you don't set it up for  a  NIS  domain

           name  that  is  already  in use on your network. This may

           disrupt the entire network service and make a lot of peo-

           ple very unhappy, and very angry.



       饥 ६ ᯮ   NIS  ࢥ,  ᢮

㯭   Linux,  ᮤন  yps    Tobias  Reber's,  

㣮    Peter Erikson's  ypserv  package.        

祭,     ᪠, ᨬ







       ⮣, ᯮ   NYS  NIS ᪨ , 

室   libc  饥 ६.  ६  ⮩  ,    

ࠡ⪨  NIS 稭 ࢥ஢, ,    yps.  ,

᫨       稭묨 ࢥࠬ, yps    訬

롮஬.



      ᫥ ⠭ ணࠬ ࢥ (ypserv)  /usr/sbkn,   

ᮧ ⠫,    㤥  ஢  ⮡ࠦ,  ॣ㥬

  襬 ࢥ.  ⠭ NIS   brewery domain,

⮡ࠦ 諮   /var/yp/brewery. ࢥ । 㦨  

 NIS  , ஢   ⠫ ⮡ࠦ. ᫨ 

  㦨   ன NIS , 㤮⮢ 㤠

 ⠫ ⠪.



      ⮡ࠦ 筮 ࠭  ⥪ DBM, ⮡ ᪮

᪨.  ᮧ    ,  ॣ饩  ᯮ짮  ணࠬ,

뢠 makedbm ( Tobias' ࢥ)  dbmload  (  ࢥ

Peter's).         稢묨.  ८ࠧ    

ॣ      parseable dbmload 筮 ॡ  ண  awk

  sed,     ⥭, ⮡   ⮬⥫묨 

⨯.  ⥫쭮,  Peter Eriksson's Ypserv  ᮤন ନ஢

   ࠡ   .   ⠭  



                               - 184 -



ନ஢ 䠩  襬 ⮡ࠦ,  ।஢  ,  ⮡

ࠧ  ⮡ࠦ          ।.   設

䠩    室  㣨  Ypserv.    㬮砭, ᬮ   -

 த ⮣:



      all: ethers hosts networks protocols rpc services passwd group netid



      ᫨    ந ethers.byname    ethers.byaddr

⮡ࠦ, ਬ,    㤠  ।뫪  ஢    ⮣

ࠢ.⮡ ஢  ⠭,    㤮⢮  ⮬,

⮡     ⮫쪮     ⮡ࠦ,  㣠. *

⮡ࠦ.



      ᫥ ।஢ ନ஢ 䠩,   ६    

室   ⠫ ⮡ࠦ,    "make".    ⮬᪨

   ⠭ ⮡ࠦ.   㤮⮢,  ⮡

஢ ⮡ࠦ 直 ࠧ,      䠩,

   ⠭ 묨  .



      騩 ࠧ ,  䨣஢ NIS  ᪨  .

᫨  ⠭  ࠡ⠥,   ஡ ᭨  

 ⨣ 襣 ࢥ  . ᫨   筮  ।

  -D, 䫠   NYS ࢥ,   ⠥ ᮮ饭  ⫠

  ᮫ ⭮⥫쭮  室 ᮢ NIS,   饭

१⮢.      ᪠ ⭮⥫쭮 ⮣,  

室.  Tobias' ࢥ    ⠪ 







                    11.5 ⠭ NIS   NYS



      १ ⮪  ⮩ ,  襬 䨣 NIS .



        蠣   - ᮮ NYS   ࢥ

ᯮ짮   NIS 㦨, ⠭   䠩 䨣樨

/etc/yp.conf. 祭  ⨯ 䠩  ⢠  Winery's  

룫拉  ᫥騬 ࠧ:





                               - 185 -



      # yp.conf - YP configuration for NYS library.

           #

           domainname winery

           server vbardolino



      ࢠ 㫨஢ ᮮ頥 ᥩ NIS  ,    

ਭ   Winery NIS . ᫨  ᪠  ,  NYS

ᯮ   , ன  ਯ뢠    ⥬  १

  domainname. ࢥ 㫨஢ 뢠 NIS ࢥ஬. 筮,

IP     vbardolino,    ⮬  䠩 ; 

⢥  ୠ⨢,   ᯮ짮  IP ।⢥ 

㫨஢ ࢥ.



       ଥ,  ,  ࢥ ᮮ頥, ⮡  NYS

ᯮ짮  ࢥ  NIS  ன  . ᫨,

,   ६頥   設    ࠧ묨  NIS  ﬨ

,       ࠭ ଠ  ⤥

⥩    ⥪ yp.conf.    ଠ ⭮⥫쭮

ࢥ஢  ࠧ NIS ⥩  Yp.conf, ਡ NIS 

  㫨஢  ࢥ.  ࠧ,    "⨯

䠩  ⨢ , ⮡   룫廊  ⮬:



      # yp.conf - YP configuration for NYS library.

           #

           server vbardolino winery

           server vstout     brewery



         뤠 ⨢      ⥩,







        ⠭ ⥫쭮 NIS   砫쭮 㧪

  .



      ᫥ ᮧ ⮣ ᭮ 䠩  䨣樨,    㢥७

  ⮬  - ᥬ୮  -  ⠥,          ਩,

⮡ ஢,    ᮥ   襬  ࢥ.

⮢,  ࠭ ⮡ࠦ 襣 ࢥ, 



                               - 186 -



hosts.byname,    ⠭, ⮡ ⠭, ᯮ ypcat ⨫.

Ypcat,    ᥬ  㣨 ⨢ NIS 㬥⠫

।⢠,    /usr/sbin.



           # ypcat hosts.byname

           191.72.2.2      vbeaujolais  vbeaujolais.linus.lxnet.org

           191.72.2.3      vbardolino   vbardolino.linus.lxnet.org

           191.72.1.1      vlager       vlager.linus.lxnet.org

           191.72.2.1      vlager       vlager.linus.lxnet.org

           191.72.1.2      vstout       vstout.linus.lxnet.org

           191.72.1.3      vale         vale.linus.lxnet.org

           191.72.2.4      vchianti     vchianti.linus.lxnet.org



      뢮,   砥,      襯.

᫨  砥 ᮮ饭  訡 , ஥   "Can't

bind  to server which serves domain"    -    ,  ⥬

  NIS  , ஥     ࢥ  ᮮ⢥⢨,

।   yp.conf,  ࢥ  -  unreachable    

稭.    ᫥ 砥, 㤮⮢  ⮬,  ping 

ந ⥫ १,    ⢨⥫쭮    

  ஢  ᫥, ᯮ rpcinfo,   ந

᫥騩 뢮:



      # rpcinfo -u serverhost ypserv

           program 100004 version 2 ready and waiting



      11.6 롮 ࠢ ⮡ࠦ



      ⮢  ⮬,     NIS ࢥ,   

   䨣樮  䠩,  ⮡      㢥  

NIS ⮡ࠦﬨ.  筮,      ᯮ짮  NIS  ⮡ࠦ

 ⢠  㭪権 ᪠ ஫. 㯮  ᮡ  ,

᫨     ᪠  BIND.   ᫥    ࠧ蠥    ᥬ

짮⥫ ॣ஢   account   ⥬  NIS

;  筮 ॡ ࠧ  業ࠫ쭮  /⭮    

᭥  ஡   ࠧ  11.7 . 㣮 ⮡ࠦ, 

services.byname,    ⠪ ࠬ᪮ 㢥祭,  ࠭ 





                               - 187 -







       ன ࠡ ।஢, ᫨   ⠭  

⥢ ਫ  ᯮ ࢨ᭮ ,     

⠭⭮ 䠩 .



      ,         ᢮  롮    -

㭪 ᯮ  䠩,         NIS

ࢥ.  NYS   ᪮䨣஢ 冷,  ஬ 㭪

頥  ⨬ 㣠.    ࠢ  १  ⥪

/etc/nsswitch.conf,    頥  㦨  ,  

筮    ࠭稢    㦨.      㭪権

᪠      ᮤন  , 騥 㣨, ⮡ ᯮ짮.



      ࠢ 冷      ⨯  .     

,   services.byname  ⮡ࠦ  㤥  ᮤঠ  ⫨稥  室

     쭮 䠩 ;   ⮫쪮 ᮤঠ . 

訩 롮  , ⮡ ᤥ   䠩 ᭠砫, 

஢  NIS ⮫쪮 ᫨ ࢨ᭮    뫮  .  Hostname

ଠ,   㣮 ஭,   祭 , ⠪, ⮡ DNS

 NIS  ࢥ ᥣ    accoun 䠩 ࠭ 

㡫஢, ᫨  DNS  NIS ௥ 㤠.  ⮬ 砥,   ⥫

  ஢   ᫥ 䠩.



      ਬ    뢠,      ᪮䨣஢    gethostbyname

(2), gethostByaddr (2),  getservbyname 㭪樨 (2)  ᠭ . 

 ᫥  㣨  ।; ᫨    ,  

१ 㤥 饭,  ᫥饥 㦨 㦤.



      # small sample /etc/nsswitch.conf

           #

           hosts:     nis dns files

           services:  files nis



       ᯨ᮪ ,   ᯮ짮   

Nsswitch.conf 䠩   .  ᪨  ⮡ࠦ,  䠩,

ࢥ    ,       .





                               - 188 -



      Nisplus  nis + ᯮ NIS + ࢥ    ⮩  .

 ࢥ 祭  ⥪ /etc/nis.conf.



      Nis ᯮ ⥪騩 NIS ࢥ ⮩ .   ࢥ

 , ᪮䨣஢  ⥪ yp.conf     

।饬 ࠧ.     ,  ⮡ࠦ  Hosts.byname  

hosts.byaddr  .



      -176 -



      dns ᯮ DNS ࢥ.  㦥 ⨯   ⮫쪮 

 . ࢥ 騥 ,    ।  ᮮ⢥⢨

c ⠭⮬ resolv.conf 䠩.



       files ᯮ  䠩, ⠪  /etc/hosts 䠩  

.



      dbm  ଠ  DBM 䠩, ࠧ饭  /var/dbm. ,

ᯮ㥬  䠩 - ᮮ⢥饣 NIS ⮡ࠦ.



       饥 ६, NYS ন ᫥騥 nsswitch.conf :

hosts,

      networks, passwd, group, shadow, gshadow, services, protocols, rpc, 

. 㣨     .



      㭮 11.6 뢠   ਬ,  



     &ᮣ nsswitch.conf: 祢 ᫮ [NOTFOUND=return]  

⮢ ᮮ騫  NYS - , ᫨  㭪     NIS

  DNS  .   NYS த ᪠  䠩, ⮫쪮

᫨ 饭  NIS  DNS ࢥࠬ  㤠  - 㣮

稭.  䠩  ⥬ ⮫쪮 ᯮ짮  砫쭮

㧪   backup,  NIS ࢥ 몫祭.



      11.7 ᯮ짮 passwd  㯯 Maps



         ਫ NIS 室  ᨭ஭樨 짮⥫

 account ଠ樨 ⭮⥫쭮    NIS .  , 



                               - 189 -



筮 ࠭ ⮫쪮   䠩 /etc/passwd,  ஬

 site-wide ଠ  NIS ⮡ࠦ. , 

।⠢  NIS ᪠  ⮣ 㦨 

nsswitch.conf   筮.



        ଠ ஫, । NIS,  ᭠砫 

㤮⮢,  ᫮ 筮 짮⥫  짮⥫,

     襬 쭮 passwd 䠩ᮮ⢥  NIS

ࢥ ⭮⥫쭮 筮 짮⥫.   

ᯮ짮   㣨 楫 ⠪,  ⠭ NFS 祭 

㣨 ⮢  襩 .







                # /etc/nsswitch.conf

                #

                hosts:      nis dns [NOTFOUND=return] files

                networks:   nis [NOTFOUND=return] files



                services:   files nis

                protocols:  files nis

                rpc:        files nis



                㭮 17. ਬ nsswitch.conf 䠩.



      ᫨   ᫮ 筮  /etc/passwd  /etc/group

⪫  ,   maps,    ᪮४஢ 䠩

ownerships   䠩,  ਭ ⮬ 짮⥫. 砫

    uids  gids  passwd   㯯   祭;

⥬   䢩,  ਭ 짮⥫   ⮫쪮

 ,   祭   ownerships. ਬ 

ᯮ㥬  ⮣, ⮡  筮 짮⥫ 뫠  9, 

okir   筮 짮⥫ 103,  뫨  

஥ 㣮 祭;    ⥬ 믮૭ ᫥騥 :



      # find / -uid   9 -print >/tmp/uid.9

      # find / -uid 103 -print >/tmp/uid.103

      # cat /tmp/uid.9   | xargs chown news



                               - 190 -



      # cat /tmp/uid.103 | xargs chown okir



       ,   믮    , ⠭ passwd

䠩,    ᮡࠥ   䠩 ०, 祬  

ownership   .  ⮣, ⮡ ஢ ownerships 㯯

䠩,   ᯮ짮 宦 .



       , ᫥ uid's  gid's  襩 ⥬ ᮣ 

⥬ ⠬,  ᯮ  襩 NIS . 騩 蠣 㤥

- ਡ  䨣樨  nsswitch.conf,   NIS ᪨

 짮⥫  ଠ樨 㯯:







      # /etc/nsswitch.conf - passwd and group treatment

           passwd: nis files

           group:  nis files



       ⠢  室  ⥬,    㧥 ᭠砫

ᤥ  NIS maps,  짮⥫ ஡ log in,  ᫨ 

 ௨ 㤠 - ⭮ 頥   䠩. 筮, 

㤠   짮⥫  襣 쭮 䠩,  ⮫쪮

⠢   root  generic accounts  .  ⮬, 

   ⥬  ॡ  map uids 

짮⥫  . ਬ, ⨢ cron job 

믮  su,  ⮣ ⮡ ६  ﬨ,  UUCP

      ⥬  ࠢ    ﭨ. ᫨  

uucp   室   䠩 passwd,   jobs ,  ᮦ,

௥ 㤠  祭&NIS"brownout.





        訥 ஡:   ஭, ⠭,  㦥

뫮 ᠭ  砫,    ࠡ⠥ ⮫쪮  ஢ ணࠬ

室  ⥬,   ᯮ ⥭ ஫,  ⥬, 

祭  util-linux . ⠭  ᯮ짮 ⥭ ஫ 

NIS 㤥 ᭥ .  㣮 ஭,  室  ⥬ - 

⢥,     passwd 䠩 - ᬮ   ls,

 設⢮  ᯮ  ﭭ.



                               - 191 -



       믮  ᯥ⪨, ls 뤥 ᨬ᪨  

짮⥫  㯯 楢 䠩;     uid  gid 

।⠢ ᮡ 楫 墠,   ᤥ   NIS ࢥ,

⮫쪮  ࠧ.  㦠᭮  믮, ᫨  쭠  -

clogged, ,   㦥,  NIS ࢥ   ⮩  ᠬ , 

⮣ ⠣ࠬ  ன १ ணࠬ ⨧樨.



            . ࠧ,   ᫨

짮⥫   ᢮ ஫. 筮,  맮 passwd,

 ⠥  ஫    䠩 passwd. 

 ᤥ  NIS, ⠪     䠩 쭮  

㯥,  ᫨ 짮⥫ ᮥ  NIS ࢥ,  

⥫  ஫,   ⮣,  ᮦ  樨. ⮬,

NIS ᯥ稢     passwd, 뢠 yppasswd, 

    ⢨ NIS.   ஫  

ࢥ,   ⠪  yppasswdd daemon  ⮬  ᠬ  १ RPC, 

ᯥ稢  㥬 ଠ樥 ஫. 筮, 

⠭ yppasswd  ଠ쭮 ணࠬ,    -  த

⮣:



      # cd /bin

      # mv passwd passwd.old

      # ln yppasswd passwd











         ᠬ ६   ⠭ rpc.yppasswdd  ࢥ 

   rc.inet2.  䥪⨢ ஥  ᪮ NIS 

 짮⥫.



      11.8 ᯮ짮 NIS  Shadow Support



         NIS প  ,  ᯮ ⥭

室  ⥬  ணࠬ. John F. Haugh,  ⥭ 

ணࠬ,  饭 ᨨ ⥭  㭪権, ᠭ

GNU ⥪ GPL  comp.sources.misc.  㦥   প



                               - 192 -



 NIS,      ,  䠩     

⠭୮ ⥪  C.  㣮 ஭,  㡫樨 ଠ樨 

/etc/shadow १ NIS  ࠦ 楫 ⥭  ணࠬ.



       NYS 㭪樨 ᪠ ஫  ᯮ shadow.byname map 

 -  筮, 祢 NYS ন ᯮ짮 쭮

/etc/shadow 䠩.  NYS ॠ getpwnam 頥  ᬮ

ଠ樨, 易    login , ।⢠, 筮 ।

passwd   nsswitch.conf  . Nis 㦨 㤥 

᪠   passwd.byname map  NIS ࢥ. 㦨 䠩, ,

஢,   /etc/shadow,  ᫨ ,  ஡

 . ᫨    䠩  ,  ᫨ 짮⥫

  ਢ root,  ந室 饭  筮 ࠡ ᪠

ଠ樨 짮⥫  /etc/passwd. , ᫨ ⥭ 䠩 

   ,   NYS  ஫ 짮⥫  shadow.

Getpwuid 㭪 ᮮ⢥⢥ 믮.  ⮬ ०, binaries,

㥬  NYS, 㤥    쭮  ⠭ ⥭

 ணࠬ.



      11.9 ᯮ짮 ࠤ樮 NIS .



      ᫨  ᯮ  ,  室  ⠭ libc,

 䨣 NIS   ⫨筠.   ஭, 

ᯮ ypbind daemon  ⮣, ⮡ । ଠ  ⨢

ࢥ஢ ᪮॥ 祬 뢠  ଠ  䠩 䨣樨. 

᫥⥫쭮  㤮⮢  ⮬,  㦥 饭 ypbind 

砫쭮 㧪.    맢 ᫥ ⠭ NIS ,

 RPC portmapper ⮦   饭. 맮 ypcat 㦥  ⮣,

⮡ ஢ ࠡ⠥  ࢥ ⠪,    (. ).



      ,  ஥ ᫮ bug reports,  ᮮ, 

NIS ௨ 㤠, ᮮ  ⮬: "clntudp create: RPC: portmapper

failure - RPC: unable  to receive''.







        - ᮢ⨬   ᯮᮡ,  ypbind

뢠  묨 㭪.  ᫥ 筨  NIS



                               - 193 -



⨫   ࠭᫨ ,   ࠢ  . (5)



      , ᯮᮡ ࠤ樮 NIS 蠥 ,   ᮥ NIS

ଠ  ⨬   䠩 ⪫塞  ᯮ㥬 NYS.

ਬ, ⮡ ᯮ짮 NIS ⮡ࠦ ஫,   

᫥  -  襬 /etc/passwd map:



           +: *:0:0:::



       ન   㭪樨 ᪠ ஫  "⠢" NIS

⮡ࠦ. ⠢   ( ᫥  ) 

/etc/group    ᠬ  group. * maps.  ⮣, ⮡

ᯮ짮 hosts.* maps, । NIS,  order line 

host.conf 䠩. ਬ, ᫨   ᯮ짮 NIS, DNS,  䠩

/etc/hosts ( ⮬ 浪),        :



      order yp bind hosts



      ࠤ樮 NIS ॠ  ন  㣨

⮡ࠦ  饥 ६.



      5. 筨  yp-linux   祭  ftp.uniaderborn.de 

⠫ /pub/Linux/LOCAL.







      12. ⥢ 䠩 ⥬ (NFS)



       NFS, the network file system,    

 , ᯮ饩 RPC.     䠩 

⤠  筮

      ⥬  ᠬ ᯮᮡ,  짮⥫ ⨫   "

 䠩.   ᬥ襭 kernel 㭪樮

⥩  ᪮ ஭ ( ᯮ ⤠ 䠩

⥬)  NFS ࢥ  ஭ ࢥ ( ᯥ稢 䠩

).    䠩  祢  ,  ࠡ⠥ १

 ࠧࠧ ࢥ஢  ⥪ ⮢.





                               - 194 -



      NFS ।  २:





      + ,     짮⥫,   ࠭

 業ࠫ쭮 ,   ⠭騬  ⠫ 

砫쭮 㧪. ਬ,   ࠭  accounts

짮⥫   ,      襬 ⥢ mount

/home  ⮣ . ᫨  ⠭     NIS,   짮⥫

 ⥬    ⥬,    ࠡ   ⢥

䠩.



      + , ॡ騥 訥 ⢠ ᪮ ࠭⢠

  ࠭  ⢥ . ਬ,  䠩  ணࠬ

⭮騥  LaTeX  METAFONT   ࠭  ন 

 .



      + ⨢-ࠢ᪠ ଠ   ࠭ 

⢥ .  㦤 ᯮ짮 rcp  ⮣, ⮡ ⠭

  ᠬ  䠩  20 ࠧ 設.





      Linux NFS -  ⥫쭮 ⥯ ࠡ Rick Sladkey, (1), 

ᠫ NFS

      kernel   訥  NFS ࢥ. ᫥,  뢮  unfsd

࠭⢠ 짮⥫ NFS ࢥ, ࢮ砫쭮 ᠭ Mark Shand,

 hnfs Harris NFS ࢥ, ᠭ Donald Becker.



       ⥯ ᬮਬ ⮬,  NFS ࠡ⠥:  

 ⠭ ⠫  ⤠   쭮 ⠫ ⥬

 ᯮᮡ,    ⠭ 䨧᪮ ன⢮. ,

ᨭ⠪, ᯮ㥬  ⮣, ⮡ 筮 । ⫨祭 

⤠ ⠫. ਬ, ⮡ mount /home  vlager  /users 

vale,  ⨫  ᫥   vale: (2)

   "

      1. Rick     jrs@world.std.com.





      # mount -t nfs vlager:/home /users



                               - 195 -





      mount ⥬ ஡ ᮥ  mountd, ⠭  daemon 

vlager १ RPC. ࢥ ஢, ࠧ蠥  vale  ⠫, 

᫨ ⠪, ୥    file handle.  handle 䠩 㤥 ᯮ짮

  ᫥⥫   ⥪  /users.



        - 頥  䠩  NFS, kernel  RPC 맮

nfsd (NFS daemon)  設 ࢥ.  饭  handle 䠩, 

䠩,  ஬ ,  user's user  筮 㯯 

ࠬ.  ᯮ  । ࠢ 㯠  筮

। 䠩. ⮡ ।  ᠭ樮஢ ⥭ 

஢ 䠩, 짮⥫  筮 㯯   ⥬

 ᠬ묨   .



       設⢥ Un*x  ॠ権, NFS 㭪樮  

⮢  ࢥ 믮  kernel ஢ daemons,   

࠭⢠ 짮⥫  砫쭮 㧪 ⥬.  - NFS daemon

(nfsd)   ࢥ,     - 뢮 Daemon (biod) 믮騩

 ᪮ . ⮡  ந⥫쭮, biod 믮

ᨭ஭  - 뢮, ᯮ ⥭ - ।  -; ⠪,

᪮쪮 nfsd daemons 筮 ᪠ ᮢ⭮.



      NFS ॠ Linux,  ⫨筠  ⮬ ᠬ ᪮ ,

९ ꥤ  䠩 ⥬ (VFS) ஢    ॡ

⥫쭮 ࠢ १ biod.  㣮 ஭  ࢥ

᪠   ࠭⢥ 짮⥫, ⠪, ⮡  ᪥

᪮쪨  ࢥ      ६ 뫮    -

 ᨭ஭樨. Linux NFS,  饥 ६ ⠪  ⢨

⥭ - ।  -,  Rick Sladkey  ࠢ 

⮫  襥 ६. (3)





        ஡  Linux NFS  - ,  Linux kernel

ᨨ 1.0  ᯮᮡ ।   ᪠  祬 4k; 

᫥⢨, ⥢    ࠡ뢠 ⠣ࠬ 訥 祬

ਡ⥫쭮 3500 ⮢ ᫥ ⠭ ࠧ   .. 

,  ।     NFS daemons 믮饩  ⥬, 

ᯮ 訥 UDP ⠣ࠬ  㬮砭 (ਬ 8k  SunOS)



                               - 196 -



  㬥襭  ࠧ ⢥.  稭 ।

ࠪ⨪  ﭨ  ⥫. (4)  । 室

  Linux-1.1 ,  ᪨  

      ஢  ⮣, ⮡ 짮  ⨬ २⢮.



      2. ,     -t nfs 㬥, ⮬  mount

   ,   । NFS ꥬ.

      3.   write-behind - ,  kernel   ஢

ࠬ device/inode,  ᫥⥫쭮   ᯮ짮  nfs-

⠭ 䠩 ⥬.











      12.1 ⮢ NFS



      ०, 祬   ᯮ짮 NFS,   ࢥ  ,

  㤮⮢,     NFS প, 㥬

.     ⮣  ⮩ 䥩  proc 䠩

⥬, 䠩 /proc/filesystems,    ⮡ࠧ ᯮ

cat:



      $ cat /proc/filesystems

                   minix

                   ext2

                   msdos

           nodev   proc

           nodev   nfs



      ᫨ nfs   ⮣ ᯨ᪠,    ᪮஢

 ᮡ⢥   祭 NFS. 䨣஢ kernel ⥢

権 ᭥  ࠧ " Kernel 䨣 "  4 ..



         拉  1.1 Linux, ᠬ ⮩ ᯮᮡ 

    祭 NFS প - 䠪᪨ ஡

⠭ NFS 䠩 ⥬.  ⮣,    ᮧ ⠫

 /tmp, &⮡  ⠭  ⠫  :



                               - 197 -





      # mkdir /tmp/test

      # mount localhost:/etc /tmp/test



      ᫨  ⪠ ⠭ 뤠 ᮮ饭  訡 뢮, "fs

type nfs no supported by kernel'',        

祭 NFS.  㣨 ᮮ饭  訡  , ⠪

     ᪮䨣஢ NFS daemons  襬 ⢥.



      12.2 ⠭ NFS 祭



      4.   ᭨ Alan Cox: NFS ᯥ䨪 ॡ ࢥ 

⮪      ०, 祬  ᯥ 

⢥ত.   BSD  ⮫쪮 ᯮᮡ , ⠭  ࠧ

࠭楩,  (4K), ᠭ  4 ᪠  1k   bsd-based

NFS, ࢥ 砥  १ 4 樨   4k .







      NFS 祭 (5) ⠭ ⠪  ᯮᮡ,   

䠩 ⥬

      ⠭.  뢠 mount, ᯮ ᫥騩 ᨭ⠪:



      # mount -t nfs nfs volume local dir options



      Nfs 祭   ⤠ : ⤠ ४.  

   ᮢ㯭 ᫮   㭨쭮  NFS 䠩

⥬,     뢠  nfs  -t.



        ⥫ 権,    筮 ।

⠭  mounting NFS 祭.   ⠪   -o

४⥫   ப,    権 /etc/fstab ᥩ

 祭.   , ⠢ 樨 ⤥   㣠

묨. 樨, 筮 ।   ப ᥣ ⬥ ,

 뫨   䠩 fstab.



         /etc/fstab    ⠪:





                               - 198 -



      # volume              mount point       type  options

      news:/usr/spool/news  /usr/spool/news   nfs   timeo=14,intr



       祭  ⥬  ⠭  ᯮ짮



      # mount news:/usr/spool/news



       ⢨ fstab , NFS ⠭ ᬮ 맮

設⢠ uglier. ਬ, ।,   ⠭ home

⠫  짮⥫

       設, 뢠 moonshot,  ᯮ  

㬮砭 ࠧ  ࠢ 4k  樨 ⥭ - .   

㬥 ࠧ   2k, ⮡   ࠧ Linux(᪨)

⠣ࠬ  ᫥ :



      # mount moonshot:/home /home -o rsize=2048,wsize=2048



      5.    "䠩 ⥬", ⮬   

 室饩 䠩 ⥬.







      ᮪  ⨬ 権  ᠭ  㪮⢥ 

Nfs(5),     Rick Sladkey's NFS-aware  mount  tool,

     Util-linux  Rik Faith). 饥 -

襭 ᯨ᮪ ,    ⥫  ᯮ짮:



      rsize=n  wsize=n -  筮 । ⠣ࠬ ࠧ,

ᯮ㥬 NFS

ன  ⥭   ᮢ, ᮮ⢥⢥. 

饥 ६   ।  㬮砭 - 1024 ⠬,

- ।  UDP ࠧ ⠣ࠬ, ᠭ .



      timeo=n -  ⠭ ६ ( ⪠ ᥪ㭤),  ᪮쪮 NFS

 㤥         ,

⮡  ࠡ. 祭  㬮砭 - 0.7 ᥪ㭤.



      hard - 筮 ન  ꥬ  hard-mounted.  祭 



                               - 199 -



㬮砭.



      soft - soft-mount ࠩ ( ⨢ hard-mounted).



      intr -  ᨣ஢  ⮬,   ࢠ NFS 맮.

                  뢠 믮,  ࢥ 

⢥砥.



      ஬ rsize  wsize,   樨   , ᫨ ࢥ

⠫ ६ ⨦.  ࠡ  ᫥騬 ᯮᮡ: 直

ࠧ,   뫢   NFS ࢥ,  ,   

 ᫥  ࢠ (筮 ⠭  樨 ஢

 ६). ᫨  ⢥ত  祭  ⮣

஬⪠ ६,   ⠪ 뢠 minor  timeout

(⥫쭠 ⠭  ६),   ,  㦥 

ࢠ ஢  ६  訬. ᫥ ⨦

ᨬ쭮 ஢  ६ - 60 ᥪ㭤, ந室 쭠

஢  ६.



       㬮砭, 쭠 ஢  ६ ⠢ 

 ᮮ饭  ᮫  稭  ᭮.  ਭ樯  

த 筮. 祭,  אַ     

 ࢥ  ⠭ 㯭, 뢠 hard-mounted. 

⨢ , soft-mounted 祭  訡  -

뢮  맮  直 ࠧ,   ந室 쭠

஢  ६. - ⮣,  write-behind  

襬,   ᫮ 訡  ࠭ ।⢥  

०, 祬  맮 㭪  2  ᫥騩 ࠧ, ⠪  ணࠬ

  ᬮ 㡥  ⮬     soft-mounted

祭   .







      ⠢   hard-  soft-mount 祭 -   ⮫쪮 

,  ⠪  ,    ᤥ  ⥬ ⮬ ଠ樨,

     ⮣ 祭. ਬ, ᫨ 

⠭    ணࠬ NFS,  筮  ⥫ , ⮡  X

ᥠ 襫  "襭" ⮫쪮 ⮬,   - ਢ   ⠭,



                               - 200 -



⨢ ᥬ  xv    ⮦ ६,  ᪠, 騢 Ethernet

ࠧꥬ   . ᯮ hard-mounting,  㤮⮢ 

⮬,    㤥 ,     

⠭ ⠪  訬 nfs-ࢥ஬.  㣮 ஭, non-critical

, ⨯ nfs-mounted news partititons  FTP 娢   ⠪

soft-mounted, ⠪      ᥠ  砥, ᫨ ⤠

設   ६ "⨣",    몫祭.

᫨  ⥢   ࢥ஬ - flakey  室 १ ணࠬ

⨧樨,    ⠪ 㢥稢 砫 ஢ 

६, ᯮ  timeo,  hard-mount 祭,  

ᨣ஢ 뢠 맮 NFS, ⠪ ⮡   ࢠ 

hanging  file access.



      筮, mountd daemon 㤥  ᯮᮡ ᫥,  ⠫

뫨 ⠭,   ⠬.  ଠ   ⮡ࠦ

 ᯮ짮 ணࠬ showmount,  ⠪ 祭  NFS 

ࢥ. Linux mountd   ⮣.



      12.3 NFS daemon()



      ᫨   ᯥ NFS 㦨 㣨 ⠬,   

  nfsd  mountd daemons  襩 設.  rpc-᭮

ணࠬ,   ࠢ inetd,  ᪠  砫쭮 㧪,

 ॣ ᠬ ᥡ ।⢥  portmapper. ⥫쭮, 

 㤮⮢  ⮬,   饭 ⮫쪮 ᫥ ⮣, 

rpc.portmap 믮. 筮,    ᫥騥   

襬 rc.inet2 script:



      if [ -x /usr/sbin/rpc.mountd ]; then

                   /usr/sbin/rpc.mountd; echo -n " mountd"

      fi

      if [ -x /usr/sbin/rpc.nfsd ]; then

                  /usr/sbin/rpc.nfsd; echo -n " nfsd"

      if



      ଠ 쭮 ᯮ짮 䠩 NFS daemon ᯥ稢

᢮ , 筮 ᮤঠ饩 ⮫쪮 ᫥ 짮⥫ 

筮 㯯. ᫨    ࢥ ᮥ ⮣  ᠬ



                               - 201 -



짮⥫  㯯   ⮩ ᠬ ᫥ 筮,  

易⥫쭮 ᪠ ࠧ   ᠬ ࠭⢮ uid/gid.  ਬ,

  ᯮ NIS, ⮡ । passwd  ଠ ᥬ ⠬

 襩 LAN.





     &

 "      ,    ᮮ⢥. 筮

஢ uid's  gid's , ⮡ ᮮ⢥⢮ ⠪

ࢥ,   ᯮ짮 ugidd  mapping  daemon, ⮡  ࠡ

 ⮣. ᯮ짮 map daemon  ᭥ ,  

ᮮ nfsd ⮡ࠧ uid/gid  ࠭⢮ ࢥ  ࠭

uid/gid    ugidd  .



      ugidd - rpc-᭮ ࢥ,  饭  rc.inet2 筮 ⠪ 

 nfsd  mountd.



      if [ -x /usr/sbin/rpc.ugidd ]; then

                   /usr/sbin/rpc.ugidd; echo -n " ugidd"

      fi



      12.4 䠩 ᯮ



        ६  㯮 樨   NFS 䨣樨

,

       ࠧ筮 ⢮ 権  ஭ ࢥ  롮

䨣樨

      per-client.  樨   ⠭  /etc/exports 䠩.



       㬮砭, mountd    㣮  ⠭ ⠫

 쭮 , ஥  쭮 ࠧ㬭 樥.  ⮣,

⮡ ࠧ   襬  ⮢ ⠭ nfs

⠫,     ᯮ஢,     ।

 䠩 ᯮ.  䠩  룫拉 ᫥騬 ࠧ:



      # exports file for vlager

           /home             vale(rw) vstout(rw) vlight(rw)

           /usr/X386         vale(ro) vstout(ro) vlight(ro)



                               - 202 -



           /usr/TeX          vale(ro) vstout(ro) vlight(ro)

           /                 vale(rw,no root squash)

           /home/ftp         (ro)



        । ⠫,  , ஬ 

⠭ .   - 筮  ஢ 

,   ᮤঠ *  ? 㭨ᠫ ᨬ,  

ᯮᮡ  ஬   ᮬ⭮  Bourne 窮. ਬ,

lab*.foo.com ᮮ⢥ lab01.foo.com ⠪   laber.foo.com. ᫨

    ,   ⠫  /home/ftp  ਮ , 

   ⠭  ⠫.







       ஢થ ᪮  ⨢ 䠩 ᯮ, mountd 㤥

᪠ hostname  ᯮ gethostbyaddr(2) 맮.  DNS,  맮

頥 ᪨ hostname , ⠪    㤮⮢

 ⮬  ᯮ  ᥢ  ᯮ.  ᯮ짮 DNS,

饭  -

       hostname,   䠩 ,  ᮮ⢥

 .



        ᮯ஢ ந, ⤥ ⮩, ᯨ᪮

䫠, ਫ  ᪮.  䫠  ਭ ᫥騥

祭:



      insecure - ࠧ蠥 -   ⮩ 設.



      unix-rpc - ॡ unix- RPC ⠭   ⮩

設.           

ॡ, ⮡   ந室  १ࢨ஢

internet  (       祬 1024). 

 ।  㬮砭.



      secure-rpc - ॡ secure RPC ⠭   ⮩

設.                   

 ⢫. .  Sun's 㬥  Secure RPC.





                               - 203 -



      kerberos - ॡ Kerberos ⠭    

⮩ 設.               ⮦

   ⢫.  . MIT 㬥  Kerberos

⥫쭮 ⥬.



      root squash -  ᮡ ,  ⢥࣠ super user 

筮

⠭   ᯥ樠 ࠢ 㯠, ⮡ࠦ

          uid

0    uid 65534 (-2)  ࢥ.  uid                     

 易    짮⥫.



      no root squash -    ⮡ࠦ  uid 0.  

祭 

㬮砭.



      ro - ⠭ 祭 read-only  䠩 ⥪. 

 祭           㬮砭.





      rw - ⠭ 祭 rgad-write  䠩 ⥪.







      link relative - ८ࠧ뢠 ᮫ ᨬ 裡 ( link

contents 稭    ࠢ)  ⭮⥫ 裡 

室 ᫮ ../, ⮡   ⠫ ᮤঠ饣   root

 ࢥ.     ⮫쪮 ⮣,  楫 䠩

⥬  ⠭,    痢      ,

  㦥, 䠩      㪠뢠.



        ।  㬮砭.



      link absolute ⠢  ᨬ 裡    뫨

(ଠ쭮   Sun-supplied NFS ࢥ஢).



      map identity - map identity  ᮮ頥 ࢥ, ⮡  ਭ

⮣ ,  ᯮ ⥦ ᠬ uid's  gid's   ࢥ. 



                               - 204 -



 ।  㬮砭.



      map daemon   ᮮ頥 NFS ࢥ ਭ,   

ࢥ  ࠧ   ᠬ ࠭⢮ uid/gid. nfsd ⥬ ந

ᯨ᮪ 筮 ⡮  ⮬  ࢥ஬, 訢 client's

ugidd daemon.



      訡,  䠩 ᯮ ᮮ頥  daemon syslogd's

㤮  直 ࠧ,  nfsd  mountd 饭.



      ,   ⮢ 祭  IP   

⡮஬, ⠪     ࠢ쭮 ᪮䨣஢ 饥

ன⢮. ᫨  ᯮ BIND  祭 security-conscious,   

  spoof ஢  襬 host.conf 䠩.



      12.5 Linux Automounter



      ,  ⥫쭮  ⠭  NFS 祭

짮⥫,     .;    - ண

᫠ 祭    ⠭,  - ६, ஥

ॡ   ᪥. ᯮᮡ ਠ⤫ ⮣ - ⠪

뢠 automounter.  - daemon,  ⮬᪨  ⭮

⠭  NFS 祭  室,  ⠭  ,

᫨   뫨 ᯮ짮  祭 ண ६.   㬭

饩 ⭮⥫쭮 automounter - ,   ⠭ ।

祭   . ਬ,   ࠭   

ணࠬ   䠩 প     ,  







      㣨  ⠭ १ NFS.  ᯮ짮 automounter,

  筮 ।    , ⮡  ⠭묨 

/usr/X386; automounter  ⥬ ஡ ⠭   ,  

 ⮪ ⠭  ᯥ.



      Automounter, 筮 ᯮ㥬  Linux 뢠 amd. 砫 

 ᠭ Jan-Simon Pendry   ७ᥭ  Linux Rick Sladkey. 

 amd-5.3.



                               - 205 -





      ᠭ amd -  ⮩ ;  襣 ᠭ, ,

  筨;  ᮤঠ 䠩 texinfo  祭 ஡

ଠ樥.









                        13. ࠢ Taylor UUCP



                             13.1 ஭



      UUCP  ࠧࠡ⠭   ᥬ Mike Lesk  AT&T Bell

Laboratories, ⮡ ᯥ ⮥ ᮥ  .  

設⢮ ,    email   Usenet  ᢮

譥 設   뢠 १ , UUCP ⠫ 祭

७.    ॠ権, ࠧࠡ⠭  ࠧ

   樮 ⥬,   ᮢ⨬  ᮪

⥯.

      ,   稫  設⢮ ணࠬ ᯥ祭,

஥ ⠪   ⠫ "⠭⮬"   ,  ⠪ UUCP,

  뫮    UUCP.  ࣠  ⥯

 樨 稭  ࢮ ᨨ,  뫠 ࠧࠡ⠭ 

1976. 饥 ६   ᭮ ࠧ, 

⫨  ᭮ প  ।  䨣樥.௬ 

  ࠧ ॠ樨,  ⫨騥 ⠫ﬨ

⠬.

       ࠧ -  ⠪ 뢠 "  2 UUCP ", 

 1977   ॠ Mike Lesk, David A. Novitz,  Greg

Chesson.    ᯮ,   ५.  ॠ樨

ᨨ 2 ᯥ稢   ⥩   ࠧ

UUCP.

       ࠧ 뫠 ࠧࠡ⠭  1983,  筮 㯮

 BNU (Basic Networking Utilities( ⨫ ࠡ  ﬨ)),

HoneyDanBer UUCP,  HDB  ⪮.  祭   ஢,

P. Honeyman, D. A.Novitz,  B. E. Redman. HDB  㬠, ⮡ ࠭

  筮⥩ ᨨ 2  UUCP. ਬ, 뫨  

⮪ ।,   ⠫  ࠧ ⠪,  ⥯ 



                               - 206 -



⠫   ,    뢠 १ UUCP.

       UUCP,  饥 ६ ࠭塞  Linux - Taylor

UUCP 1.04, (1),  ᨥ, 뢠  .  Taylor

UUCP 1.04 뫠 饭  䥢ࠫ 1993. ஬ ࠤ樮 䠩

䨣樨, Taylor UUCP   ᪮஢ ⠪ , ⮡ 

 ⨫ - a.k.a. " Taylor " - 䠩 䨣樨.

       1.05 뫠 饭 ,  ᪮ 㤥 ⠢ 

設⢥ ਡ⨢.   ⨬ ﬨ 筮 ࠣ

,     㤥 ᯮ짮, ⠪   ᬮ

䨣஢ Taylor UUCP 1.05 ᯮ ଠ  ⮩ .





                    1.ᠭ  Ian Taylor, 1993.







       設⢠ ਡ⨢ Linux, Taylor UUCP 筮 

ᮢ⨬  BNU,  Taylor 奬 䨣樨,   .  

᫥   , , ,   , 祬

쭮  ⠭ 䠩 䨣樨 BNU,    뢠

奬 Taylor.

       ⮩    ⮬, ⮡   뢠饥 ᠭ 権

 ப   UUCP,   ⮬, ⮡    

⠭  ࠡ饣 㧫   UUCP.  ࠧ    , 

UUCP ⢫ 㤠 믮  । 䠩. ᫨   箪

 UUCP,   ய  ࠧ  ३  ࠧ 13.3, 

 ࠧ 䠩, ᯮ㥬  ⠭ UUCP.

       ਬ,     짮⥫᪨ ணࠬ 

ணࠬ UUCP - uucp  uux.  ᠭ    ࠭栬

㪮⢠.

        ஬ 饤㯭 ணࠬ - uux  uucp,  ணࠬ UUCP

ᮤন  , ᯮ㥬 ⮫쪮  ⨢ 楫. 

ᯮ  ஫ 䨪 UUCP १  㧥, 㤠 

ॣ樮 䠩,   樨 ⨪.    ᠭ

, ⮬   ਩  ᭮ 砬 UUCP. ஬ ⮣, 

 㬥஢  쭮   . , 

⨩ ,  砥 ࠡ稥 ணࠬ UUCP.  뢠

uucico ( cico 砥 copy-in copy-out),  uuxqt,  믮



                               - 207 -



ࠡ, ᫠  㤠 ⥬.



                       13.1.1 ஡ ଠ  UUCP



      ᫨   ⮩    ,  , ⠩

㬥, ⠢  ⮬.   texinfo 䠩,

 뢠 ⠭  ᯮ짮 Taylor 奬 䨣樨.

Texinfo   ८ࠧ  DVI  GNU 䠩 ଠ樨, ᯮ騬

tex  makeinfo, ᮮ⢥⢥.

      ᫨   ᯮ짮 䠩 䨣樨 BNU (  ᨨ

2),  祭   - " ࠢ UUCP  Usenet " ([GETST

"reilly-uucp"]). 㣮 訩 筨 ଠ樨  UUCP  Linux -

Vince Skahan's UUCP-HOWTO ,      comp.os.linux.announce.

       ⠪ newsgroup  㦤 UUCP - comp.mail.uucp. ᫨ 

  ᯥ᪨   Taylor UUCP,     

⦬, 祬  㯯 comp.os.linux.







                           13.2 



                13.2.1   । UUCP  㤠 ᪠



         UUCP - ⨥ .  ।, 

짮⥫ 樠   uucp  uux,  뢠 祩.

 ⮨  ணࠬ, 㤥 믮  㤠 ⥬, 

 䠩,   ६饭  ⥬.   

⥩  ⢮.

      ਬ,ਬ,   襩   뤠 ᫥ ,

 ⠢ UUCP ஢ 䠩 netguide.ps   pablo, 

믮  lpr, ⮡  䠩.



      #     $ Uux -r pablo! Lpr! Netguide.ps



      UUCP  뢠 㤠 ⥬ , ⮡ 믮 

(    ᤥ kermit).  ⮣  ६ ࠭

ᠭ   㤠 ⥬.  뢠 ਧ樥 .

⠫,  ஬ ࠭ ,뢠  ⠫ 



                               - 208 -



筮 室   /var/spool/uucp.  襬 ਬ, ᠭ 

ᮤঠ  ଠ ⭮⥫쭮 㤠 ,  㤥

믮 (lpr), 짮⥫,  ᨫ 믮,   㣨

।⮢.    ᠭ , UUCP  ࠭ 室

䠩 (netguide.ps).

      筮 ᯮ    䠩  

 ᨬ   権  ६  樨. HDB-ᮢ⨬ UUCP

 ࠭  䠩  ⠫, 

/var/spool/uucp/site,  site -  㤠 設. ஢ 

Taylor 䨣樨, UUCP ᮧ ⠫  /var/spool/uucp/site 

ࠧ ⨯  䠩.

      १ । ࢠ UUCP 뢠  㤠 ⥬.

 ᮥ ⠭, UUCP । 䠩, 뢠騥 , 

 室 䠩. 室騥    믮 ,  ⮫쪮

᫥  ࠧ뢠 㮥 .   ணࠬ uuxqt,  ⠪

  뫪  , ᫨  ।祭  㣮

設.

       ࠧ  묨   묨 砬, UUCP  

祩 뢠 ஢ ਮ .  -  ,  ।  0 

9,    Z,  १ z,  㬥饬 設⢥.  筮

뢠   䠩  ਮ⮬ B  C,   ६  

뢠  ਮ⮬ N.    ᮪ ਮ⮬ ।

࠭. ਮ   祭 ᯮ  -g  맮 uucp

 uux.

        ⠪  ।   ਮ⮬   

। ६.  ⠪ 뢠 ᨬ ਮ⮬  ,

塞   祭  (  㬮砭  z).   

ନ 筮 : 䠩 ६饭 ⮫쪮, ᫨  

ਮ  ᨬ쭮 ਮ .



                     13.2.2 ७ ࠡ uucico



      ⮡ , 祬 uucico    , ਢ

஥ ᠭ ⮣,  䠪᪨ ந室 ᮥ  㤠

⥬.

          믮 uucico -s ⥬   ப,  ᭠砫

ந室 䨧᪮ ᮥ.ਭ ⢨   ⨯

뢠 ᮥ. ਬ,  ᯮ짮 ⥫䮭 , 



                               - 209 -



  ,   .᫨ ᯮ TCP, uucico 

맢 㭪 gethostbyname (3), ⮡ ८ࠧ   ⥢ ,

᭨,   뢠,  易   ᮮ⢥騬

(socket).

      ᫥ ⮣,  ᮥ 뫮 ⠭,  믮

楤 䨪樨 짮⥫.  ⮨   㤠

⥬,  , , , ஫.  뢠 "login chat".

楤 䨪樨 믮   getty/login ஬

ணࠬ,  -   TCP - ।⢥ uucico . ᫨ ࠧ襭

 室 祭, 㤠 ⧬ ᪠ uucico. 쭠 

uucico,  樠஢ ᮥ, 砥 , 㤠

- 稭.

      ⥬ ᫥ 䠧 㪮(handshake phase):  뫠

c hostname   䫠. 稭 ⥬ ஢,  

hostname ࠢ 室  , 뫠  ਭ 䠩,  ... 

뢠 (஬ ᥣ 祣) ᨬ ਮ ਧ樨

। 䠩. ᫨ ,  ,  ஢ઠ 浪

 饭 ந室 .  ⮩ , 

ন  ᯥ ᮥ,  ࠢ. ᫨  

ᮮ⢥,  㪮e 뢠.    ᥡ 

ᠬ楢.

       祭, uucico ⠥ ⠭ 騩 ⮪ ।.

 ⮪ ᯥ稢 ᯮᮡ ६饭 , ஢ 

⨢稢,   ।  砥 訡. 

ॡ  ࠧ ⮪ - ⫨ ⨯ ᯥ稢

ᮥ. ਬ, ⥫䮭  ॡ "  " ⮪,

 砥  ᥡ ⮪ ஢ 訡,   ६  ।

TCP      ᯮ짮  䥪⨢ ⮪,

 ।  ⥫쭮  ஢થ 訡.









      ᫥ ⮣, 㪮⨥ ⭮,稭 䠪᪠ 䠧

। .  ⥬  ࠭ ࠩ ⮪. ࠩ,

, 믮 ᢮ ᯥ  樠.

      砫  ⥬ 뫠  䠩, ⠢  ।

 ।  㤠 ⥬, ਮ ਧ樨  



                               - 210 -



筮 ᮪.  । 襭,  ᮮ頥  ⮬

稭 ⥬,  稭  ⥯ ⪫  ਭ

.  -  ஫(祭): ⥯ 㤠 ⥬

⠭ ,  쭠 ⠭ 稭.  宧鶴 ⥯

뫠 䠩.  । 襭,  ணࠬ 

⥫묨 ᮮ饭ﬨ,  뢠 ᮥ.

        㤥    ⠫:    

室 ⥪⠬     襩   UUCP  ⮣. ⠪

⢨⥫쭮 ਭ ,  , ᠭ David A.

Novitz,   ⠫஢ ᠭ ⮪ UUCP. Taylor UUCP

FAQ ⠪ 㦤  ஡ UUCP.  ᥣ  

comp.mail.uucp.



      13.2.3 樨  ப uucico



       ࠧ 뢠   樨  ப 

uucico.   ᯨ᪠,    ࠭ 㪮⢠

uucico(1).

         -s  ⥬ 맮   ⥬, ᫨   

             ᮮ⢥⢨ c ࠭祭ﬨ ६ 饭.



         -S  ⥬ 맮   ⥬ 筮.



         -r1 㪠 uucico  ० .   

             㬮砭, -s  -S  .   -r1 ⠢

             uucico ஡ 뢠  ⥬  sys", ᫨ 

             饭 饭   ⠫ ࠭祭

             ६ ७.





         -r0 ᪠ uucico  ० 稭񭭮.  - 祭 

             㬮砭, -s  -S  .  ਢ஢

             ०,  ⠭  - 뢮 ᮥ 

             ᫥⥫ ⮬,  TCP ᯮ  ᫨  -p

             .









                               - 211 -





         -x typy, -X type  ⫠  ⨯.᪮쪮 ⨯

              ࠧ ⮩.騥 ⨯ ⨬:

            abnormal, chat,handshake,uucp-proto, proto, port, config, spooldir,

            execute,incoming, outgoing. ᯮ짮 all 砥  樨

             ᮢ⨬  㣨 ॠﬨ UUCP,  

            । ,  砥 ⫠   n ।⮢" 

            㯮⮣ ᯨ᪠.





        ⫠ ᮮ饭  ॣ஢  䠩 DEBUG 

/var/spool/uucp.



              13.3  䨣樨 UUCP



       ⫨稥    ணࠬ । 䠩, UUCP 

ࠧࠡ⠭, ⮡ ࠡ뢠  । ⮬᪨.᫨ ⮫쪮 

⠭ ࠢ쭮,  ⥫⢮  

室. 室 ଠ ࠭   䠩

䨣樨,  ﭭ 室  ⠫ /usr/lib/uucp.

設⢮  䠩 ᯮ ⮫쪮   ᭠㦨.



            13.3.1    Taylor UUCP



      ,  䨣 UUCP  殮,뫮  稢

⥬. - ⢨⥫쭮 ⠭ ⥬,   ⪨ ଠ 䠩

䨣樨     ( ଠ Talyor   ⠥

 ࠢ   묨 ଠ⠬  HDB  ᨨ 2).

               䠩, 

।⠢  ,  㤥  ᬮ  ⨯ 室 

䠩.   㤥   ஡;   ᢥ  

⤥ ࠧ .᫨   ⠭    設  UUCP,

 ᥣ    ⨯ 䠩,  ஢ 

⥯.  롨  । , ⮣,  

襬 ਡ⨢ Linux.

       䠩,ᠭ  ⮬ ࠧ ࠭  /usr/lib/uucp   

⠫. ਡ⨢ Linux ᮤঠ UUCP binaries, 

ন   HDB  Taylor 䨣樨, ᯮ ࠧ



                               - 212 -



⠫    䠩 䨣樨. 筮 README 䠩

 /usr/lib/uucp.

      ⮡ UUCP ࠡ⠫ ࠢ쭮,  䠩  ਭ

ᮡ⢥ 짮⥫ uucp.    ᮤঠ ஫  

⥫䮭,  ᫥⥫쭮   ࢠ 㯠 600. (2)

      ࠫ 䠩 䨣樨 UUCP - /usr/lib/uucp/config

ᯮ, ⮡ ⠭ 騥 ࠬ.    (

⥯, ⢥),   UUCP 襩  .  㠫쭮

७ ,  ᯮ vstout    UUCP:



       # /usr/lib/uucp/config - ᭮ 䠩 䨣樨  UUCP

hostname vstout

      騩  䠩 䨣樨 - sys 䠩. ᮤন 

⥬-ਢ易 ଠ  ⪠ ,  묨  易.

砥  ⪠(), ଠ ⭮⥫쭮 裡

।⢥,⨯  ⥫䮭  ᯮ짮 裡

. c業਩ (業਩ -  䠩 - script,

業਩)   裡  pablo:

                 # /usr/lib/uucp/sys -  ᥤ UUCP

                 #system pablo

                 system pablo

                 time            Any

                 phone           123-456

                 port            serial1

                 speed           38400

                 chat            ogin: vstout ssword: lorca

      Port  , 㦭 ᯮ짮,time । ६ 

஥ ⥬  뢠.hat 뢠 業ਨ 室  ⥬ -

᫥⥫쭮 ப,묨 㦭 ,⮡ uucico

ॣ஢  pablo. 襬 業਩ 室 .  

뢠  䠩 ன⢠ ⨯ /dev/cua1,   室 

䠩 port.    室饥 .

        2. ,   設⢮  UUCP 

⠭ setuid  uucp,   㤮⮢,   ணࠬ

uuchk - .   짮⥫  ᯮᮡ ᬮ ஫, ᫨

  ० 600.







                               - 213 -





       port ᮤন ଠ  裡 ।⢥.  

裡  뢠 ᯥ樠 䠩 ன⢠,  㦭 ᯮ짮,

᪮, ⨯ 㤮, ᮥ  ⮬.ਬ  뢠

/dev/cua1 (a.k.a. COM 2),  ᮥ NakWell  ᯮᮡ 

৤   ᪮  38400bps.   ᮮ⢥⢮

,  䠩 "sys".

                 # /usr/lib/uucp/port - UUCP ports

                 # /dev/cua1 (COM2)

                 port            serial1

                 type            modem

                 device          /dev/cua1

                 speed           38400

                 dialer          nakwell

      ଠ, ⭮襭  ணࠬ  

c࠭  㣮 䠩,뢠 dial.  ⨯ ணࠬ

   ᮤন ᫥⥫쭮 , ॡ,⮡

맢 㤠 設   ⥫䮭.    chat

script(業਩ 㦥᪮ ⥬).ਬ  㯮⮣ NakWell 

 룫拉 ᫥騬 ࠧ:

                       # /usr/lib/uucp/dial - per-dialer information

                 # NakWell modems

                 dialer          nakwell

                 chat            "" ATZ OK ATDT\T CONNECT

      ப, 稭  chat । 㦥 ᥤ

,  ᫥⥫쭮 , ᫠  祭

 , ⮡ 樠஢    , ⥫

."\T" ᫥⥫쭮 㤥    ⥫䮭 uucico.

      ⮡  饬  ,  uucico ࠡ⠥  ⨬ 䠩

䨣樨, ।,    :



                 $ Uucico -s pablo







           㭮 18. ⢨   䨣樨 Taylor UUCP.



        uucico   pablo  "sys" 䠩. ப  䠩 "



                               - 214 -



sys"  pablo  ,  ᯮ짮 serial1   ⠭

ᮥ. port ᮮ頥 ,  serial1  ⮬ , 

 祭  NakWell .

      Uucico ⥯   ,뢠騩 NakWell , 

,뢠 /dev/cua1 ᫥⥫쭮   믮 "㦥

ᥤ" ணࠬ  .  뫠 "ATZ",  "OK " 

⢥, ...  ⮫  ப "\T",     ⥫䮭

(123 - 456) 祭  ⥬ 䠩.

      ᫥ ⮣, ᮥ 뫮 ⠭,Uucico  頥 

䠩 "sys"  믮 㦥 ᥤ 室  ⥬(login chat).

襬 ਬ    ਣ襭 "login: " ⥬ ᫠ 

짮⥫ (neruda), ⥬  ਣ襭  "password:" , 뫠

஫ "lorca".

      ᫥ 襭 ࠧ襭, 㤠 ⥬ ⨢

ᮡ⢥ uucico. ࢮ 䠧 㪮(handshake phase),ᠭ

 ।饬 ࠧ.



        裡  ᨬ  䠩 䨣樨  ⠪   㭪

13.3.1.

          13.3.2      UUCP



      ०, 祬  稭  䠩 䨣樨 UUCP,  

᭨  室 ଠ.砫   㤥 

᭨,  ᫥⥫쭮  ᮥ  .筮

 (DOS) COM1 - COM4 ⮡ࠦ  ᯥ樠 䠩 ன /dev/cua0

- /dev/cua3.設⢮ ਡ⨢, . Slackware,ᮧ /dev/modem

뫪    ᮮ⢥騬 cua * 䠩 ன⢠, 䨣

kermit,seyon  .. ᯮ짮  饭 䠩. ⮬ 砥,

 ⠪ ᯮ짮 /dev/modem  襩 䨣樨 UUCP.

      稭  ⮣ ,  ணࠬ  ᯮ ⠪ 뢠

䠩 ஢,⮡ ᮮ, ᫥⥫ 

ᯮ.  䠩 ஢ - ⥭ ப LCK .. 

 䠩 ன⢠,ਬ LCK .. cua1.᫨ ணࠬ  ᯮ

ࠧ    ன⢠,     ﭨ

ᯮ 㦨 䠩 ஢. ᫥⢨,   㦨 ᥠ

    ᠬ ६. -  ⭮ ᮡ⨥,᫨ 

 ⮡  UUCP ᯮ짮  crontab.஡ ன

᫥⥫ ⮢ .   5 ..



                               - 215 -



      ⥬   ᭨   ᪮     Linux 

뢢  ⠭ ᨬ 䥪⨢ ᪮

।.䥪⨢ ᪮ ।     祬

䨧᪠ ᪮ 襣 .

      ਬ,   뫠     ᪮

2400bps (  ᥪ㭤). ᯮ짮 ⮪ ᦠ ⨯ V.

42bis,䠪᪠ ᪮ ।  ⨣ 9600bps.

      筮,᫨  ,⮡ UUCP c -,  맮

㦥  ⥫䮭 ⥬.  㦥 䨪   室 

⥬   ஫  㤠 設. (3)

        ⠪  , ॣ஢  ⥬. ਬ,

   BREAK ०, 祬 ᪠ 室  ⥬

?  ⮡ࠦ: "login:"  "user:"?  室 

ᮧ 業 㦥᪮ ᥤ(chat script), 뢠 uucico,

 ॣ஢.᫨    㤭,஡ 뢠

⥬ ணࠬ ନ  kermit  minicom, 

筮,   .



          13.3.3  



          ࠡ  TCP/IP ﬨ,  (host)  

    UUCP ⥩.     ᯮ짮 UUCP 

। 䠩  ᮥ   ।⢥,  쭮 ,

    㤮⢮  ⠭⠬. (4)

        3. ᫨  ᮡࠥ   ஡ UUCP,  ⥫䮭 

襣 娢.    ஫ -  饨. 

設⢥ 砥      -  த /uucp uucp 

nuucp/uucp.

      4. ⢥ ࠭祭 - ,       祬

7 ᨬ, ⮡      䠩묨 ⥬, 

뢠 㧪 ࠭祭   䠩.







      , ᫨  ᯮ UUCP    ⥩,  

㬠  b , ॣ஢  UUCP Mapping project . UUCP

Mapping psoject ᠭ   14 ..,  ᫨   ,  

 樠쭮  UUCP  襣 ⪠ .



                               - 216 -



      ,  롨 ᢮ UUCP , ⮡ ᮮ⢥⢮ ࢮ

   . ।,    襩  -

swim.twobirds.com, ⮣    UUCP 뫮  swim.筮 

⠪  뢠.筮,   ⠪ ᯮ짮  UUCP .

          ⮨  ᯮ짮 ஢    

,     ॣ஢    樠쭮  UUCP. (5)

        襬 砥,   ॣ஢   UUCP ࠢ

  ২(big black bit bucket). ᫨  ᯮ , 㦥

᢮ ஬ 㣮 ,    㤥 ࠢ  ⮬

,  稭 砫쭨 ⮢ ⤥   

.

       㬮砭,  ணࠬ UUCP ᯮ  hostname   UUCP .

  筮 ⠭  業ਥ /etc/rc.local. ᫨   UUCP

⫨筮  ⮣,   ⠭   ,   ᯮ짮

 hostname  䠩 䨣樨, ⮡ ᮮ uucico  襬 

UUCP.  ᠭ .





            13.3.4 Taylor  䨣樨



         ୥  䠩 䨣樨. Taylor UUCP 砥

ଠ  ᫥ 䠩:



      config -  ᭮ 䠩 䨣樨.   । 

 UUCP .



      sys  - 뢠  ⪨ ,  .  

⪠,  । ,   ६ 뢠 ,  

 ,  ன⢮ ᯮ짮,   ॣ஢.



      port -  뢠   㯭 ,   ᯥ稢

᪮  ணࠬ ᮥ,  㦭 ᯮ짮.





      5. UUCP  Mapping  Project  ॣ  UUCP hostnames  ᥬ

  ஢   㭨쭮. ⮡ ॣ஢   UUCP,

 maintainers ,  ࠡ뢠  ;   

  ⨬.



                               - 217 -











      dial  -   뢠 ணࠬ  , ᯮ㥬, ⮡

                ⠭ ⥫䮭 ᮥ.



      Dialcode  ন ७  ᨬ᪮ ᮤ 

                (dialcodes).





      call       ন  室  ⥬  ஫,  㦭

                 ᯮ짮  맮 ⥬.  ᯮ.





      Passwd     ন  室  ⥬,  ⥬ ஫

                 ᯮ㥬  ॣ樨 .  䠩 ᯮ

                 ⮫쪮,  uucico  ᮡ⢥ ஢ ஫.



      Taylor 䠩 䨣樨   ப, ᮤঠ   祢

᫮  - 祭.   ।⠢ ਩ ,騩 

  ப. ⮡ ᯮ짮    ⠪ ,   

   ⮩ ( with a backslash).

       祭  権,       䠩

䨣樨.      ࠬ ,   

 .    ᬮ ᪮䨣஢  

UUCP. ⥫ ࠧ 뢠 , 室, ᫨ 

 ᯮ짮 UUCP  TCP /IP   ᫥⥫쭮

ᮥ.  ᠭ   Texinfo 㬥, 

࠭   室 ⥪⮬  Taylor  UUCP.

      ᫨   㬠,  ᪮䨣஢  ⥬ UUCP ,

 ஢  䨣, ᯮ uuchk (室 

/usr/lib/uucp). Uuchk ⠥  䠩 䨣樨,  ⠥

⠫஢   祭 , ᯮ㥬   ⥬.



            13.3.5 騥 樨 䨣樨 - config 䠩



      ॥ ᥣ    㤥 ᯮ짮  䠩, ⮡



                               - 218 -



  UUCP hostname.  㬮砭, UUCP ᯮ , ஥ 

⠭  "hostname,       -

⠭  UUCP .  config 䠩 뢠 :







                 # /usr/lib/uucp/config - UUCP  main configuration file

                 Hostname vstout



            13.3.6  ᪠ UUCP  㣨 ⥬ - sys 



       sys 뢠 ⥬,    設 . Anentry

।⠢ 祢 ᫮ ⥬; ᫥騩 ࠨ   

᫥饩 ४⨢ ⥬, ⠫ ࠬ, ᯥ᪨  ⮣

. 筮, 室 ⥬ । ࠬ ⨯  ⥫䮭 

㦥᪮ ᥤ 室  ⥬.

      ࠬ । ᠬ 묨 祭ﬨ  㬮砭  ப

⥬, ᯮ㥬묨   ⥬. 筮,  ⠭ ⮪

paramters  ..  ࠧ 祭  㬮砭.



           ஡ ᠭ  .



            13.3.6.1  ⥬

        ⥬    ⮫쪮  ࠧ. ᫨ 

 ᯮ짮 ᪮쪮  䨣権  ⮩  ᠬ ⥬

(⨯ ࠧ ஢ ⥫䮭 uucico,  ஡  ।), 

 । ୠ⨢. ୠ⨢ ᠭ .

      6.   2 UUCP   ப⥫쭮 ।  

砫 맮;     ॠ樨 ( ⠪  Taylor UUCP)

 .







            13.3.6.2  ⥫䮭



      ᫨   㤠 ⥬ ⨣  ⥫䮭 , 

⥫䮭 । ,      裡.  

ᮤঠ ⤥ ᥬ, 㥬 楤ன  uucico's.



                               - 219 -



  '=' 砥 "   ⮭  ", '_'  

   ᥪ㭤. ਬ,  ⥫䮭 ⠭樨 뢠,

᫨        ஬ 䨪᭮   

⥫䮭.

      [    ᮮ⢥騩 ᪨ ନ  ⮣ ,  

,    ⭮ ७ ⥫䮮 ⠭樨   

  0  9, ⮡  室 .]

       ஥ ᨬ쭠 ப  ᯮ짮, ⮡ 

-ᨬ ଠ(ਬ  ).  ⠪ ப

࠭᫨   䠩  dialcode. ।,   

᫥騩 dialcode 䠩:





                 # /usr/lib/uucp/dialcode - dialcode translation

                 Bogoham                           024881

                 Coxton                               035119





       ⠪ ।ﬨ   ᯮ짮  ⥫䮭 ⨯

Bogoham7732  䠩 sys,     .



            13.3.6.3 樨 Port   Speed



      樨 Port  Speed ᯮ, ⮡  ன⢮,

ᯮ㥬  맮 㤠 ⥬,  ⠭ ᨬ쭮

த⢨. (7) 室 ⥬  ᯮ짮   ⢥,

  樨  樨.  ᪥ 室饣 ன⢠  䠩 port,

⮫쪮   ,  ࠭,  ᮮ⢥  

()   ᪮⥩.

      , ᯮ짮 樨 speed  㤮⢮. ᫨ 

 ⮫쪮  ᫥⥫쭮 ன⢮, ᠭ  port, uucico

㤥 ᥣ 롨 ࠢ쭮,  类 砥, ⠪   ⮫쪮 

 ⮬ ⥫쭮 த⢨. ᫨   ᪮쪮 ,

ᮥ  襩 ⥬,       .



      7.    襣 tty (⥫⠩)    ࠩ

 ⠪  ᮪,  ᨬ쭮  ᪮ ।.





                               - 220 -







       ᯥ᪨ , ⮬ , ᫨ uucico 室, 

 ⤥ ,  ஡  ன⢮  ।,  

 室 ᯮ㥬.



          13.3.6.4 Login chat (㦥᪠ ᥤ 室  ⥬)



        㦥 ⠫  業ਥ 㦥᪮ ᥤ 室  ⥬

(login chat script),  ᮮ頥 uucico,  ॣ஢ 

㤠 ⥬.  ⮨  ᯨ᪠ ᥬ(થ஢), । ப,

  ᫠  ᮬ uucico. ᨫ ⮨  ⮬,

⮡ ⠢ uucico ,  㤠 設  諥 ਣ襭

室  ⥬, ⥬ ᫠  室  ⥬, ,  㤠

⥬ 諥 ਣ襭   ஫,  뫠 ஫.  

뫪 ப ।. Uucico ⮬᪨  ᨬ \r

 ⪨ ,  뫠 ப.  ࠧ, ⮩

業਩ 㦥᪮ ᥤ 室  :





                login: vstout Password: catch22





       ,      ᮤঠ ⥪ ਣ襭.

⮥,     ⥬ ,  ᫨ ⥬ 뫠 Login

 login.

      Uucico ⠪ 뢠   ᫮ 믮, ਬ

 砥, ᫨  getty 㤠 設   襭 । 뫪

ਣ襭.  ⮣    ᮥ -㦥(sub-chat)

ᥤ  饩 ப, ᬥ饭 窮. Sub-chat 믮

⮫쪮 ᫨ ᭮ ᮥ  㤠,   ந諠 ஢ 

६.   ᯮᮡ ᯮ짮   ⮨  ⮬, ⮡

᫠ BREAK, ᫨ 㤠 ⥬  ⮡ࠦ ਣ襭 室 

⥬. 騩 ਬ  ஭ 業਩ 㦥᪮ ᥤ,

   ࠡ   砥, ᫨    Enter  ०,

祬   ⥬.  ப ("")   UUCP 祣    

த 뫠 ᫥ ப .





                               - 221 -



                  "" \n\r\d\r\n\c login:-BREAK-login: vstout password:

catch22



        ᯥ樠 ப   ESC-ᨬ,  

  業਩ 㦥᪮ ᥤ. 饥 -  ᯨ᮪

ᨬ, ⨬  槭ન:  ப  ᮮ頥, ⮡ uucico 

 祣, த 뫠 ᫥.



                   \t C ⠡樨.





                   \r ᨬ  ⪨.





                   \s ஡.  㦤   , ⮡  ஡ 

ப 㦥᪮ ᥤ.





                   \n ॢ ப.





                   \\   ( Backslash).



       뫠 ப, ᫥騥 ESC-ᨬ  ᫥⥫쭮

⨬    㯮:









                  EOT -ᨬ   । (^D).





                   BREAK - 뢠 .





                   \c  뫪  ⪨   ப.







                               - 222 -



                   \d প  祭 1 ᥪ㭤.





                   \E     - ஢ન.ॡ, ⮡

uucico  ECHO ᥣ,   뢠, ⮡   ஭ 

ன⢠ ०, 祬   த 㦥 ᥤ.  ०

ᥣ   ᯮ  㦥᪨ ᥤ  (  

⮫ ).  㬮砭  몫祭.

                   \e ⪫砥 ஢ .





                   \K   ᠬ,   BREAK.











                   \p 㧠   ᥪ㭤.



            13.3.6.5 ୠ⨢



       ⥫쭮  ᪮쪮 ᠭ  室   ⥬,

ਬ, ᫨ ⥬   ⨣  ࠧ   .

 Taylor UUCP     ,  । ⠪ 뢠

ୠ⨢.

      ୠ⨢ ப ࠭  ⠭  ᭮ , 

। ⮫쪮  祭,    ⬥   

㬮砭 ,    . ୠ⨢ - ᬥ饭  室 ⥬

ப, ᮤঠ饩  祢 ᫮ altgrnave.



      ⮡ ᯮ짮   ⥫䮭  pablo,   

sys  ᫥騬  ࠧ:



                 system       pablo

                 phone        123-456

                 alternate

                 phone        123-455





                               - 223 -





       맮 pablo, uucico ⥯ ᭠砫  123-456,  ,᫨

祣  砥 ஡ ୠ⨢. ୠ⨢ 室 ࠭

 ⠭  ᭮ 室 ⥬,    ⮫쪮 

⥫䮭.



            13.3.6.6 ࠭祭  ६ 맮

      Taylor UUCP ᯥ稢  ᯮᮡ,ᯥ稢 ࠭祭

६ 饭   㤠 ⥬.  ॡ ᤥ   -

 ࠭祭, ࠥ 㤠   뢠  㣨 

祭  ᮢ,    ६  ᮪ 業 

㣨.  ,  ᥣ  ⬥ ࠭祭 ६

饭, ⨢  uucico  樥 -S  -f.

       㬮砭, Taylor UUCP ⢥࣭ ᮥ   ६, ⠪ 

  ᯮ짮   ᯥ䨪樨 ६   䠩 sys.

᫨   祭   ࠭祭 ६ 饭,  

।  ६  祭 ny ()   襬  䠩 sys.

       ⮩ ᯮᮡ ࠭ ६ 饭 -  ६,

஥ ᮯ஢ ப, 饩     ६. 

  樥  Mo, Tu , We, Th, Fr, Sa, Su  Any(),

Never(),  Wk   . ६ ⮨   24-ᮢ

祭 ᮢ, ⤥塞 窮.  । ,  祭

ண 饭 ⨬.   ᥬ  

ࢠ.  ᥬ    ᯥ䨪 ६  

㯯஢   묨. ਬ, ६ MoWe0300-0730, Fr1805-2000

᪠   쭨  ।  3   7.30 ,   ⭨

 18.05  20.00.   ६ 墠뢠 ,  ᠭ Mo1830-

0600,  䠪᪨&砥 쭨,    6.00 , 

 18.30 㤭  (쭨).

      樠 ப Any   Never    .

       time  ࠬ,  뢠 ६  

.  ⪠ ⠭ ᮥ  㤠, uucico 

 㣮 ⪨ 맢 㤠  祭 ண

ࢠ.  㬮砭, uucico ᯮ ⥫ 㭪 奬

backoff ,   ࢠ  㢥稢   ᫥騬 ⪠.

ਬ,   ।,  ६ ७ 5 , uucico

⪠ 뢠 㤠 ⥬ 祭 5-  ᫥ ᫥

⪠.



                               - 224 -



       timegrade ࠧ蠥  a ਤ ᨬ ⥯

ਧ樨  . ⨬,    ᫥騥  timegrade 

室 ⥬:







                 Timegrade N Wk1900-0700, SaSu

                 Timegrade C Any



       ᪠   ਮ⮬ ਧ樨(spoolgrade) C  

(筮   ⥯ B  C),    ਭ 直 ࠧ, 

饭 ⠭,   ६   (筮 ⠢ 

।  ⥯ N)  ६饭 ⮫쪮     室.

      筮 ⠪    time,  timegrade  ࢠ

७    ⥫ ⨩ ࠬ.

         ⪨ ᮪ ਮ⮢ ਧ樨:

 timegrade ਬ ⮫쪮  ⮬,   ⥬ 뫠;

㤠 ⥬    । ,  㣮.  

ᯮ짮  calltimegrade, ⮡   ᫠ ⮫쪮

ࠡ  ன  ⥯ ਧ樨 ;    ࠭⨨,

 㤮⢮ ᫮ ⮣ . (8)

      筮, timegrade   ஢,  㤠 ⥬

뢠 ,   ࠡ, ⠢  ।  ⥬ 맮

  ᫠. , 㤠 ⥬   訢 

uucico, ⮡ ࠯ ᥡ  ਮ⮬ .





            13.3.7 ᠭ  ன(Devices) - 䠩 port



       port ᮮ頥 uucico  㯭 .    

, 㣨 ⨯  ᫥⥫ ᮥ    TCP.

        䠩 sys, port ⮨  ⤥ ᪮, 稭 

祢 ᫮ port, ᮯ஢  .   

ᯮ짮  ᠭ   䠩 sys.  ॡ  㭨쭮

 䠩; ᫨      ⥬  , uucico

९஡    ।,     ,   饥

६  ᯮ.

       port  易⥫쭮 ᮯ஢  ⨯, ஥



                               - 225 -



    ᠭ. ⨬ ⨯ - modem, direct  

ᮥ,  tcp   TCP. ᫨  port ,  

㬮砭 ⨯  - modem.

       ⮬ ࠧ,  襬   ;  TCP  

ᮥ  㦤 .

      8. ᫨ 㤠 ⥬ 믮 Talyor UUCP,  㤮⢮

᫮.







          אַ ᮥ,   । ன⢮ 

맮  ன⢠ . 筮     ᯥ樠쭮 䠩 ன⢠

 ⠫ /dev(  /dev/cua1). (9)





       砥 ன⢠ , port ⠪ ।,  

ᮥ  ⮬.  ⨯    䨣஢ -

ࠧ.  ,  ४, ⮡  Hayes ᮢ⨬ 

  ⢨⥫쭮 ᮢ⨬   㣮. ⥫쭮, 

 ᮮ uucico,  樠஢     ᮥ 

ॡ㥬 ஬. Taylor UUCP ࠭ ᠭ  ணࠬ  

 䠩 dial. ⮡ ᯮ짮   ,   । 

ணࠬ  , ᯮ  dialer.





        ॡ ᯮ짮  ࠧ묨 ᯮᮡ( 

ᨬ ⥯,   뢠. ਬ,  

  ,  த騩  ⠥ ᮥ 

᪮ 14400bps;   ய᪠ ப  ⮣, ⮡ 

ॣ  ᪮  9600bps. ᫨  ,   

ᯮ ⠪ "" ,  맮    ࠨ 

 .  ⮣   㦭  ப port ...   䠩 ,

 ।  ணࠬ  .    

  㣮 , ⨯ serial1-slow,  ᯮ짮 ४⨢ port

 ᠭ  ⥬    䠩 sys.

      訩 ᯮᮡ ⫨  ⮨  ⮬ ⮡ ⫨  

᪮,   ন. ਬ,  ᠭ  

㯮⮣  룫拉 ᫥騬 ࠧ:



                               - 226 -





               #NakWell modem; connect at hight speed

               port      serial1                  # port name

               type      modem                 #modem port

               device  /dev/cua1            # this is COM2

               speed  38400                  #support speed

               dialer   nakwel                #normal dialer





               # NakWell modem; connect at low speed

               port            serial1                # port name

               type            modem               # modem port

               device          /dev/cua1        # this is COM2

               speed           9600                # supported speed

               dialer          nakwell-slow  # don't attempt fast connect



      T      serial1   ,  ᯮ짮

⮫쪮 9600bps . Uucico ᤥ  ⮬᪨

      9.   ᯮ ttyS * ன⢠ , 

।祭 ⮫쪮  室 (dial-in).







       ᯮ ன 室 .  騥 ,  

த⢨ 38400bps ,  뢠, ᯮ  ᮪  port/





            13.3.8    - 䠩 dial



       dial 뢠 ᯮᮡ,  ᯮ ࠧ ணࠬ

  . ࠤ樮, ॣ UUCP ணࠬ   ॥

祬 , ⮬   ࠭ 뫮 筮 ࠪ⨪    (ண)

⮬᪮ ன⢮ , 㦨饥 楫  .

 設⢮    ஥ প , ⠪  

ࠧ稥 ⠭  ࠧ.

        ࠧ ணࠬ      ॡ

ࠧ筮 ன.        䠩 dial. ᪨ 

䠩 dial 稭   dialer,  ।  ணࠬ



                               - 227 -



 .

         - 㦥᪠ ᥤ (modem chat),

।  chat.  㦥᪮ ᥤ 室  ⥬(login

chat),   ⮨  ᫥⥫쭮 ப uucico, 뫠

ணࠬ    ⢥⮢,  ॡ .  筮

ᯮ, ⮡    ⭮ ﭨ,  

. ਬ  Hayes-ᮢ⨬ :





       # NakWell modem; connect at high speed

                 dialer          nakwell         # dialer name

                 chat            "" ATZ OK\r ATH1E0Q0 OK\r ATDT\T CONNECT

                 chat-fail       BUSY

                 chat-fail       ERROR

                 chat-fail       NO\sCARRIER

                 dtr-toggle      true



      㦥᪠ ᥤ  稭  "", ⮩  ப.

C⥫쭮 uucico 諥  (ATZ) ࠧ . ATZ -  Hayes 

 .  ⥬ uucico ,    ᫠ OK,  뫠

᫥ ,  몫砥  ECHO,  ... ᫥ ⮣,

  頥 OK ᭮, uucico 뫠   (ATDT).

Escape-᫥⥫쭮 \T  ⮩ ப     ⥫䮭,

砥   䠩 sys. Uucico ⥬ ,    

COONECV,    ⮬,  ᮥ  㤠  뫮

⠭ ᯥ譮.









        㤥   ﭨ ᮥ  㤠 ⥬,

ਬ, ᫨ 㣠 ⥬    -    .  ⮬

砥,  ୥  ᮮ饭  訡, 㪠뢠饥  稭 ⪠.

㦥᪠ ᥤ   ᯮᮡ  㦨 ⠪ ᮮ饭; uucico

㤥  ॡ㥬 ப   멤 ६ .  䠩

ॣ樨 UUCP(log file) 㤥 ᠭ "timed  out in chat script"

 ⨭ 稭.

      , Taylor UUCP   ᮮ uucico   ᮮ饭,



                               - 228 -



ᯮ chat-fail     .  uucico 㦨

chat-file ப  믮 㦥᪮ ᥤ (modem chat), 

뢠 饭,  ॣ ᮮ饭  訡   䠩

ॣ樨 UUCP(䠩 log).

      ᫥   ਬ,    UUCP ४

DTR ப । ⮬ 㦥᪮ ᥤ . 設⢮  

 ᪮䨣஢ ⠪ , ⮡ த -  㦥

  DTR ப,  ३   ०. (10)



            13.3.9 UUCP   TCP



            म,  ᠬ  UUCP

 TCP  ⠪   , ᮡ  뫪 讣

⢠  ⨯ Usenet ⥩.  TCP -஢  㧫,

ﬨ  ᭮ , ᯮ NNTP ⮪,  ஬

 訢  뫠 㠫쭮,  ᦠ  祩

⨬樨.   室    㧫  訬 ꥬ

⥩ (newsfeeds),  ⮤  室   ⪮ ,

      ᮥ ⨯ ISDN.  㤮

ꥤ ⢠ TCP  २⢠ 뫪 ⥩  

,    ᦠ  ⠪ ࠧ ६  祭

  ⠬. ⠭ ᯮᮡ ।   ⮨  ⮬,

⮡ ᯮ짮 UUCP  TCP.

       䠩 sys,  । ⥬,  㦭 맢 १ TCP.



      10.  ⠪  ᪮䨣஢      㦥

室  DTR.   , ,    ⠪ 饩 

.







                 system          gmu

                 address         news.groucho.edu

                 time            Any

                 port            tcp-conn

                 chat            ogin: vstout word: clouseau



       address   IP  ,    



                               - 229 -



(domain name). ⢥騩 ⮪ 䠩 port 룫拉 :



                 port            tcp-conn

                 type            tcp

                 service         540



       ਬ ,  ᮥ TCP  ᯮ짮, 

䠩 sys 뫠  tcp-conn,   uucico   ᮥ 

⮬  TCP  540  㤠  .  -   㬮砭 

 㦨 UUCP.   ,   ⠪ 

ᨬ᪮    service .  , ᮮ⢥騩

⮬  㤥 ࠧ᪠  /etc/services. 饥    UUCP-ࢨ

- uucpd.



            13.3.10 ᯮ짮 אַ ᮥ



       ⨬,   ᯮ אַ  ᮥ 襩 ⥬ vstout

 ⥬ tiny.   砥   ,    室  ⥬

 䠩 sys.  port  ᫥⥫  tiny,

祭 .



                system          tiny

                 time            Any

                 port            direct1

                 speed           38400

                 chat            ogin: cathcart word: catch22



       䠩 port     ᫥⥫   אַ

ᮥ. ᠭ  ணࠬ    室, ⠪    

 ॡ  .







                 port            direct1

                 type            direct

                 speed           38400







                               - 230 -



                  13.4   UUCP,    - ன 㯠



                  13.4.1 믮 

       UUCP ⮨  ⮬, ⮡ ஢ 䠩   ⥬ 

㣮,  訢 믮    㤠  .

筮,     ࠢ ⥬,  ࠢ 

।⠢ 㣨 ⥬ - ࠧ    㣮 -

।   祭   .

       㬮砭 Taylor UUCP ࠧ蠥  믮  襩 設  

rmail  rnews,  筮 ᯮ   email  Usent ⥩ 

UUCP.   㬮砭  ᪠, ᯮ㥬 uuxqt - 

६ 樨,  筮 ᮤন /bin,/usr/bin,  /usr/local/bin.

⮡     । ⥬,  

ᯮ짮 祢 ᫮ commands  䠩 sys. 筮,  ᪠

    ⢥ত  . ਬ,  

ࠧ ⥬ pablo 믮  rsmtp    rmail 

rnews: (11)



                 system             pablo

                 commands      rmail rnews rsmtp





                  13.4.2 । 䠩



      Taylor UUCP ⠪  뢠 । 䠩 

஡.        ।  ⥬.

쪮 ⠭ request  no,  㤠 ⥬  ᬮ  ᪠, 

,  뫠    䠩.



      11.rsmtp ᯮ, ⮡ ⠢    SMTP. 

뢠     .







      筮,     짮⥫ 襩 ⥬

뫪 䠩 ''  '' ⥬,  ⠭ transfer  no. 

㬮砭  뫪   ࠧ蠥.

      



                               - 231 -



  "   ஬ ⮣,   䨣஢ ⠫ ''  '' 

䠩   ᪮஢. 筮     㤠 ⥬ 

। ⠫,  ࠧ  ᢮  짮⥫ 뫠 䠩

 ᢮ 室 ⠫. 筮, 㤠 짮⥫ ࠧ蠥

 䠩 ⮫쪮  饣 ⠫ UUCP, /var/spool/uucppublic.  -

ࠤ樮  ,  ஬ ࠭  㡫筮 㯭 䠩; 祭

宦   FTP ࢨ  Internet.   筮 뫠 ᯮ ᨬ

⨫.

      ⥫쭮, Taylor UUCP ᯥ稢  ࠧ 

䨣஢ ⠫  뫪  祭 䠩:local-send,

 । ᯨ᮪ ⠫    짮⥫ 

 䠩; local-receive,   ᯨ᮪ ⠫,  

짮⥫   UUCP   䠩 ;remote-recive  remote-

send,  ।   ᠬ  ᮢ  

⥬.ᬮਬ ᫥騩 ਬ:



                 system          pablo

                 local-send      /home ~

                 local-receive   /home ~/receive

                 remote-send     ~ !~/incoming !~/receive

                 remote-receive  ~/incoming







        local-send ࠧ蠥 짮⥫  襩  

뫠  䠩  /home     饣 ⠫ UUCP  ⥬

pablo.  local-receive ࠧ蠥   䠩  

饤㯭  ⠫  uucppublic,    饤㯭  ⠫

 /home.  remote-send ࠧ蠥 pablo 訢 䠩 

/var/spool/uucppublic    饤㯭   ⠫ . 

ᮮ頥  uucico ᪫⥫ ,⠢ । 

⠫.  祭, ᫥ ப ࠧ蠥  pablo   

䠩  ⠫ incoming.

         ᠬ  ஡  । 䠩  ᯮ UUCP -

 ,   䠩 뢠  襤㯭 ⠫.  

ᮡ  짮⥫     㣨

짮⥫,  ...      ᯮᮡ 襭 ⮩ ஡,

஬ ⪫祭 । 䠩 UUCP .



                               - 232 -











                       13.4.3 뫪



       UUCP ᯥ稢  堭,  ஬ 㣨 ⥬ 

믮 । 䠩  襣 . ਬ,  ࠧ蠥, ⮡

  seciretrieve 䠩  uchile  ,  ᫠  襩 ⥬.

  ⨣㫠  ⮣:



                $ Uucp -r seci! Uchile! ~/find-ls.gz ~/uchile.files.gz



       ⮤ 宦 ࠡ १ ᪮쪮 ⥬ 뢠

뫪.  㯮⮬ ਬ 稭  ᯮ짮 뫪

  ,  seci  UUCP-   uchile,    

. , ᫨  ᯮ  ⥬ UUCP,  ࠭ 㦨

뫪   ,  , ⮡  㦠

⥫䮭 ,  ᫨ -  ᪠ ᥡ १  室

⥪ ᫥ ᪠ X11R6.

       㬮砭, Taylor UUCP 頥 뫪 . ⮡ 

 뫪 । ⥬,   ᯮ짮 

forward.   । ᯨ᮪ ⥬,  

ᯮ짮 뫪 १ . ਬ,  UUCP seci

   ᫥騥 ப   䠩 sys, ⮡ ࠧ pablo

 䠩  uchile:



                 ####################

                 # pablo

                 system          pablo

                 forward         uchile

                 ####################

                 # uchile

                 system          uchile

                 forward-to      pablo









                               - 233 -



      ப  forward-to   uchile 室 , ⮡   祭

䠩  䠪᪨ । pablo.  UUCP ய⨫  .  ਬ

ࠧ蠥 uchile ⮫쪮 뫠 䠩 pabno १ seci;  㣮 

 ⨬.

      ⮡ ࠧ 뫪   ⥬, ᯮ ᯥ樠쭮

祢 ᫮ ANY (易⥫쭮  㪢).



                  13.5 ன  襩 ⥬.



      ᫨   ந  ⥬  맮 ,  

ࠧ 室  ⥬  ᫥⥫쭮 ,  ந 

⥬ 䠩, ⮡ ᯥ  UUCP(accounts).  㤥

㦤  ᫥饬  ࠧ.



                  13.5.1 ⠭ getty



      ᫨   ᯮ짮 ᫥⥫ ,  dialin ,

    getty   . , 

ॠ樨 getty  祭  室  ⮣, ⠪   筮 

ᯮ짮 ᫥⥫   ᮥ ''  ''.⥫쭮,

  㤮⮢, ⮡ ᯮ짮 getty,  

ᯮ짮     㣨 ணࠬ (⨯ uucico, 

minicom).   ⠪ ணࠬ -   uugetty  getty ps .

設⢮ ਡ⨢ Linux-a  ; ஢ 稥 uugetty 

⠫ /sbin. 㣠 ணࠬ,    - mgetty (. Gert

Doering-),  ⠪ ন ਥ 䠪ᮢ.   

᫥ ᨨ  ணࠬ  sunsite.unc.edu (⠬    室

⥪).

      ᭥ ࠧ稩  ᯮᮡ  室  ⥬  uugetty  mgetty

-   ⥭樨 ⮣ 讣 ࠧ;  ஡ ଠ樨

頩   Serial HOWTO (Grag Hankins),  ⠪

㬥樨,  ᮯ஢  getty ps  mgetty.



                  13.5.2 ᯥ祭 UUCP (account)



      ⥬,   ⠭  짮⥫,  ࠧ

㤠 ⥬ ॣ  襩 ⥬  ⠭ ᮥ

UUCP. , 室  ⤥쭮    ⥬, 



                               - 234 -



  .  ⠭   ⥬ pablo, 

(ਬ)     Upablo,   짮㥫.

       ⥬,   १ ᫥⥫ , 

      䠩 ஫ ⥬, /etc/passwd. 訬

ᮬ ⠥    UUCP  ᯥ樠 㯯 ⨯

uuguest.

      譨  ⠫   室  饬  ⠫

/var/spool/uucppublic; 窠 室  ⥬ -  uucico.







      ᫨   ⥭ ⠭  ணࠬ ஫,  

    useradd:



      # Useradd -d /var/spool/uucppublic -G uuguest -s /usr/lib/uucp/uucico

uablo



      ᫨   ᯮ ⥭  ணࠬ ஫,  㦭

।஢ /etc/passwd     ப, 

 ,  5000  150 - ᫮ uid  gid, 祭

짮⥫ Upablo  㯯 uuguest, ᮮ⢥⢥.



                 Upablo: x: 5000:150: UUCP

Account:/var/spool/uucppublic:/usr/lib/ uucp/uucico





      ᫥ ⠭ ,   ⨢஢ ,  ⠭

஫  passwd.

      ⮡  UUCP ᮥ    TCP,  

⠭ inetd, ⮡ ࠡ 祭   uucp.  

ᤥ,   ᫥ ப  /etc/inetd.conf: (12)



      uucp   stream  tcp   nowait  root  /usr/sbin/tcpd

/usr/lib/uucp/uucico -l



       樥 -l  uucico  믮 ᮡ⢥ ஢  室 

⥬.    ஫ ⠪,   ⠭⭠ ணࠬ login,

   ᮡ⢥ 䠩  ஫  /etc/passwd.   䠩



                               - 235 -



஫ 뢠 /usr/lib/uucp/passwd  ᮤন   室 

⥬  ஫:



                  Upablo IslaNegra

                  Ulorca co'rdoba



      12.  ,  筮  tcpd  ० 700, ⠪  

맢   ७ 짮⥫,  uucp, ᪮  筮 

.





      筯,  䠩  ਭ uucp    600.



      ᫨      ⠪ 襩 ,  ⥫ 

ᯮ짮  ଠ ᫥⥫ 室  ⥬, ⠪, 

㤥 ࠧ஢, ⮡ ,      饥 ६

  ਢ. 砫 ,  㦤  Taylor UUCP 1.05 

⮬, ⮬   ࠧ蠥, ⮡ getty ।  室  ⥬

짮⥫ 맮  uucico ᯮ짮 樨 -u. (13) ⥬,  

ਥ getty,   ᯮ  맮 uucico  筮

/bin/login.  getty ps,    ,  ⠭  LOGIN 

䠩 䨣樨. ,  ⪫砥 ࠪ⨢ 室  ⥬ 

楫(). Mgetty,  㣮 ஭,   , 

ࠧ蠥, ⮡  맢 ࠧ  室  ⥬, ᭮

  ᯥ祭 짮⥫. ਬ,   ᮮ, ⮡

mgetty ᯮ짮 uucico   짮⥫,  ᯥ稢 

室  ⥬, 稭饥 ய᭮ 㪢 U,  ᪠  

ࠡ⠭ ⠭⭮  室  ⥬.

      頩  짮⥫ UUCP  뢠 ஢, 

 ⥬  snarfing   ,    

뢠 - 室  ⥬   室 ⥬  ⥬ 䠩.

 ᠭ  ࠧ 13.5.3 .



                  13.5.3  ⨢ 㫨



        ᠬ  ஡  UUCP - ,  ⥬ 맮 

  ᢮ ;    뢠 ⥬ ᫥

䠪᪮ 室,  ࢥ   ஢ ⮣.  ࠧ,



                               - 236 -



騩    ᢮  UUCP, ᨬ㫨஢,    -

,   .  ᮡ ᭮, ᫨  । 室

 ⥬ १  UUCP,祩  ஫ 饨⥭.

      ᫨   㢥७,     ᥬ ⥬, 

뢠 ,    ਭ  ⨢ ᠬ楢/"⮣

室 ॡ, ⮡  ⥬ ᯮ짮   室 

⥬,   called-login  sys.ਬ:



                 system              pablo

                 called-login      Upablo



      13.  -u   ᨨ 1.04 ⠪,  祣  .











       १ ⮣  直 ࠧ,   ⥬ ,   -

pablo, uucico ஢, ॣ஢     Upablo. ᫨  ,

맮 㤥 ⢥࣭,  ᮥ ࠧࢠ.    

ਢ窠   뢠 - 室  ⥬   室

⥬,     襬 ⥬ 䠩. ,  

   ᥣ sytems, ᨬ  ⮣,    -

뢠    .   ,    뢠 ,

   ⠭ 뢠 - 室  ⥬  

 쭮  짮⥫, ⨯ neverlogsin.





            13.5.4  ⥫ - ஢ન ᫥⥫쭮 饭



      㣮 ᯮᮡ ࠦ  㦨 ᠬ楢 ⮨  ⮬, ⮡

ᯮ짮 ஢ન ᫥⥫쭮 饭. 맮 ஢ન

᫥⥫쭮,    ⨢ "諥 ",

 ⠪   㬥  ஫,    ॣ 

 ⥬ UUCP.

       ᯮ짮 ஢ப ᫥⥫쭮 饭,  設

᫥  ᫮ ᮥ, 㦥 ⠭ .   㢥稢 

 ᮥ. ᫥ ॣ樨, 뢠騩  뫠 浪



                               - 237 -



 饭,  뢠 ᢥ   ᢮. ᫨  

ᮮ⢥, ⪠ ᮥ 㤥 ⪫. ᫨ 砫 

롨 ந쭮, 訬 㤥  㣠 ࠢ

浪  饭.

       ஢ન ᫥⥫쭮 饭       :

 ᫨ q 祭 㬭 祫  㧨  浪 

饭 ⠪   ஫,  pfvtnbnt  .  訩

뢠   UUCP,  墠뢠  ,  㢥

浪  饭 ଠ  .  ᫥騩 ࠧ  뢠 

  ஡ ॣ஢ , 㤠 uucico ⪠  ,

⮬  ᫠  ᮮ⢥(ᮣᮢ뢠) anymore!

      ᫨  ⨫ ஢ન ᫥⥫쭮 饭,  

ॣ୮ ஢  ॣ樮 䠩  ᮮ饭  訡,

    稭. ᫨  ⥬ ⪫

浪  饭,  ⥬ 맮 ।, , uucico

 ᮮ饭  ॣ樮 䠩, 騩  -  த  "

 饭 ᫥⥫쭮, ⪫ ''. ᫨  ⥬ 

㭠, ⮬  浪  室  ᨭ஭樨, 

ॣ樮 䠩 㤥 ਬ୮ ᫥饥 " 㪮⨥ ௥

㤠 (RBADSEQ) ''.

      ⮡   ஢ ᫥⥫쭮 饭,  

 ᫥   室 ⥬:



                 # enable call sequence checks

                 sequence        true



         ᮧ 䠩, ᮤঠ騩 浪 . Taylor UUCP

࠭ 浪   䠩, 뢠 ".Sequence"  ⠫ spool

㤠 ⥬.   ਭ uucp,   ० 600 ( 

⥭   ࠧ襭  ⮫쪮 uucp).  襥 樠஢ 

䠩 ந, ᮣᮢ 砫 祭.  騩

  ,  ஡  祭 , ᪠, 60.

             # cd /var/spool/uucp/pablo

             # echo 94316 > .Sequence

             # chmod 600 .Sequence

             # chown uucp.uucp .Sequence







                               - 238 -



      筮, 㤠 ⥬    ஢ઠ

᫥⥫쭮 饭 ⠪,   ᯮ짮   ᠬ 砫쭮

祭,    .



                  13.5.5  UUCP



  "   ᫨   ᯥ稢  UUCP-   襩 ⥬,

 ᭠砫  ᠧ ᯥ樠쭮   (. ). 饩

ࠪ⨪     室  ⥬  ஫ uucp. ஬ ⮣,

  ⠭ ᪮쪮 権    ⥬.

ਬ,      믮    襩

⥬. ,      ࠬ   䠩 sys, ⮬ 

  ॡ  ⥬, ஥   . Taylor UUCP 蠥

 ஡ १  unknown. unknown   ᯮ짮 

䠩 䨣樨, ⮡ ।  ,   筮

  室 ⥬:





                 unknown         remote-receive ~/incoming

                 unknown         remote-send ~/pub

                 unknown         max-remote-debug none

                 unknown         command-path /usr/lib/uucp/anon-bin

                 unknown         commands rmail



       ࠭  ⥬ ࠧ㧪 䠩  ⠫

pub   㧪 䠩  ⠫  /var/spool/uucppublic. 

ப  uucico  ஢    㤠 ⥬,

⮡  ⫠ 쭮. ᫥  ப ࠧ 

⥬ 믮 rmail;    ࠧ蠥  uucico ᪠ 

rmail  ⭮ ⠫,   anon-bin.    ᯥ

 ᯥ樠 rmail, , ਬ,  ।   

㯥-짮⥫  ᫥.  ࠧ蠥, ⮡ 

짮⥫ ⨣ maintainer ⥬,  ।頥    ᠬ

६ ࠢ     㣨 .

      ⮡    UUCP,   । 

ࠩ   ⭮ ⢥ত  䨣樨.  uucico

⪫   ⥬.





                               - 239 -



                  13.6 UUCP ⮪  ஢



      ⮡ ⢫ ஫  ਥ  ।祩 䠩, uucico

ᯮ  ⠭⨧஢ ᮮ饭.    

뢠 ⮪ 孥 ஢.  祭 䠧 樠樨  䠧

ᠭ   ᫠ ४  ப. ,  祭 ॠ쭮

䠧 ।, ⥫ ⮪  ஢ ᯮ짮, 

 筮    ᮪() ஢.   

஢ન 訡,   ᯮ짮  , ਬ.



                  13.6.1 ⪨  ⮪







      ᪮ UUCP ᯮ  ࠧ ⨯ ᮥ, ⨯

᫥⥫ ப, TCP,   X. 25, ᯥ᪨ ⮪

 ஢ 室. ஬ ⮣, ⤥ ॠ樨 UUCP

।⠢ ࠧ ⮪,   ਡ⥫쭮   ᠬ

().

      ⮪   ࠧ   ⥣ਨ: ⮪  

⮪.  । 䠩  楫,     ⮬

஫ 㬬 .  ந⢥ ,  ॡ 

ᮥ,⠪    訡 ॡ ୮ । 䠩. 

⮪ 筮 ᯮ  ᮥﬨ TCP,   室 

ᯮ짮  ⥫䮭묨 ﬨ.  ᮢ६   

ࠢ 訡,  㦨  訡  訬 ஬ 

.

       㣮 ஭,  ⮪ ࠧ 䠩  ⤥

᪨ ࠢ ࠧ.   뫠  砥 ⤥쭮,

஫쭠 㬬 ,  ஢ 饭 稪. ⮡

   䥪⨢, ⮪   뫮 ⥭,

 뢠 ࠭祭  () 鮣 ࠡ⪨

acknoledgements   ६.  ⥫쭮 㬥蠥  ६ 

uucico  祭 ।. ᬮ  , ⭮⥫쭮 訥

ந⥫ (   ࠢ  ⮪ ⮪), 

 ⮪ 䥪⨢  ᯮ짮  TCR.

      ਭ   ⠪  ࠧ稥.  뫪 쬨⮢

ᨬ  ᫥⥫ ᮥ , ਬ, ᫨



                               - 240 -



ᮥ ᬠਢ  ࢥ ନ.  ⮬ 砥, ᨬ 

 ஬ ⮢  ஢  ।.   ।

쬨⮢ ᨬ  ᮥ  ᥬ ﬨ,   

᭮ ।  ᠬ 娬 砥,  㤢 ⢮

,   ।,  ᦠ⨥, 믮 묨

।⢠  ஢ . ப,   ।

ந 쬨⮢ ᨬ,  筮 뢠 쬨⮢묨

묨.  ⮨ ⠪   ᮥ TCP, ⠪  

設⢠ ᮥ .



      騥 ⮪ 㯭  Taylor UUCP 1.04:



      g -  騩 ⮪     㠫쭮 ᥬ

          uucico's.   ஢ 訡  ᫥⥫쭮

           室   ⥫䮭 . g ॡ

          쬨⮢ ⮣ ᮥ. - -ਥ஢

          ⮪,  ᯮ ⮤  .



      i -  㭠ࠢ  ⮪,  

          뫠   䠩 ६. ॡ 㯫᭮

          ᮥ  쬨⮢   .  饥 ६

          ᯮ ⮫쪮 Taylor UUCP.





      t - ⮪, ।祭  ᯮ짮  ᮥ TCP,

           㣨,  ᢮묨  訡. ᯮ   1024

          ⮢  ॡ 쬨⮢ ⮣ ᮥ.



      e -  t,  ⮫쪮 ⮪.



      f - ।祭  ᯮ짮   X. 25 ᮥ. 

          ⮪ ⮪, ⥫ ᥬ⮢  .

          쬨⮢ ᨬ ,    ᤥ ।

          䥪⨢.



      G - ॠ g-⮪  System V Relgase"4.  ᯮ 

          묨 㣨 ﬨ UUCP.





                               - 241 -



       - ⮪  similiar  ZMODEM. ॡ 쬨 ࠧ來

          ᮥ,   ࠢ騥 ᨬ  XON

           XOFF.



                 13.6.2 ன ⮪ ।



       ⮪ 뢠 ஥   ࠧ ,

஢  ६,  ... 筮  祭  㬮砭,

ᯥ稢騥 ࠡ  ⠭ ⥫⢠,  ⨬ 

襩 ⥬. ⮪ g, ਬ, ᯮ ࠧ   1  7, 

ࠧ   ⥯ 2  ।  64  4096. (14), ᫨ 

⥫䮭  筮 ⮫쪮 㬭,     5%  

⮢,   㬥 ࠧ   ᮪ .  㣮

஭,  祭  ⥫䮭  ந⥫ 

⮪  뫪    128   

⥫묨, ⠪    㢥稢 ࠧ    512 

 1024.

      Taylor UUCP ᯥ稢 堭 ன  ࠬ஢  

protocol-parameter  䠩  sys. ਬ, ⮡ ⠭  ⮪

g  512     pablo:



                  system          pablo

                  protocol-parameter g  packet-size  512





      14. 設⢮ binaries 祭  ਡ⨢ Linux

⠭  㬮砭 ࠧ  7 ,ࠧ   128  .







      ࠨ ࠬ      ⮪ 

⮪.   ᯨ᪠ . 㬥,⠢塞  Taylor UUCP.



            13.6.3 롮 ᪨ ⮪



        ॠ uucico   ⮪, ⠪  

祭 砫쭮 䠧 㪮,     

饬 ⮪. uucico । 稭 ᯨ᮪ ᯥ稢



                               - 242 -



⮪,  뫠 Pprotlist, #ண 稭  롨.

      ᭮뢠  ⨯ ᯮ㥬  (, TCP,  אַ),

uucico ⠢   㬮砭 ᯨ᮪  ⮪.   

 ᮥ,  ᯨ᮪ 筮 砥 i, a, g, G,  j  f. 

ᮥ TCP, ᯨ᮪ - t, e, , a, ॣ㧪, G, j,  f.  

    㬮砭 ᯨ᮪  protocols, 

  ।  室 ⥬ ⠪  室 . ਬ, 

    䠩  port ਬ୮ ᫥饥:



                   port serial1

                   protocols      igG



       ॡ  室饣  室饣 ᮥ १ 

, ⮡ ᯮ짮 i,g,  G., ᫨ 㤠 ⥬ 

ন   ,  ௨ 㤠.



            13.7  ࠢ⥩









       ࠧ 뢠  ࠢ   襬 ᮥ

UUCP,      ࠢ.   뫨   

ﭨ 墠   ਠ.

        砥,  ⫠ 樥 -xall,  ᬮ  뢮 

䠩 Debug  ⠫ spool.      ᯮ, 

ந室 ᡮ. ,  ᥣ 室    ,

 ᮥ  㤠.  Hayes-ᮢ⨬묨   

ᤥ,  " ATL1M1 OK "   㦥᪮ ᥤ   䠩 dial.





        ⮨ ஢   ࠢ 㯠  䠩

⠭  ࠢ쭮. Uucico  ਭ uucp,   䠩 

/usr/lib/uucp, /var/spool/uucp  /var/spool/uucppublic  ਭ

uucp.  ⠪   䠩 (15)  ⠫ spool, 

⠪   ਭ uucp.



      Uucico  ᪠   "Wrong time to  call "(" ࠢ쭮 ६



                               - 243 -



맮 ").   ,  䠩 sys ,   । 

time,  ।,  㤠 ⥬  뢠, 

䠪᪨ ⨫ 室  ⥪饥 ६. ᫨ ६  饭 

, uucico ਭ,  ⥬    뢠.

      Uucico ,  ⥬ 㦥 ஢.  砥 ,

uucico 㦨 䠩 ஢  㤠 ⥬  /var/spool/uucp.

 ஢   ண 饭  ⥬, ᫨  ࠡ

뫠 ࢠ ४⭮.   ⠪ ࠢ,   㣮

 uucico,  ஡  㤠 ⥬  ॢ 

業ਥ 㦥᪮ ᥤ,  ... ᫨   uucico  ᯥ 

ᮥ  㤠 ⥬, 㭨⮦ ,  㤠  䠩

஢,   ⠢.

        ᮥ  㤠 ⥬,  ந室 ᡮ 業

㦥᪮ ᥤ: ᬮ ⥪,   砥  㤠

. ᫨  ᪠,    易  த⢨. ,

⢥न, ᮣ蠥   ⢨⥫쭮,  ⥬,   業਩

㦥᪮ ᥤ . ,   業਩ 㦥᪮ ᥤ

稭  饩 ப. ᫨  砥 ᪠ 室 

⥬, ⥬ 뫠 ,   砥 ᪠ ஫, ⠢

 প । 뫪 ⮬,  ⭮ ஬ ᨬ. 

  ᫨誮   襣 .

         ᮥ: ᫨    㪠뢠,  DTR 

뫠 ⠭,  uucico 뢠,   ࠢ쭮

ன⢮ uucico. ᫨   ᯮ DTR, ᢥ  a

      15.   䠩,   稭  窨.  䠩 筮 

⮡ࠦ  ls.







      ணࠬ ନ,    뢠  ⮬. ᫨ 

ࠡ⠥,  ⮡ࠦ  ࠭  \E  砫 㦥᪮ ᥤ

. ᫨    ECHO    祭 㦥᪮ ᥤ

, ஢,    த⢨ ப ᫨誮 ᮪

   襣 . ᫨   ECHO, ஢, ⪫稫 

 ⢥ ,  ⠭    ᫠. ஢, 

業਩ 㦥᪮ ᥤ ।⢥ ࠢ.  ,  

     , ⮡ ᫠  .

        ஡ ᮥ,   : ⠢ প  



                               - 244 -



⥫䮭.  ᮡ      ७ ⥫䮭

 . ᫨  筮   ஬,஡

⮭.   ࠭ 魮 ⥫䮭 ⥩ ⨫  

⮭   .

      log 䠩 ,    १砩 ᮪  ।: 

宦  ஡ த⢨.    ஬ 

  ⠪  (⠭   ᠬ ᮪ 䥪⨢

᪮)?      ।⢠,   ⠪

  ࢨ 뢠 ६?  NSC 16550A chipset  襬

᫥⥫쭮 , 38kbps  ࠡ⠥ ; ,  FIFOs

( 16450 稯), 9600 \ᥪ - 孨 । ᪮.   

 㤮⮢,  ⭮ 㪮⨥ ᪠ 

᫥⥫쭮 .

      㣠 ⭠ 稭 - ⭮ 㪮⨥  ᪠ 

. Taylor UUCP 1.04    ।  祭 RTS/CTS

㪮.   ᤥ    rc.serial ᯮ짮

᫥饩 :



               $ Stty crtscts < /dev/cua3



        ॣ ,  ந室 ᡮ 㪮: , 

  ஡. 뢮  ॣ樮 䠩  ᮮ 

⢮. ᬮ ,  ⮪ 㤠 । 

( 뫠 ப Pprotlist  祭 㪮).   

   饬 ( 롨ࠥ  ⮪  ⥬  ?).

      ᫨ 㤠 ⥬ 뫠 RLCK,  祭 lockfile

   㤠 ⥬. ᫨   㦥  ᮥ  㤠

⥬  㣮   㤠 .

      ᫨  뫠 RBADSEQ, 㣮   ஢ન  ,

᪠  ,  ᫠  ᮮ⢥⢮. ᫨  뫠 RLOGIN,

  ࠧ蠫  室  ⥬  ⨬ 䨪஬.







            13.8 樮 



       ஢  ணࠬ UUCP  ᯮ짮 ॣ樨

taylor-⨫,   ⮫쪮   ॣ樮 䠩,



                               - 245 -



室   ⠫ spool. ᭮ ॣ樮 䠩 뢠 Log 

ᮤন  ଠ ⭮⥫쭮 ⠭ ᮥ 

६饭 䠩.  Log-䠩 룫廊 ਬ୮ ⠪

      uucico pablo - (1994-05-28 17:15:01.66 539) Calling system pablo

(port cua3)

      uucico pablo - (1994-05-28 17:15:39.25 539) Login successful

      uucico pablo - (1994-05-28 17:15:39.90 539) Handshake successful

      protocol 'g' packet size 1024 window 7)

      uucico pablo postmaster (1994-05-28 17:15:43.65 539) Receiving

D.pabloB04aj

      ucico pablo postmaster (1994-05-28 17:15:46.51 539) Receiving

X.pabloX04ai

      uucico pablo postmaster (1994-05-28 17:15:48.91 539) Receiving

D.pabloB04at

      uucico pablo postmaster (1994-05-28 17:15:51.52 539) Receiving

X.pabloX04as

      uucico pablo postmaster (1994-05-28 17:15:54.01 539) Receiving

D.pabloB04c2

      uucico pablo postmaster (1994-05-28 17:15:57.17 539) Receiving

X.pabloX04c1

      uucico pablo - (1994-05-28 17:15:59.05 539) Protocol 'g' packets:

sent 15,

       resent 0, received 32

      uucico pablo - (1994-05-28 17:16:02.50 539) Call complete (26

seconds)

      uuxqt pablo postmaster (1994-05-28 17:16:11.41 546) Executing

X.pabloX04ai

       (rmail okir)

      uuxqt pablo postmaster (1994-05-28 17:16:13.30 546) Executing

X.pabloX04as

        (rmail okir)

       uuxqt pablo postmaster (1994-05-28 17:16:13.51 546) Executing

X.pabloX04c1

        (rmail okir)





      騩" ॣ樮 䠩 - Stats,  ᮤন

⨪ । 䠩.  Stats ᮮ⢥騩 㯮⮩



                               - 246 -



। 室  :







      postmaster pablo (1994-05-28 17:15:44.78)

      received 1714 bytes in 1.802 seconds (951 bytes/sec)

      postmaster pablo (1994-05-28 17:15:46.66)

      received 57 bytes in 0.634 seconds (89 bytes/sec)

      postmaster pablo (1994-05-28 17:15:49.91)

      received 1898 bytes in 1.599 seconds (1186 bytes/sec)

      postmaster pablo (1994-05-28 17:15:51.67)

      received 65 bytes in 0.555 seconds (117 bytes/sec)

      postmaster pablo (1994-05-28 17:15:55.71)

      received 3217 bytes in 2.254 seconds (1427 bytes/sec)

      postmaster pablo (1994-05-28 17:15:57.31)

      received 65 bytes in 0.590 seconds (110 bytes/sec)





      ⨩ 䠩 - Debug.   ᮤন ⫠筠 ଠ. ᫨ 

ᯮ ⫠,   㤮⮢,   䠩  ०

 600.  ᨬ  ० ⫠,   ࠫ,  

ᮤঠ   室  ⥬  ஫,   ᯮ 

ᮥ  㤠 ⥬.

       UUCP binaries 祭  ਡ⨢ Linux-

஢, ⮡ ᯮ짮 ॣ HDB-⨫. HDB UUCP

ᯮ 楫 離 ॣ樮 䠩, ࠭ 

/var/spool/uucp/.Log.  ⠫ ᮤন   ⠫, 

뢠 uucico, uuxqt,  uux.  ᮤঠ  뢮, ᣥ஢

  ᮮ⢥ , 㥬  ࠧ 䠩  

⥬.  ࠧ, 뢮  uucico  맮 ⥬ pablo  

.Log/uucico/pablo,   ६   uuxqt   .Log/uuxqt/pablo.

ப, ᠭ  ࠧ lofiles -  ⠪     ॣ樨

Taylor.

        砥 ⫠  HDB-⨫, 뢮   .Admin 

/var/spool/uucp.  ᮥ  襩 ⥬, ଠ  ⫠

㤥 ᫠  Admin/audit.locan,    ६  뢮  uucico  맮

  㤥   .Admin/audit.





                               - 247 -





                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         

  







                                                                                                                                                                       



      14. ஭ 



          ᯮ짮 ⥩ 稭  

⥩ -  ஭ .  稭  ⮥

㦨, ⨯ ஢ 䠩  設  㣮, 

⥭஢   mailbox 䠩 ⥫.  ᭮ email

⨬  ,     ᮬ ॡ

 㢥祭 㧪 ᮮ饭 ᤥ 室 

᫮ 奬.

      뫨 ⥭ ࠧ ⠭  . 

ᨫ 뫮 ਫ  ᮧ " -  '',

 砥 ࠦ    ᮮ饭 .

      祭 讥 ⢮ ணࠬ ࠭ᯮ஢  뫮

믮  ⥬ Un*x.    ᥣ  - sendmail

 Berkeley. ࢮ砫  Eric Allman ⥯

⨢ ࠡ⠥  sendmail ᭮.   Linux 

㯭  sendmail-5.56c,    㤥 ᠭ   16

..,  饥 ६ ࠧࠡ뢠  sendmail - 8.6.5.

      ⮢ ,  ᯮ㥬  Linux - smail-3.1.28,

 ᠭ  ᯥ祭 ᪨ ࠢ Curt Landon Noll 

Ronald S. Karr.  祭  設⢮ ⠢ Linux. 

᫥饬,  㤥      smail, 

 㣨 ᨨ,   ⫨,    

뢠 .

      ࠢ  sendmail, smail 쭮 .  ࠡ⪥ 

 ᫮ ॡ ⨧樨,   - 쭮

.   ॡ, , sendmail ᥣ ,

⮬   奬 䨣樨   .

       smail  sendmail ন  䠩 䨣樨,

   ஥. ஬ ଠ樨, 



                               - 248 -



ॡ   ᪠ ⥬  (⨯ 쭮 hostname),

   ࠬ஢,    ஥.

 䨣樨 sendmail ᭠砫 祭 㤭  룫廊,

   誠 室  襩   ⮩ 襩

SHIFT. Smail 䠩 䨣樨     

 祬 sendmail,    짮⥫ ⠪  ᢮ 

ன  mailer'. ,   UUCP  Internet

ࠡ, ॡ㥬  ⠭    - ਡ⥫쭮  

ᠬ.







       ⮩ ,  㤥   ⥬, 祬 email   

 ஡ ,   㤥   .

 15.  16.  樨  ⠭ smail  sendmail .

        ⥪饩   ⪮ 襬 ⠭ 짮⥫

   Unix- ⥬,  Linux.

       祭  ஡ ଠ樨 ⭮⥫쭮

஭   Linux,    Electronic Mail

HOWTO Vince Skahan,  ॣ஢ comp.os.linux.announce

ॣ୮.



     14.1  ⠪ - 饭 ?



      饭   ⮨  ⥫ ᮮ饭, ஥

 ⥪⮬, ᠭ ࠢ⥫,  ᯥ樠 ,

। ⥫, ࠭ᯮ ।,  ..,  ⮬,

     ᬠਢ ⮢ .

       ⨢-ࠢ᪠ ଠ ⭮ 

 ⥣;  ࢮ  -  ,  

ᯥ᪨  ࠭ᯮ⭮ ।,   ࠢ⥫

 ⥫.  ᫥⥫쭮 뢠 ⮬  窮.

   ८ࠧ ࠭ᯮ ணࠬ

ᯥ祭,  । ᮮ饭.

       -  , 室  ࠡ⪨ ᮮ饭

,  -    ࠭ᯮ⭮ 堭, ⨯

稭 ப ᮮ饭, ᯨ᪠  ⥫,  . 

 , ⠫ ⠭     ᮮ饭



                               - 249 -



, ନ ⠪ 뢠  .  ⤥ 

⥫  ⮩ ப. (1)

1. 筮  ᨣ  .sig  ᮮ饭 , 筮

ᮤঠ ଠ ⭮⥫쭮 ,   ⪮ 

.  ⤥  ᮮ饭  ப, ᮤঠ饩 "--".







      設⢮ ணࠬ ᯥ祭  ࠭ᯮ  

 Unix ᯮ ଠ , 뤥  RFC 822. 

ࢮ砫쭠 楫 - । ⠭  ᯮ짮 

ARPANET.

      RFC 822  - ⮫쪮 ᠬ 騩.  ᮢ६

⠭ 뫨 㬠, ⮡ ࠢ  ⠭

ॡ⥩ , ਬ, ஢ , প 

ୠ樮쭮 ᨬ,  -। ७ 

(MIME).

      ᥣ  ⠭,    ⤥ ப,

⤥塞 ᨬ ॢ ப.

          룫拉 ᫥騬 ࠧ:

From brewhq.swb.de!ora.com!andyo Wed Apr 13 00:17:03 1994 Return-Path:

<brewhq.swb.de!ora.com!andyo>

Received: from brewhq.swb.de by monad.swb.de with uucp

(Smail3.1.28.1 #6) id m0pqqlT-00023aB; Wed, 13 Apr 94 00:17 MET DST

Received: from ora.com (ruby.ora.com) by brewhq.swb.de with smtp

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0400 Date: Tue, 12 Apr 1994 15:56:49 -0400

      Message-Id: <199404121956.PAA07787@ruby>

      From: andyo@ora.com (Andy Oram)

      To: okir@monad.swb.de

      Subject: Re: Your RPC section

       筮,  室    訬

mailer`, ਬ elm (஭ ), pine, mush,  mailx.

  易⥫,    

짮⥫. ஭ , ਬ,  

।஢   ᮮ饭.

From:  ᮤন  email ࠢ⥫,   "ॠ쭮



                               - 250 -



''.







To:  -  email ⥫.

Subject: 뢠 ᮤঠ   ᪮쪨 ᫮.  ࠩ

 .

Date:  뫪 .

Reply-To: ।   ⢥ ⥫.   

, ᫨   ᪮쪮 ᮢ,   

   ⮫쪮  ⮬,   ᯮ 

.   易⥫쭮.

Oranization: ࣠,   設   

室.   易⥫쭮.

Message-ID: ப, ᣥ஢ ࠭ᯮ஢騪 . 

㭨쭠  ⮣ ᮮ饭.

Received:  㭪, १  室   (

設 ࠢ⥫  ⥫) ⠢ ⠪   ,

㪠뢠  㭪, 筮 ᮮ饭, ६   祭

ᮮ饭,   㭪  ந室,  ஥ ࠭ᯮ⭮

ணࠬ ᯥ祭 ᯮ짮.  ᤥ ⮡ 

 ᫥  ᮮ饭 ᮮ饭.

X-: mail-ணࠬ     ,

 稭  X-.  ᯮ, ⮡ 

⥫ ,    ॠ  RFC.

       ᪫祭  ⮩  - ᠬ ࢠ ப. 

稭  祢 ᫮ From, ஥ ᮯ஢ ஡

 .  ᮤন , ६  ,  

뫮 祭 ᫥ 設,  ࠡ뢠襩 , 

易⥫ , ।,  ன   

뫮 祭.







       From ।ᬮ७  ᮢ⨬  ᪮쪮 

 mailer',   ᯮ ᮡ ,  ᪫祭

䥩ᠬ 짮⥫ .





                               - 251 -



     14.2  । ?



      ,  ⠭ , ᯮ 䥩 

mailx;   ᫮  elm, mush,  pine.  ணࠬ

뢠 ।⢠ 짮⥫ ,  MUA  ⪮.

᫨  뫠 ᮮ饭 , ணࠬ 䥩 㤥 

設⢥ 砥   㣮 ணࠬ, 

뢠 ।⢮ ࠭ᯮ ,  MTA.  

⥬,  ࠧ ।⢠ ࠭ᯮ  

쭮  ⤠ ,  㣨,  ⮫쪮 .

  ⤠ 筮 뢠 rmail,  㣮 - lmail

(᫨  ).

      쭮 祭 , 筮,  祬 ⥭

室饣 ᮮ饭  mailxbox ⥫. 筮,  MTA

 ᮢ饭  (⠭  ᮢ ⥫,

㪠뢠  㣨 ),  뫪 (७祭 

짮⥫  ஬ 㣮 ). , ᮮ饭,

    ।,  筮  bounced,  

饭 ࠢ⥫    ᮮ饭 訡.

        ⤠ 祭, ᯮ㥬 ணࠬ

ᯥ祭   ࠪ 裡. ᫨   

।  , ᯮ TCP/IP, 筮 ᯮ SMTP. SMTP

頥 ⮩ ⮪ । ,  ।  RFC 788 

821 RFC. SMTP 筮 ᮥ  設 ⥫

।⢥.

       UUCP ,  ।⢥  㤥 筮 ।,

 㤥 ᫠     冷 ⥬

஬筮 . ⮡ 뫠 ᮮ饭  UUCP, MTA

㤥 筮 믮 rmail  ⥬ 뫪, ᯮ uux, 

  ᮮ饭  ⠭⭮ .

         믮   ᮮ饭 ⤥쭮, 

 ந ⥫ 㧪  㧫 堡

, ⠪  ⭨  䠩, 

ய樮쭮 ⢮ ᪮ ࠭⢠. (2)

 MTA ᫥⥫쭮   ᮡ ⤥

ᮮ饭  ⤠ ⥬  筮  䠩.

 䠩 ᮤন  SMTP,  쭠 

 筮 뤠 , ᫨  ᯮ짮 אַ SMTP



                               - 252 -



ᮥ.  뢠 BSMTP,  ஢ SMTP. 

। ணࠬ rsmtp  bsmtp  ⤠ ⥬, 

㤥 ந ,   ந諮 ଠ쭮 SMTP

ᮥ.







     14.3 Email 



       ஭ ,  ⮨   ࠩ  

設, ࠡ뢠饩  । 祫, 

䨪 짮⥫, ᯮ ⮩ ⥬. 

   室  ⥬ ⥫,   ⠪   -

 . 㣠 ⮢  奬,  X.400,

ᯮ  騩  " ਡ⮢ "  ᯮ,

⮡ ᪠   ⥫  X.500.

      ᮡ 樨 設    , 

  祭.

       Internet ⢥म ਤন RFC 822 ⠭,

 ॡ  user@host.domain,  host.domain - 

஢    .  ।  "".

⮬     砥     ,

  (㭨쭮) hostname ,  뢠 ᮫

ᮬ.

       ਣ UUCP ।, ࠭ ଠ 뫠

path!host!user (! !짮⥫),   뢠

᫥⥫쭮    ⨦  

.   뢠   㤠, ⮬ 

⪠ ᪫栭 뢠 "஬". ,  uucp-

 ⥩ ਭ﫨 RFC822,    ⨯ .







      ,  ᯮᮡ ।  RFC822-

ᮢ⨬묨 ᯮᮡ: < @hostA,@hostB: user@hostC > 砥

 짮⥫  hostC,                  HostC  

⨣ १ hostA  hostB ( ⮬ 浪).

       ⨯  -  뢠 ᮬ .



                               - 253 -



       ,  " % "  : user%hostB@hostA 㤥

᭠砫 ᫠ hostA,    業   "@".

 - ⥯ user@hostB,  Mailer 㤥 ⫨ । 

ᮮ饭  hostB,  ।  짮⥫.  ⨯

  㯮  "Ye Olde ARPANET Kludge''. ,

 । ࠭ᯮ    ⨯ .

      㣨   ࠧ ᯮᮡ 樨. Decnet-

᭮ , ਬ, ᯮ    ࠧ⥫

ᮢ, ந  ⠪ -  ::짮⥫. X.400

⠭ ᯮ  ⫨ 奬, 뢠 ⥫

஬  ᢮,  ࠭  ࣠樨.

        FidoNet,  짮⥫ ஢ 

 2:320/204.9, 饬   ᥫ, : 

(2 -  ய),  (320  ਦ), 㧥 ( 㧫 堡),

 㪠⥫ (PC 㠫쭮 짮⥫). Fidonet  

 ⮡ࠦ  RFC 822; 㯮⮥ ᠫ  

Thomas.Quinot@p9.f204.n320.z2.fidonet.org.



     14.4  ⠥ ⨧?



       ࠢ ᮮ饭    ⥫

뢠 ⨧. ஬ 宦   㭪 뫪

 ,  砥 ஢ 訡 ⠪  ⨬

⮨  த⢨.







       讥 ࠧ稥  UUCP ᯮᮡ ⨧樨

ਯ஢ 㭪,  ᯮᮡ஬,   㭪 Internet. 

Internet, ᭮ ࠡ ࠢ    

⥫ (᫨ ⮫쪮 ⥭  IP) 믮 IP ஢

ࠡ  ﬨ,   ६   UUCP ,   

ᯥ祭 짮⥫,  ᣥ஢ ।⢮ ।

.



     14.4.1 ⨧   Internet



       Internet      ,



                               - 254 -



믮   ᯥ᪠ ⨧  .

祭  㬮砭  । ᮮ饭  

 ।⢥,  ⠢ 䠪 ⨧

 IP ࠭ᯮ⮬ ஢.

      設⢮ 㭪⮢ 㤥 筮 ࠢ   

㯭 ࢥ ,  ᯮᮡ ࠡ  

. ⮡   㦨, 㭪 ᮧ ⠪

뢠  MX   쭮   DNS  .

MX 頥 ८ࠧ⥫    ᭮ , 

  ࢥ  ⢮  堭 த

    設  ⮩ . MX  

⠪ ᯮ짮, ⮡ ࠡ 䨪   ,

  ᮥ  Internet ᠬ⥫쭮,  UUCP ,

    묨 , 騬 䨤樠

ଠ.

      MX  ⠪  ਮ, 易  .  -

⥫쭮 楫 ᫮, ஥  ।

। 뫪 .

      ।,  ࣠ Foobar Inc,    

ࠡ뢠  設, 뢠 mailhub.    

MX ਬ୮ ⠪  DNS  :

      foobar.com        IN   MX      5    mailhub.foobar.com







        mailhub.foobar.com  ࠡ稪   foo-

bar.com  祭 ।⥭ 5.  ,  

। ᮮ饭 joe@greenhouse.foobar.com,  ஢ DNS 

foobar.com,    MX, 㪠뢠  mailhub. ᫨ 

  MX  ।⥭  祬 5, ᮮ饭 㤥

।  mailhub.



     14.4.2 ⨧    UUCP



      ⨧   UUCP    ᫮ 祬

 Internet, ⮬  ࠭ᯮ⭮ ணࠬ ᯥ祭 

믮  ⨧樨 ।⢥.   ࠭

६,   뫠   ᮢ, ᯮ 



                               - 255 -



㤠.   ।﫨 ᯨ᮪    ।

ᮮ饭, ⤥塞 ⪠ ᪫栭,   ᫥騬

 짮⥫. ⮡ ᮢ 쬮 Janet 짮⥫ 

設,  moria,  ᯮ짮  

eek!swim!Moria!Janet.  ᫠    襩   

eek, 㤠  swim   祭  moria.

      祢 ⮪ ⮩ ⮤ ⮨  ⮬,  ॡ,

⮡    ⭮⥫쭮 ⥢ ⮯,  ..

 㦥,     ⥢ ⮯ --- 

㤠塞   㤠塞   ---  ⠢

ᮮ饭 ௥ 㤠  ⮬     

.   祭,  砥, ᫨  뫠  ࠧ

,  㤥   ஢   .

 蠣  䨪樨 hostname  ᭮ UUCP

⮡ࠦ饣 ஥.  ࠧ饭  Rutgers , 

ॣ  樠 UUCP hostname,   ଠ樥

⭮⥫쭮  ᥤ UUCP   ᪥ ᯮ,

ᮧ 㢥७,   hostname  ᯮ .

ଠ, ᮡ࠭ ஥⮬ ⮡ࠦ   

Usenet,  । ॣ୮ १ Usenet. (4) ⨯

室 ⥬   ( 㤠 ਥ) 室  :

4. Maps  for  sites registered with The UUCP Mapping Project

are distributed  through  the  newsgroup  comp.mail.maps;

other  organizations  may publish separate maps for their network.







      moria

      bert(DAILY/2),

      swim(WEEKLY)

       室 ,  moria    bert,  

뢠   ,   swim,   뢠

쭮.  ⨬  ଠ 䠩  .

      ᯮ ଠ 吝, ᯥ祭  , 

 ⮬᪨ ஢    襩 

   㭪 .  ଠ 筮 ࠭

 䠩 ⥩, ⠪ 뢠 pathalias  . ᫨ 

⠭,    ⨣ bert १ ernie,  pathalias



                               - 256 -



室  moria, ᣥ஢  뢪   룫廊

᫥騬 ࠧ:

      moria           ernie!bert!moria!%s

      ᫨,   ⥯    janet@moria.uucp, 

MTA,  롥 ,  ,  諥 ᮮ饭 ernie 

ᮬ  bert! Moria! Janet.

      ନ஢ 䠩 ⥩    Usenet -  祭

 . ଠ, ᯥ祭   筮 ᪠, 

 ॢ. ⥫쭮, ⮫쪮    

ᯮ  UUCP ᥬ , ⮡ ନ஢ 

䠩 ⥩.

      設⢮ ⮢ ন ଠ

⨧樨     ᥤ⢥(⭮),  뫠

 , ண   室      

⥫㠫      ଠ樥

⨧樨.  奬 뢠 ⥫㠫쭮 - 

⨧樥.



     14.4.3 訢 UUCP  RFC 822



       襥 ࠢ ⨢ ஡ ⨧樨 

 UUCP  - ਭ⨥ ⥬    UUCP .

筮,    ᤥ   ८ࠧ  

UUCP. ,  UUCP  ନ஢  ,

 न  ⨧ ७.  , 

          ,

⠪, ⮡   室       .

 ࠡ뢠  ,      . 奬

⨧樨      譥

.







       ࠡ⠥ 祭   ⥫㠫쭮 -  奬

⨧樨, ᠭ . 쭠 ६,

ࠢ ଠ ন ⠬; 

     ⮫쪮  䠩 ⥩,

     ,    堡



                               - 257 -



.       ଠ樨

⨧樨   筮 UUCP    . 

㦭    ᥬ     . ਬ,

pathalias 室,   ࠢ     

sub.org   smurf:

      .sub.org        swim!smurf!%s

       , ᮢ claire@jones.sub.org 㤥 ᫠ swim 

ᮬ  smurf! Jones! Claire.

      ᪠ ࣠  뢠 , 

ࢥࠬ  ᬥ訢  ᯥ᪨   

ᯥ᪨. ਬ, ⥬  ࠭樨  

ᯥ᪨   ⥩ fr,  ࠢ 

        ன ⥬  .

 ࠧ,, -᭮ ⨧ (  ⮤

뢠) ⥫쭮 㬥蠥 ࠧ   ⨧樨

⠪   ⨢ 室 ந⥫

.

      ᭮ 짠 ᯮ짮    UUCP ।  

ᮣᨥ  RFC 822, ࠧ蠥 ⮩ 室  UUCP ﬨ 

Internet.  UUCP   饥 ६   

⠬ Internet,     ⥫㠫쭮 -

. 뫪 ᮮ饭 १ Internet ॥,  ଠ

⨧樨   , ⮬   

Internet  ᯮ짮 DNS   Usenet.

      ⮡  㯭  Internet, uucp-᭮ 

筮    Internet,    MX   (MX

 뫨 ᠭ ). ਬ, ਬ,  moria

ਭ orcnet.org . Gcc2.groucho.edu   

 Internet. Moria ᫥⥫쭮 ᯮ짮  gcc2 

⥫㠫쭮 -  (smart-host), ⠪, ⮡   

࠭ ⥩ 뫠 । १ Internet.  㣮 ஭,

gcc2    MX  orcnet.org,  ।  室

  orcnet   moria.

      ⢥  ஡ ⮨  ⮬,  UUCP

࠭ᯮ ணࠬ      ஢묨

 . 設⢮ UUCP ணࠬ 뫮 ࠧࠡ⠭,

⮡ ࠢ   㭪  쬨 ᨬ, 

ᯮ짮 -䠢⭮-஢ ᨬ ⨯ 祪 -



                               - 258 -



  ࠢ.







     ⥫쭮, ஥ ⮡ࠦ  RFC 822  

UUCP hostname' 室.  騩 ᯮᮡ ⮡ࠦ

FQDN   UUCP ⮨  ⮬, ⮡ ᯮ짮 pathalias 䠩

 ⮣:

      moria.orcnet.org  ernie!bert!moria!%s

       ந   uucp-⨫  , 

।  ஢  . 

mailer' ᯥ稢 ᯥ樠 䠩  ⮣; sendmail,

ਬ, ᯮ uucpxtable.

      ⭮ ८ࠧ  ॡ  뫪  

UUCP   Internet.  ⮫쪮 ࠢ⥫  ᯮ

 ஢     , ⮩

஡    㤠     

 뫪 ᮮ饭  smart-host. ,   

 UUCP ,  -     . 

- 筮 ।,  ⥭ ᥢ  uucp.



     14.5 Pathalias  ଠ 䠩 



      Pathalias   ᯥ稢 , ࠢ

ଠ  uucp-᭮ .  室 室  

( 㭪,   ⤥  ):

      moria.orcnet.org  ernie!bert!moria!%s

      moria             ernie!bert!moria!%s

       ࠢ  ᮮ饭  moria १ ernie  bert. moria

 ⠢    UUCP   , ᫨ mailer

  ⤥쭮 ᯮᮡ ⮡ࠦ  ⨬ .







      ᫨   ࠢ  ᮮ饭    

ன   ५ ,   ⠪ ।  

pathalias  ,     楫, 

।饩 窮. ਬ, ᫨     sub.org



                               - 259 -



  ⨣ १ swim!smurf, pathalias 室   룫拉

᫥騬 ࠧ:

      \&.sub.org        swim!smurf!%s

        pathalias 䠩  ⨬ ⮫쪮,  

 㭪      ⨧樨. ᫨

   ⨧  讣 ⢠ 

, 訩 ᯮᮡ - ᯮ짮 pathalias , ⮡ ᮧ

䠩  䠩 .   ন  ,

⮬       㤠 ⥬,

। 室  ⥬,   ᮧ 䠩 . 

,  Usenet ஥⮬  祭 ᯮ 

⨧樨, UUCP   ᯥ稢 ଠ

⨧樨   ᮡ⢥  .

         ᭮ ⮨  ᯨ᪠ ⮢, 

⮢   ⥬.  ⥬ 稭  ࢮ

⮫,  ᮯ஢ ⤥ ⮩ ᯨ᪮ 痢.

᮪   த १ ᨬ ॢ ப, ᫨

᫥ ப 稭  ⪨ ⠡樨.   ⮨

  㭪, ᮯ஢ ⮨,   ᪮.

⮨ - 䬥᪮ ࠦ, 饥  ᥫ 

ᨬ᪨ থ. ப, 稭騥  

.

      ਬ, ᬮ moria,  訢 swim .tobirds.com

 ࠧ  ,  bert.sesame.com ⮫쪮 ࠧ  . ஬ ⮣,

  bert ᯮ  2400bps . Moria  

᫥騩 室 :

      moria.orcnet.org

        bert.sesame.com(DAILY/2),

        swim.twobirds.com(WEEKLY+LOW)

      moria.orcnet.org = moria

      ᫥ ப       UUCP.

 ,     DAILY/2,  맮 

ࠧ   䠪᪨  ⮨  ⮩ 裡.







      ᯮ짮 ଠ樨  ⠪ 䠩 , pathalias

ᯮᮡ ᫨ ⨬    㭪



                               - 260 -



, ᫥  䠩 ⥩,  ந pathalias 

  ⮣,   ᯮ짮  ⨧樨 

⮣ .

      Pathalias ᯥ稢  㣨 ⥩ 

뢠饬 㭪 (  , 㯭 ⮫쪮 १

)  .. . ࠭  pathalias  筥, ⠪  

 ᯨ᪠ থ 裡.

      ਨ  䠩   ᮤঠ ⥫

ଠ ⭮⥫쭮 , ᠭ  ⮬. 

⪨ ଠ,  ⮡ । , ⠪, ⮡   

⠭(᪠)  . ਬ, ணࠬ, 뢠

uuwho ᯮ  , ᮧ  䠩 , ⮡

⮡ࠧ  ଠ ⭮ ଠ㥬 ᯮᮡ.

        ॣ  㭪  ࣠樨, 

। 䠩 ,     ⠪ 室

.

 - ⨯ 室  (䠪᪨,  -    㭪):

      #N        monad, monad.swb.de, monad.swb.sub.org

      #S        AT 486DX50; Linux 0.99

      #O        private

      #C        Olaf Kirch

      #E        okir@monad.swb.de

      #P        Kattreinstr. 38, D-64295 Darmstadt, FRG

      #L        49 52 03 N / 08 38 40 E

      #U        brewhq

      #W        okir@monad.swb.de (Olaf Kirch); Sun Jul 25 16:59:32 MET

DST 1993

      #

      monad     brewhq(DAILY/2)

      # Domains

      monad = monad.swb.de

      monad = monad.swb.sub.org

       ࠭⢮ ᫥   ᨬ -

 . 祭 設⢠  쭮

祢;   ⠫஢ ᠭ   ,

 ன  ॣ. L   :  

    lati-tude/longitude  ᯮ, ⮡

ᮢ  postscript,  뢠  ⮢ 



                               - 261 -



 ࠭.







     14.6 䨣஢ elm



      Elm 頥 " ஭  "     

ਥ 㬥⠫ । Unix.  ᯥ稢

࠭ 䥩   ࠢ.   㤥

㦤,   ᯮ짮 elm,  ⠭ ⮫쪮  

䨣樨.

      ᪨,   믮 䨣஢ elm, 

 ࠡ⠥  ---, ᫨  祭 㤠竨.  

᪮쪮 権,    ⠭.

       ᪥ elm ⠥  ६ 䨣樨  elm.rc

䠩  /usr/lib/elm. ⥬,  㤥   䠩 .elm/elmrc 

襬 室 ⠫.   筮    䠩

ᠬ⥫쭮.  ᮧ   롨ࠥ "࠭ 樨" 

 権 elm.

       権  ⭮ elmrc 䠩 ⠪ 㯥  쭮

elm .rc 䠩. 設⢮ ⠭  襬 ⭮ elmrc 䠩

⬥ ⠪ 쭮 䠩.



     14.6.1  樨 elm



 쭮 elm .rc 䠩,   ⠭ 樨, 

⭮   襣 host. ਬ,  㠫쭮

७ , 䠩 ᮤঠ  ᫥饥:

      #

      # The local hostname

      hostname = vlager

      #

      # Domain name

      hostdomain = .vbrew.com

      #

      # Fully qualified domain name hostfullname = vlager.vbrew.com

        権 ਥ elm ⭮⥫쭮 쭮

hostname.   ଠ । ᯮ,  



                               - 262 -



⠭  樨.







 ,   樨  ⮫쪮  쭮

䠩 䨣樨;     襬 ⭮ elmrc, 

 ஢.



     14.6.2 樮  



        । ࠢ RFC 822 ⠭, ⮡

ন ࠧ ⨯ ᮮ饭, ⨯  ⥪⮢,

 , 䠩 Postscript,  ..  ⠭⮢  RFC,

뢠騩  ᯥ, 筮 㯮  MIME, 

楫 ७  Internet.  稬,  ⠪

 ⥫ 㧭, ᯮ짮   ᨬ

⫨  ⠭⭮ ASCII,   ᠭ ᮮ饭. 

ᯥ稢 elm  ன ⥯.

       ᨬ, ᯮ㥬 Linux ७, ⮡ ।⠢

ᨬ 筮 㯮  ISO-8859-1,   

⠭, ஬  ᮮ⢥.  ⠪ ⭮ 

⨭᪨ -1.  ᨬ  ᮮ饭  ⮣  ᨬ

  ᫥ ப  :

      Content-Type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1

      ⥬ 祭  ᯮ    ਭ

ᮮ⢥騥   ⮡ࠦ ᮮ饭. 祭 

㬮砭  ⥪⮢ ᮮ饭 - 祭 charset us-ascii.

      ⮡ ⮡ࠦ ᮮ饭  ஬ ᨬ ⫨ 

ASCII, elm  ,    ᨬ.  㬮砭,

 elm 砥 ᮮ饭  charset  ⫨  us-ascii, 

஡ ⮡ࠦ ᮮ饭, ᯮ , 뢠

metamail. 饭,  ॡ, ⮡   ⮡ࠧ,

뢠  " M "  ᠬ ࢮ ⮫  ࠭ ⪮ .

        Linux  ᨬ - ISO-8859-1, 맮 metamail 

室  ⮡ࠦ ᮮ饭, ᯮ饣  

ᨬ. ᫨ lm ,  ᯫ  ISO-8859-1,  

㤥 ᯮ짮 metamail,  ⮡ࠧ ᮮ饭 ।⢥.

   믮,  ⠭ ᫥饩 樨 



                               - 263 -



쭮 elm .rc:







      displaycharset = iso-8859-1

       ,    ⠭  樨 ,

    ᮡࠥ 뫠   ᮮ饭,

 䠪᪨ ᮤঠ ᨬ ⫨  ASCII.  -

⮬  ,  뫠 ⠪ ᮮ饭 筮

䨣  mailer', ⮡  ᮮ⢥騩 ⨯

ᮤঠ:      㬮砭, 뫠  

 ⮫쪮 ascii ᮮ饭.

      , ⠭ ⮩ 樨  elm .rc  筮. ஡

⮨  ⮬,   ⮡ࠦ ᮮ饭, elm 뢠

 㭪   ᨬ, ⮡ ।

   ⠥  .  㬮砭,  㭪

ᯮ ⮫쪮 ᨬ ASCII,  ⮡ࠦ  㣨 ᨬ

 "^?".   ८ ,  ⠭ ६ ।

LC CTYPE  ISO-8859-1,  ᮮ頥,  ⥪ ਭ﫠

ᨬ Latin-1  ⠥. প    㣨

⥩ 㯭 稭  libc-4.5.8.

       뫪 ᮮ饭,  ᮤঠ ᯥ樠 ᨬ

 ISO-8859-1,   㤮⮢,  ⠭  

६  elm .rc 䠩:

      charset = iso-8859-1

      textencoding = 8bit

       ⠢ elm ᮮ  ᨬ  ISO-8859-1 

 ,  뫠   8 ⮢ 祭 (祭 

㬮砭 -  ᨬ 7 ).

      筮,    権  ⠪  ⠭ 

⭮ elmrc 䠩  쭮.







     15. 祭 smail  믮



          ஥   ⠭ smail,  ⪨

 㭪樮 ⥩,   ᯥ稢. 



                               - 264 -



smail  ⥫쭮 ⥯ ᮢ⨬  sendmail  , 

䠩 䨣樨  ⫨.

      ᭮ 䠩 䨣樨 - /usr/lib/smail/config.  ᥣ

 ।஢  䠩, ⮡ ࠧ 祭,

ᯥ᪨  襣 㭪. 㣨 䠩, 

䨣 ⨧  ࠭ᯮ 樨,  ⠪

ᯮ짮.

       㬮砭, smail ।  室  .

᫨   ⭮⥫쭮 ᮪ 䨪,   

⠢ smail, ᮡ  ᮮ饭  ⠪ 뢠 ।, 

ࠡ뢠   ࠢ୮.

       ࠡ⪥   TCP/IP , smail - 

믮  daemon ०:  㧮筮 ६ ⥬, 

뢠  rc.inet2,  頥 ᥡ  䮭,   室騥 TCP

ᮥ  SMTP  (筮  25).  祭 

直 ࠧ,    ⥫ 䨪, ⮬  smail

 饭 ⤥쭮   室饣 ᮥ.

      Smail  ⢮ 䫠,  ࠢ ⨬

. 筮 , smail ন  ⠭ ०

- 樨,  ᪠,   뢠 

ᯥ樠  ,  rmail,  smtpd. 

⮫  設⢮   㦤 ࠧ

⥩ smail.

        裡  smail,      

⥫⢠;   /usr/bin/rmail  /usr/sbin/sendmail.  

⠢  뫠 ᮮ饭  ।⢮ 짮⥫

 elm, ᮮ饭 㤥 ९ࠢ  rmail  祭. 

 ᠬ 砥  ⮩, 室饩  १ UUCP. 

ᨨ elm, , 뢠 /usr/sbin/sendmail  rmail, ⠪  

㦤  . ਬ, ᫨  ࠭ smail  /usr/local/bin,

⠩  窥:







      # ln -s /usr/local/bin/smail /usr/bin/rmail

      # ln -s /usr/local/bin/smail /usr/sbin/sendmail



      ᫨,    㣫㡨   ஡



                               - 265 -



䨣஢ smail, , 頥  㪮 smail.

᫨   祭    ⠢ Linux,  

    室.



     15.1 UUCP ⠭



      ⮡ ᯮ짮 smail  uucp ।, ᭠ ⠭ 쭮

. 砫,   㤮⮢,    

ᨬ᪨ 裡  rmail  sendmail, 㯮⮬ . ᫨ 

  SMTP   㣮 ,  ⠪

 ᤥ rsmtp   smail.

       smail । Vince Skahan,   ⨯ 䠩

䨣樨.  뢠 config.sample  ﭭ 室 

/usr/lib/smail.   ஢   䨣樨 

।஢ , ⮡ ࠧ 祭, ᯥ᪨  襣

㭪.

      ਬ,   㭪  swim .tobirds.com, 

ॣ஢   UUCP  swim.  smarthost - ulysses. 

 䠩 䨣樨  룫拉 ᫥騬 ࠧ:

      #

      # Our domain names

      visible domain=two.birds:uucp

      #

      # Our name on outgoing mails

      visible name=swim.twobirds.com #

      # Use this as uucp-name as well uucp name=swim.twobirds.com

      #

      # Our smarthost

      smart host=ulysses

      ࢮ ⢥ত ᮮ頥 smail ⭮⥫쭮 ⥩,

  㭪 ਭ. ⠢   , ⤥塞

ﬨ. ᫨   㭪 ॣ஢   UUCP,

  ⠪  uucp.







       ࠢ(祭) ᮮ饭 , smail । 

襣 host, ᯮ hostname ⥬ 맮 (2),  ஢ 



                               - 266 -



⥫  ⮣ hostname. ᫨  ᮮ⢥  

,  ஢ hostname, ⥫,

ᬠਢ ,  smail ⠥ । ᮮ饭

짮⥫.

         ᮤঠ 筮, 

஢   襣 㭪, ஥  

ᯮ짮  室 .   ᯮ 

ந⢥  ࠢ⥫  ᥩ .  

㤮⮢, ⮡ ᯮ짮 , ஥ smail ᯮ

⭮⥫쭮 쭮 host (  hostname    ⥩,

᫥  ਡ ).

      ᫥ ⢥ত ⠭ , ᯮ㥬 

⨧樨 smart-host (ᠭ  ࠧ 14.4).  ⮩ ⨯

⠭, smail 㤥 ।    ⤠

ᮢ ⥫㠫쭮 host. ,   ⥫㠫쭮

ਡ  㤥 ᯮ짮    ⥫㠫쭮

host.   ᮮ饭  । १ UUCP, ਡ 

। ⥬,  襬 UUCP ணࠬ

ᯥ祭.     13.  ᮧ 㭪,

⭮ UUCP.

        , ᯮ㥬  㯮⮬ 䠩,

   ᭨;  -  uucp. 稭 ᯮ짮

:  㬮砭, smail ᯮ 祭, 饭

hostname (2)  uucp-ᯥ᪨ 饩 ⨯ 饣

,   ப From . ᫨  hostname 

ॣ஢  UUCP ஥,   ᮮ, ⮡ smail

ᯮ짮    ஢  .

   믮,   樨  uucp  䠩

䨣樨.

       㣮 䠩  /usr/lib/smail, 뢠 paths.sample.  -

ਬ 䠩 ⥩. ,   㤥 㦤  , ᫨ 

  痢   祬   㭪. ᫨ , 

㤥    ।⢥,  ஢

   Usenet.  ⥩ 㤥 ᠭ   ⮩ .











                               - 267 -



     15.2 ⠭  쭮 



      ᫨   㭪     묨 ,

ᮥ묨 쭮  (LAN),  㤥  

 host,  ࠡ뢠  UUCP ᮥ  譨

஬. ।⠢,   ᭮  㠫쭮 ७

,  vstout ⠭  UUCP .

       ।  ⥢ ன, ᠬ 襥 ࠭

짮⥫᪨ mailbox  筮 䠩 ⥬,  nfs-

易  ᥬ 묨 .   짮⥫

  設  設,  室 ६ 

 (  㦥, ஢ ਡ⥫쭮   

設   ਡ⮩   ). ⥫쭮,

 ⠪    ࠢ⥫ ᨬ묨  設.

 ࠪ⨪ - ᯮ짮 ,   ࠢ⥫, 

hostname. Janet, ਬ, ।  janet@vbrew.com 

janet@vale.vbrew.com.  ᭨ ,  ⠢ ࢥ

ᯮ    ⨬   襣 㭪.

      㣮 ᯮᮡ ࠭  mailbox  業ࠫ쭮 host ⮨ 

⮬, ⮡ ᯮ짮 POP  IMAP. POP 頥 ⮪

⮢ ⤥  ᪠ 짮⥫,   

mailbox  TCP/IP. IMAP, ࠪ⨢ ⮪ 㯠 

 POP,   騩.    ࢥ  IMAP  POP

뫠 ७ᥭ  Linux,  㯭  sunsite.unc.edu 

/pub/Linux/system/Network.



     15.2.1 ᠭ  䨣樨



      䨣  ७  ࠡ⠥ ᫥騬

ࠧ:     ᪫祭 ࢥ  vstout

।⢥ ࠢ    ࢥ, ᯮ

⨧ smart host. Vstout ।⢥ 뫠  

ॠ쭮 smart host,  ࠢ   ७

;  host 뢠 moria.

      ⠭ 䠩 䨣樨     ⫨

 vstout 室  :



      #



                               - 268 -



      # Our domain:

      visible domain=vbrew.com

      #

      # What we name ourselves

      visible name=vbrew.com

      #

      # Smart-host routing: via SMTP to vstout

      smart path=vstout

      smart transport=smtp

       祭 宦  ,   ᯮ짮  uucp 㭪.

᭮ ࠧ稥 - ,  ࠭ᯮ, ᯮ㥬, ⮡ ᫠

 smart host, 筮, SMTP. ਡ  ⠢ smail

ᯮ짮    쭮 hostname  ᥩ .

       UUCP  vstout, 䠩 䨣樨  ⫨:

      #

      # Our hostnames:

      hostnames=vbrew.com:vstout.vbrew.com:vstout

      #

      # What we name ourselves

      visible name=vbrew.com

      #

      # in the uucp world, we're known as vbrew.com

      uucp name=vbrew.com

      #

      # Smart transport: via uucp to moria

      smart path=moria

      smart transport=uux

      #

      # we're authoritative for our domain

      auth domains=vbrew.com

       䠩 䨣樨 ᯮ ⫨ 奬, ⮡

ᮮ smail, 祬  host 뢠.  ⮣, ⮡

 ᯨ᮪ ⥩   室 hostname ⥬

맮,  । ᯨ᮪ . 㯮 ᯨ᮪

ᮤন,   ஢  ஢

hostname,  .  ⠢ smail ᯮ janet@vbrew.com 

 ,  । ᮮ饭 janet.





                               - 269 -







      Auth ६ ⥩ 뢠 ,   vstout

 .   ᫨ smail 砥  ,

ᮢ host .vbre.com,  host  뢠 

 設,  ⪫ ᮮ饭  頥 

ࠢ⥫. ᫨  室  ।⠢,  ⠪ ᮮ饭

㤥 ᫠ smart-host,     vstout,  ⠪ ,

   㤥 襭 - ॢ襭 ᨬ쭮 

뫪  讥 ﭨ.



     15.2.2 믮 smail



      砫,   ,  믮 , smail  ⤥

daemon,  ࠢ SMTP ⮬  smail 뢠 ⮫쪮 直

ࠧ,  SMTP ᮥ 襭  ண .

筮,  ।  daemon  ࢥ , ⮬

  㦠 設 ࠧ  祬 ஦ smail 

ࠧ   筮 ᮥ. ᪮ ࢥ 

। 設⢮ 室饩  ।⢥

짮⥫,  롥  inetd  設⢥ 㣨

 .

        ० ࠡ,   롨ࠥ  

㠫쭮 host,   㤮⮢,   

᫥騩 室  襬 䠩 /etc/services:

smtp            25/tcp          # Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

       । TCP ᫮ , ஥ smail 

ᯮ짮  SMTP . 25 - ⠭, ।

祭묨 ᫠ RFC.

       daemon ०, smail   䮭,  㤥  ᮥ

 SMTP .  ᮥ ந室,  ⢨  ஢

SMTP   ࠢ ᮬ. Smail daemon 筮 ᪠,

  rc.inet2, ᯮ ᫥ :

      /usr/local/bin/smail -bd -q15m

      -bd 䫠 砥 daemon ०,  -q15m  ࠡ

ᮮ饭  ।  15 .







                               - 270 -





      ᫨   ᯮ짮 inetd ,  䠩 /etc/inetd.conf,

 ᮤঠ ப:

      smtp    stream  tcp nowait  root  /usr/sbin/smtpd smtpd

      Smtpd   ᨬ᪠   smail 筮. 

,    ⠢ inetd ୮- inetd.conf,

뫠  ᨣ HUP ᫥ ᮧ  .

      Daemon ०  inetd ०  ᪫騥. ᫨ 

믮 smail  deamon ०,   㤮⮢, 

ப஢  ப  inetd.conf  smtp 㦨.

 稨 inetd ࠢ smail, 㤮⮢,  rc.inet2 

᪠ smail daemon.



     15.3 ᫨  室 ...



      ᫨ -  ࠢ쭮  襩 ⠭,  

⥩,      ७ ஡.

ࢮ , ஥ 㦭 ஢ - ॣ樮 䠩

smail.  ࠭  /var/spool/smail/log,   logfile 

paniclog, ᮮ⢥⢥.

       室  logfile 室  :

      04/24/94 07:12:04: [m0puwU8-00023UB] received

      |            from: root

      |         program: sendmail

      |            size: 1468 bytes

      04/24/94 07:12:04: [m0puwU8-00023UB] delivered

      |             via: vstout.vbrew.com

      |              to: root@vstout.vbrew.com

      |         orig-to: root@vstout.vbrew.com

      |          router: smart host

      |       transport: smtp







       뢠,  ᮮ饭  root  root@vstout.vbrew.com

뫮 ࠢ쭮 । host vstout  SMTP.

      饭 smail    ।, 樥 室 

ॣ樮 䠩,  ᮮ饭  訡 ।:



                               - 271 -



      04/24/94 07:12:04: [m0puwU8-00023UB] received

      |            from: root

      |         program: sendmail

      |            size: 1468 bytes

04/24/94 07:12:04: [m0puwU8-00023UB] root@vstout.vbrew.com ... deferred

(ERR 148) transport smtp: connect: Connection refused

㯮 訡 ⨯筠  樨,  ன smail

ࠢ쭮 ᯮ,  ᮮ饭   ।  vstout, 

  ᯮᮡ ᮥ  SMTP 㦨  vstout. ᫨

 砥,    ஡ 䨣樨,  প

TCP   襬 smail binaries.

 ஡  ⠪  몭,   뫮 㬠. 

 室 smail binaries,    । Linux, 

প  ࠡ  ﬨ TCP/IP. ᫨  ⮨ ⠪, 

 ஢ smail ᠬ⥫쭮. ⠭ smail, 

 ஢,    TCP প ࠡ  ﬨ telnet 

SMTP   襩 設. ᯥ譮 ᮥ  SMTP ࢥ஬,

뢠 :

      $ telnet localhost smtp

      Trying 127.0.0.1...

      Connected to localhost.

      Escape character is '^]'.

      220 monad.swb.de Smail3.1.28.1 #6 ready at Sun, 23 Jan 94

      19:26 MET

      QUIT

      221 monad.swb.de closing connection

      ᫨    ந SMTP  (ப,

稭  220 ), ᭠砫 㤮⮢,  

䨣 ⢨⥫쭮 ࠢ쭠 ०, 祬 ஢

smail ᠬ⥫쭮,  ᠭ .







      ᫨  ⠫  ஡  smail,   ᯮᮡ

ࠧ ᮮ饭  訡 smail,   

ᮮ饭 ⫠.   ᤥ  ᯮ -d 䫠,

易⥫쭮 ᮯ஢ ᫮, ।騬 ஢

筮. Smail 㤥    ࠭,   



                               - 272 -



 讥 ⢮ ᪠ ⭮⥫쭮 ⮣ ,  

ࠢ쭮.



     15.3.1  smail



      ᫨   猪,  smail 뢠 ⮪ TCP

প ,    室.  

祭   ।, ᫨  稫  १ CD-ROM,

       १ FTP.

       ஢ smail,  ᥣ ࠡ  ஬ 䠩

䨣樨  newspak । Vince Skahan's. ⮡

஢  TCP ࠩ ࠡ  ﬨ,  

⠭ મ    conf/EDITME

䠩   bsd-  arpa-. 㯮 室 

⠫樨 LAN,  Internet ॡ arpa-. 稥  ⨬

 -  ⮬,  ᫥  ᯥ樠 ࠩ   BIND

㦨, ஥ ᯮᮡ ᯮ  MX.



     15.4  ⠢ 



       ⬥祭 , smail ᯮᮡ । ᮮ饭

,  ⠢   ।  ࠡ⪨ . ᫨,

  롨ࠥ ।, smail ࠭    ⠫

ᮮ饭  /var/spool/smail.







        롨    ० 祭,

⠭ ਡ ० 祭  䠩 䨣樨 

⨢, 䮭,  ⠢  ।.

      ᫨  砥 ନ஢ ।,  

㤮⮢,   । ஢ ॣ୮;  

10  15 . ᫨  믮 smail  daemon ०, 

   -q10m   ப.  ⢥

ୠ⨢,   뢠 runq  cron   ࢠ.

Runq   易  smail.

        ⮡ࠦ ⥪ । ,  뢠 smail  -bp

樥.  ,    mailq   smail,  뢠 mailq:



                               - 273 -



      $ mailq -v

      m0pvB1r-00023UB From: root  (in /var/spool/smail/input)

                Date: Sun, 24 Apr 94 07:12 MET DST

        Args: -oem -oMP sendmail root@vstout.vbrew.com Log of transactions:

Xdefer: <root@vstout.vbrew.com> reason: (ERR 148) transport smtp: connect:

Connection refused

       뢠 筮 ᮮ饭,  । ᮮ饭. 

ॣ樨 ( ⮡ࠦ, ᫨   mailq -v )

  ⥫ 稭, 祬    

祭.

         ,    ᯮ ନ஢ ।, smail

㤥   ᮮ饭  ।,   室

।⢥ ᡮ 祭  १⭮ 稭. 

SMTP ᮥ,    㯭 host;  ᮮ饭

 ⠪  祭,  䠩 ⥬ .







     15.5 ࠧ 䨣 権



       祭 讥 ⢮ 権,   

⠭  䠩 䨣樨, ,   ,  

⢥  믮 smail,     㤥 㦤

. ,  ⮫쪮 㯮ﭥ ᪮쪮,    

室 稭 ᯮ짮 :

᫨ error copy postmaster - 㫥 ६ ⠭, 

訡,   ᮮ饭 砫쭨 ⮢ ⤥.

筮,  믮  訡,   -

䥪⭮ 䨣樨. ६   祭,  

  䠩 䨣樨,  ।騬 ᮬ (+).

max hop count  ᫨ ᫮ 室 ᮮ饭 (  ᫮ 

, 㦥 祭) ࠢ  ॢ蠥  ᫮, ⪨

祭 ਢ  ᮮ饭  訡,  頥

ࠢ⥫.  ᯮ, ⮡ । ᮮ饭 

믮 ᪮筮 横.  室  ᫥ 

᫠ Received:    ,   ⠪ 

⠭  ᯮ -h    ப.

      祭  㬮砭 20.



                               - 274 -



postmaster   ⬠. 祭  㬮砭 - root.



     15.6 ⨧  祭 饭



      Smail ࠧ 祭    ࠧ ,

ணࠬ ⨧樨, 㪮⥫,  ࠭ᯮ .

       ணࠬ ⨧樨 ।  ⤠

, ।  ஬ host,  ᮮ饭   ᫠

᫥饬,   ࠭ᯮ  ᯮ짮. 

ᨬ  ࠪ 裡, ࠧ ࠭ᯮ஢騪 ⨯

UUCP  SMTP  ᯮ짮.







      ࠭ᯮ ,  祭,  ⢥⢥ 

 ⮤ 祭,   ࠭.  ஡ ।

ᮮ饭,   砥 ⪠   ᮮ饭 㤠, 

ন     ७.

       smail,    ᢮  䨣஢  .

   , 㯥  ࠩ஢,  ண  

롨 ,    㦤.  뢠  smail  

䠩,   routers, directors,  transports  /usr/lib/smail. ᫨ 

䠩  , ਭ ਥ 祭  㬮砭.

᫨    ⨧ smail,  

࠭ᯮ,    ⨯ 䠩  smail 室

।, ᪮஢ ⨯ 䠩  /usr/lib/smail,  

 ᮣ᭮ 訬 ॡ.  䠩 䨣樨 ⠪

  ਫ() 20.3.



     15.7 ⨧ 饭



        ᮮ饭, smail ஢, ᫨  - 

host,  ⤠ 㭪. ᫨ 楫  host   

쭮 hostname, 䨣஢  䨣樨, ᮮ饭

㤥 ।  ࠢ. , smail 砥  

ࠩ஢ ணࠬ ⨧樨, ⮡ ᭨ ஬ host'

। ᮮ饭.    ᠭ  䠩 routers; ᫨

 䠩  , ᯮ    㬮砭



                               - 275 -



ணࠬ ⨧樨.

      Host  । ᥬ ணࠬ ⨧樨 

।,  室騩  ᯥ᪨  㤥 ࠭.

ᬮ ᮮ饭, ᮢ joe@foo.bar.com. 

ணࠬ ⨧樨      㬮砭

      bar.com ,   ६  㣠

 ଠ  foo.bar.com ।⢥. ᫨ ⠬ - 

ணࠬ ⨧樨,  ᯥ稢 "襥

ᮮ⢥⢨'',   ࠭  䠩 ணࠬ ⨧樨 㤥

࠭.







       ணࠬ ⨧樨 ⥯ । ࠭ᯮ,

 㦭 ᯮ짮, ਬ UUCP,   

 .   ।  ࠭ᯮ   host. 

㯮⮬ ਬ, smail   ,  foo.bar.com

  ⨣ १ UUCP ᯮ짮  ernie!Bert.

   楫  bert!Foo.bar.com!user,  ᯮ

UUCP ࠭ᯮ, ᪮  ᮢ  ernie.

       ᯮ짮   㬮砭 ⠭, ᫥騥

ணࠬ ⨧樨 㯭:

+  ᫨,   host    ࠧ襭, ᯮ

gethostbyname  gethostbyaddr 맮  ⥪, ᮮ饭, 㤥

। १ SMTP. ⢥ ᪫祭 - ᫨  ,

⮡   쭮 host.

      Smail ⠪ ᯮ  IP,    筠

⢥ઠ,  ⨬ hostname, ᫨ ⮫쪮    襭

१ gethostbyaddr 饭. ਬ, scrooge@ [149.76.12.4] 

 ⨬,    ⮢   scrooge 

quark.physics.groucho.edu.

      ᫨  設 室  Internet,  ணࠬ

⨧樨 -  ,   , ⮬   

ন  MX. .     ⮬ 砥.

+  ᫨ pathalias   (/usr/lib/smail/paths) , smail ஡

᪠ 楫 host (   .uucp)  ⮬ 䠩. 

 , ᮣᮢ ⮩ ணࠬ ⨧樨 㤥

। ᯮ UUCP,  ᯮ ,    .



                               - 276 -



+  host (   .uucp) 㤥 ࠢ 

뢮  uuname, ⮡ ஢   楫 host

䠪᪨ ᥤ UUCP. ᫨  ⮨ ⠪, ᮮ饭 㤥

। ᯮ짮 UUCP ࠭ᯮ.

+ ᫨,     ᮣᮢ   㯮 ணࠬ

⨧樨,  㤥 । smart host.  smart host ⠪ 

࠭ᯮ,  㦭 ᯮ짮 ⠭  䠩

䨣樨.



       祭  㬮砭 ࠡ   

⠭,  ᡮ   ᫮ ⨧樨. ᫨ ।

 ⮨   ஡, 㦤 ,  㤥 

⠭  ᮡ⢥ ணࠬ ⨧樨.

       ᠬ 娥 ஡ ,   host 

  ,   ⥫䮭 맮   IP   ﬨ

UUCP. smail 㤥  ।   १ SMTP.  -

筮 ,   , ⮬ ,  ᫨  SLIP

⨢஢ ॣ୮, SMTP -   祬 뫪

  UUCP.    㬮砭 ⠭,  

 ᯮᮡ   smail.

         ⮩ ஡  稨 ஢ન 䠩

⥩ । ᮬ 饣 ன⢠,  饭 

室    䠩 ⥩. ᫨    뫠

ᮮ饭  SMTP -,   ⠪ ஢

騥 ணࠬ ⨧樨  楫.

      㣠 ஡ ⮨  ⮬,    㬮砭

⠭  ᯥ稢 ⨭ ⨧  Internet,

⮬   ணࠬ ⨧樨  業 

MX. ⮡    প ⨧樨

 Internet, ப  ணࠬ ⨧樨, 

ࠧ   ᯮ BIND . , ,

smail binaries 祭   । Linux,  

 প BIND. ᫨    BIND, 

砥 ᮮ饭  paniclog 䠩, 饥 "ணࠬ

⨧樨 inet hosts: ࠩ 裡  '', ⮣  

 室  ࠭᫨஢ smail (. ࠧ 15.2 ).

       祭,    祭   - ᯮ짮

uuname ࠩ.



                               - 277 -









     15.7.1   ⥩



      Smail  室 pathalias    䠩 ⥩ 

/usr/lib/smail.  䠩 易⥫, ⠪ ᫨    믮

 pathalias ,  㤠  騩 䠩

⥩.

      Paths   㥬 䠩 ASCII,  ᮤন

室,  ⮡ࠦ  㭪  UUCP. 

 ஢, ⮬  smail ᯮ  

㭪. ਨ    ⮬ 䠩,   㭪

 ⤥  , ᯮ  . Pathalias

  㦤 ஡   14 ..

      ᫨    䠩 ,  

㤮⮢, ⮡   ⨬   㭪.

ਬ, ᫨ 㭪 ⥭     UUCP  

஢  ,    室 

  .   ஢ ୮ 뫪

 १  sort.

      ᫨  㭪  ⮫쪮 㭪⮬ ,   䠩

paths,    室 : ⮫쪮 ⠭ ਡ

smart host  襬 䠩 䨣樨,  ⠢  ⨧

襩  .



     15.8 ⠢ 饭  ᠬ



      筮,   - ⮫쪮  室  ⥬

짮⥫,  ᮮ饭 ।   mailbox,

/var/spool/mail/user. 㣨 砨  ࠢ   ᯨ᪠

,  뫪  짮⥫.   , 

    ᯨ᪠ ᮢ,    

  ⤠.

      ஬  "ଠ" ᮢ, smail  ࠡ뢠 㣨

⨯  ⮢ ᮮ饭,   䠩, 

 㡮஢.  -  , ⠪    

뫠   /etc/passwd@vbrew.com.



                               - 278 -



       䠩 - -,  稭    ࠢ

(/)  ⨫ (~). 쬮 ⭮  室 ⠫

짮⥫,   ⮫쪮, ᫨  䠩 ਭ  a

.forward 䠩  室 뫪  mailbox (. ).  ⠢

䠩, smail ⥭ ᮮ饭  䠩, ᮧ   砥

室.







       㡮஢     Unix, ன

। ᨬ 㡮஢ (|).  ⠢ smail 

 窥   㬥⠬,    " | ". 饭

।⢥ 㤥  ⮩   ⠭⭮ .

      ਬ, ⮡ ࠢ    newsgroup, 

  ᯮ짮  窨,  gateit, 

⠭  १,  ।  ᮮ饭

 ⮣ ᯨ᪠  , ᯮ " | gateit ".

      ᫨ 맮 ᮤন  ࠭⢮,   

祭   窨. - ஡   

믮, ᫨   祭 ᪮쪮 ᮬ⥫

ᯮᮡ (ਬ, ᫨ 䠩,  ண  ਭ, 

१뢠 ).



     15.8.1  짮⥫



       騩 砩  쭮  -  mailbox

짮⥫.  mailbox -  /var/spool/mail,   

짮⥫. ᫨   ,  ᮧ smail.

       , ,  /var/spool/mail -  饥 ६

⠭⭮ , ⮡  mailbox 䠩, ஥

ணࠬ ᯥ祭    㣮 paths,

㥬 , ਬ /usr/spool/mail.

          ॡ smail: mailer - daemon 

⬠.  ந⢥ ᮮ饭 㤠   undeliverable,

設᭠  ᫠ ⬠ ᭥ ᫥ (

砥, ᫨     - ஡ 䨣樨). Mailer -

daemon ᯮ   ࠢ⥫  ᮮ饭 㤠.

      ᫨    뢠 ⨬   襩 ⥬,



                               - 279 -



smail  ⮡ࠦ mailer - daemon  postmaser,  ⬠ 

root, ᮮ⢥⢥.   筮 ⬥  ᮢ饭

 ⬠  ⥬,   ⢥⢥  ঠ

ணࠬ ᯥ祭 .







     15.8.2 뫪



      짮⥫  ७  뫠  

ୠ⨢ , ᯮ    ⮤,

ᯥ稢 smail.    

      Forward to recipient,...

 ࢮ ப  mailbox 䠩.  諥 ᥩ 室饩 

 ᯨ ⥫.  ⢥ ୠ⨢,   

ᮧ a .forward 䠩   室 ⠫,  ᮤন

⤥ ⮩ ᯨ᮪ ⥫.  ⨬ ࠧࠧ

뫪,  ப 䠩   .

       ,   ⨯   ᯮ짮.

 ࠧ, ࠪ᪨ ਬ .forward 䠩   

      janet, "|vacation"

        । 室饥 ᮮ饭 mailbox janet,   ६

  vacation 頥 ⪮ 㢥 ࠢ⥫.



     15.8.3 樠 

      Smail ᯮᮡ ࠡ ᯥ樠 䠩, ᮢ⨬  ⥬

  sendmail Berkeley. 室  ᯥ樠쭮 䠩 

 

      alias: recipients

      recipients - ⤥ ⮩ ᯨ᮪ ᮢ,  

 ᯥ樠쭮. ᮪ ⥫   த

१ ᨬ ॢ ப, ᫨ ᫥ ப 稭 

 .

       ᯥ樠쭠 ,   smail

ࠡ뢠 ᯨ᪨ ࠢ    ᯥ樠쭮 䠩: ᫨

 । ":include:filename"  ⥫, smail 㤥 

 䠩,  ਬ ᮤন  ᯨ᮪ ⥫.





                               - 280 -







      ᭮ 䠩  १⮢ ᫥ - /usr/lib/aliases.

᫨  ᤥ  䠩 ᥬ୮ - १뢠, smail 

㤥 । ᮮ饭  窨,   ⮬ 䠩.

 䠩 뢠 :

# vbrew.com /usr/lib/aliases file hostmaster: janet

      postmaster: janet

      usenet: phil

# The development mailing list. development: joe, sue, mark, biff

/var/mail/log/development

      owner-development: joe

# Announcements of general interest are mailed to all # of the staff

announce: :include: /usr/lib/smail/staff, /var/mail/log/announce

      owner-announce: root

# gate the foobar mailing list to a local newsgroup ppp-list: "|/usr/local/lib/gateit

local.lists.ppp"

      ᫨ 訡 ந室  짮 ,

ᣥ஢  ᯥ樠쭮 䠩, smail 㤥 

뫠  ᮮ饭  訡  "ᯥ樠쭮 ''.

᫨    ,  ⥫쭮

ᮮ饭  訡  㤥 ᣥ஢.



     15.8.4 ᪨ ࠢ  



       ⮣, ⮡ ᯮ짮 ᯥ樠 䠩, ⮡

ࠢ    ᯨ  ⠪ ࠢ ।⢮

䠩  ⠫ /usr/lib/smail/lists. ᮪ ࠢ  ,

 nag-bugs ᠭ  lists/nag-bugs,  ᮤঠ

 ⮢, ⤥塞 묨. ᮪    

᪮쪨 ப,  ﬨ.







        ᯨ᪠ ࠢ  , 짮⥫ 

楬 - listname  ⢮;   訡

 ਬ  㤥 ᮮ饭 ⮬ 짮⥫.  

⠪ ᯮ   ࠢ⥫   室



                               - 281 -



ᮮ饭  Sender:  .



     15.9 UUCP-࠭ᯮ



        ࠭ᯮ஢騪, 㥬  smail, 

ᯮ UUCP  ணࠬ.  UUCP ।, ᮮ饭 筮

।,  뢠 rmail  ᫥饬 host,   ᮮ饭 

⠭⭮       ப.  襬

host, rmail   易   smail.

       祭 ᮮ饭  UUCP ࠭ᯮ, smail

८ࠧ뢠 楫    㤠 UUCP. ਬ,

user@host 㤥 ८ࠧ host!user.  ⮭宦 " % "

  ࠭, ⠪  user%host@gateway ⠭

gateway!User%host. , smail   㤥 ஢ ⠪

 ᠬ⥫쭮.

       ⢥ ୠ⨢, smail  뫠   BSMTP

 १ UUCP.  BSMTP   襥 ⢮

ᮮ饭 ।  筮 ,  ᮤন

,   mailer 뤠 , ᫨  ॠ쭮 SMTP

ᮥ  . BSMTP  ᯮ  ஬

, ⮡ ࠭ ᪮ ࠭⢮.  䠩

࠭ᯮ  ਫ 20.3 ᮤন ࠭ᯮ dubbed bsmtp

   BSMTP   ⠫ ।.

   ꥤ    , 

ᯮ짮  窨,  

ᮮ⢥  HELO  QUIT.

      ⮡   bsmtp ࠭ᯮ  ᯥ᪨

痢 UUCP,   ᯮ짮 ⠪ 뢠 䠩 ⮤

(   smail ࠭ 㪮⢠ 

஡⥩). ᫨   ⮫쪮   UUCP,  ᯮ

ணࠬ ⨧樨 smart host,    뫠

SMTP ,  ⠭ ⥫㠫 ࠭ᯮ

६ 䨣樨  bsmtp  uux.

      ⮡  SMTP   UUCP,  

㤮⮢,     ᯠ஢. ᫨

⤠ 㭪 ᯮ smail,   易 rsmtp  smail.

᫨ ⤠ 㭪 믮 sendmail,  

⥫쭮 ⠭  窨, 



                               - 282 -



/usr/bin/bsmtp,   ⮩ " rsmtp".







     15.10 SMTP-࠭ᯮ

      Smail  饥 ६ ন SMTP ࠩ, ⮡

।   TCP ᮥ.    뫪

ᮮ饭   ᮢ  筮 host,  hostname,

।塞    ஢  

஥   ᯮ짮 ணࠬ ᯥ祭 ࠡ

 ﬨ,   筮  ⢥ન, 祭  

᪮. , , 襭  BIND, gethostbyname 

gethostbyaddr ࠩ஢ ணࠬ ⨧樨  । 

SMTP ࠭ᯮ.

      SMTP ࠩ 㤥  ᮥ  ⤠ host

 १ smtp   ᫥  /etc/services. ᫨  

  ⨣,  ᮥ 뢠,  㤥

୮ ।ਭ    ६.

      祭  Internet ॡ, ⮡   host 

뫨 ।  ଠ -, ᠭ   14,  

  㤠. smail 㤥 ᫥⥫쭮 ࠭ନ஢

user%host@gateway,  gateway ⨣ १ host1!host2!host3, 

 室  < @host2,@host3:user%host@gateway >,

 㤥 ᫠  , ᮢ host1. ⮡ 

 ⮬ ८ࠧ (  ஥ ࠩ஬

BIND),   ।஢ 室  smtp ࠩ  䠩

transports.  䠩 transports   ਫ 20.3.







     15.11 䨪 Hostname



       ⥫쭮 墠 ஢ hostname (

 ,     )   

ࠢ⥫  ⥫, ਬ  室  

ﬨ,   ॡ  ஢ 

.  Internet -UUCP ५, ⠪ hostname  

⮡ࠦ  uucp   㬮砭. 㣨  



                               - 283 -



ᮬ⥫.

       /usr/lib/smail/qualify ᮮ頥 smail,   ।

   hostname. 室  䠩 qualify   hostname 

ॢ ⮫, ᮯ஢  . ப,

ᮤঠ騥     ᨬ ᬠਢ

ﬨ. 室   浪,  ஬  .

      ᫨  䠩 qualify  ,  hostname

䨪   믮 .

      樠 hostname * ᮮ⢥  hostname, ⠪

ࠧ ᪠  ⮡ࠧ   ,  㯮

०    㬮砭 .   ᯮ짮

⮫쪮  ᫥ 室.

       㠫쭮 ७ ,    뫨

⠭ ⠪, ⮡ ᯮ짮  ஢

    ࠢ⥫. ஢ 

⥫,  ᬠਢ, 室  uucp , ⠪ 

室 ⮫쪮  室  䠩 qualify.

      # /usr/lib/smail/qualify, last changed Feb 12, 1994 by janet

      #

      *            uucp







     16. Sendmail + IDA



     16.1   Sendmail + IDA



       㯮,    ॠ  ⥬

Unix,    ।஢ sendmail.cf 䠩.  ᪠  

㬠襤訩, ᫨  ⠥ ᤥ   :-)

      Sendmail - ⭮ 魠 ணࠬ.  ⭮ 㤭

㧭     設⢠ .  ணࠬ, 

⥫쭮 㪮⢮ (Sendmail,  O'Reilly and Associats)

⮨  792 ࠭, 㣨 設⢮ .

      Sendmail + IDA -  㣮.  㤠 ॡ ।஢

ᥣ  sendmail.cf 䠩   

। 㭪-ᯥ ⨧  䨣

樨 १ ⭮⥫쭮    䠩



                               - 284 -



প, 뢠 ⠡栬. sendmail + IDA  ࠭

  ᮢ ࠡ  ᯮ⢨.

      ࠢ  㣨 묨 ।⢠ ࠭ᯮ , 

 祣,     믮 ॥   

sendmail + IDA.  ,  室, ⮡

ॠ UUCP  Internet 㧥, ⠭ 묨  믮.

䨣樨,  筮  १砩 㤭묨,

 ᮧ  ঠ.

       ⮩ , ⥪  sendmail5.67b + IDA1.5 㯥

१  FTP  vixen.cso.uiuc.edu.   

 ᥭ ࠢ, ॡ㥬  Linux.

       䠩 䨣樨, ॡ㥬, ⮡  室

sendmail + IDA, ⮡ ஢, ⠭,  믮 

ࠢ Linux 祭  newspak-2.2.tar.gz,  

㯭 १  FTP  sunsite.unc.edu  ⠫

/pub/Linux/system/Mail.



     16.2  䨣樨 --- ⪨ 



      ࠤ樮 sendmail ⠭ १ 䠩 䨣樨

⥬ (筮 /etc/sendmail.cf  /usr/lib/sendmail.cf),  - 

⭮   ,    ०.

஢ sendmail.cf 䠩, ⮡ ᯥ ஥

   訬 ⮬.



      Sendmail + IDA  ⠪ ࠡ    諮

 稨  権 䨣樨,  ନ஢

ࠦ   ⠡  쭮 , ⮡ 

ᨭ⠪.  樨 䨣,  믮 m4

( મ)  dbm (  )  拉

䠩  १ Make-䠩, ᯥ祭 室.

      Sendmail.cf 䠩 । ⮫쪮   㬮砭

 ⥬. 㠫쭮  ᯥ樠쭠 ன 믮

१  易⥫ ⠡    ।⢥ ।

sendmail.cf 䠩.









                               - 285 -



     16.3 Sendmail.cf 



      Sendmail.cf 䠩  sendmail + IDA  ।

।⢥,    m4 䠩 䨣樨,

ᯥ祭  ஬ ⥬.  ᫥饬,

 ⨬     sendmail.m4.

       䠩 ᮤন ᪮쪮 ।   

㪠뢠  ⠡,  믮 ॠ쭠 ࠡ. ,

室 । ⮫쪮:

+  ⥩   䠩, ᯮ㥬  쭮 ⥬.

+  㭪 ஭ .

+    㬮砭 mailer (  smart host)

⥫.

       讥 ࠧࠧ ࠬ஢,   

।, ⮡ ⠭  쭮 㭪 . 

樨 䨣樨 ஢  䠩 ida/cf/OPTIONS 

室 ⠫.

       sendmail.m4  쭮 䨣樨 (UUCP 

SMTP  ᥩ -쭮 ⮩,  । ।⢥

ᮥ smart-host)    10  15 ப, ᪫

ਨ.







Mailertable । ᯥ樠쭮   ⤠ 

  ⥩.

Uucpxtable 砥 祭  UUCP   , 

室  ଠ DNS.

Pathtable । UUCP   ⤠   

.

Uucprelays 몠 pathalias   饨 ⤠

 .

Genericfrom ८ࠧ뢠 ७   饭,

 譥 .

Xaliases ८ࠧ뢠 饭  \ ⨬

७.

Decnetxtable ८ࠧ뢠 RFC-822    DECnet-⨫.





                               - 286 -



     16.3.1 ਬ  Sendmail.m4



       sendmail.m4  vstout  㠫쭮 ७ 

뢠 . Vstout ᯮ SMTP, ⮡ ࠧਢ 

ᥬ 묨   LAN ७ ,  뫠 

  㣨 ⮢  moria, host ५ Internet, १ UUCP.



     16.3.2 筮 ᯮ㥬 sendmail.m4 ࠬ



      ᪮ ।  䠩 sendmail.m4 ॡ ᥣ; 㣨

 ஢, ᫨    ⭮⥩ 

祭ﬨ  㬮砭. 騥 ࠧ 뢠  

।⮢  䠩 sendmail.m4   ஡.







dnl #------------------ SAMPLE SENDMAIL.M4 FILE ------------------

dnl # (the string 'dnl' is the m4 equivalent of commenting out a line)

dnl # you generally don't want to override LIBDIR from the compiled in paths

dnl #define(LIBDIR,/usr/local/lib/mail)dnl      # where all support files go

      define(LOCAL MAILER DEF, mailers.linux)dnl        # mailer for local delivery

      define(POSTMASTERBOUNCE)dnl       # postmaster gets bounces

      define(PSEUDODOMAINS, BITNET UUCP)dnl     # don't try DNS on these

dnl #-------------------------------------------------------------

      dnl #

      define(PSEUDONYMS, vstout.vbrew.com  vstout.UUCP vbrew.com)

      dnl               # names we're known by

      define(DEFAULT HOST, vstout.vbrew.com)dnl # our primary 'name' for

mail

      define(UUCPNAME, vstout)dnl       # our uucp name

      dnl #

dnl #-------------------------------------------------------------

      dnl #

      define(UUCPNODES, |uuname|sort|uniq)dnl   # our uucp neighbors

      define(BANGIMPLIESUUCP)dnl        # make certain that uucp

      define(BANGONLYUUCP)dnl   #  mail is treated correctly

      define(RELAY HOST, moria)dnl      # our smart relay host

      define(RELAY MAILER, UUCP-A)dnl   # we reach moria via uucp



                               - 287 -



      dnl #

dnl #--------------------------------------------------------------------dnl #

      dnl # the various dbm lookup tables

      dnl #

      define(ALIASES, LIBDIR/aliases)dnl        # system aliases

      define(DOMAINTABLE, LIBDIR/domaintable)dnl        # domainize hosts

      define(PATHTABLE, LIBDIR/pathtable)dnl    # paths database

      define(GENERICFROM, LIBDIR/generics)dnl   # generic from addresses

      define(MAILERTABLE, LIBDIR/mailertable)dnl        # mailers per host or

domain

      define(UUCPXTABLE, LIBDIR/uucpxtable)dnl  # paths to hosts we feed

      define(UUCPRELAYS, LIBDIR/uucprelays)dnl  # short-circuit paths

      dnl #

dnl #--------------------------------------------------------------------dnl #

      dnl # include the 'real' code that makes it all work

      dnl # (provided with the source code)

      dnl #

      include(Sendmail.mc)dnl     # REQUIRED ENTRY !!!

      dnl #

      dnl #------------ END OF SAMPLE SENDMAIL.M4 FILE -------







     16.3.2.1 ।,  । 



      dnl #define(LIBDIR,/usr/local/lib/mail)dnl  # where all support files go



      LIBDIR । ⠫,  sendmail + IDA  室

䠩 䨣樨, ࠧ dbm ⠡,  ᯥ樠

 ।.  ⨯筮 筮 ।, 

  sendmail binary      ⠭ 

䠩 send-mail.m4.

     㯮 ਬ ᮤন dnl,  砥  

ப -   ⮫쪮  筥 ଠ樨 .

      ⮡  ᯮ 䠩 প  㣮,

㤠 dnl  㯮⮩ ப, ⠭  

⥫쭮 ᯮ,  ⠭,  ୮ ⠭

sendmail.cf 䠩.



                               - 288 -





     16.3.2.2 । 쭮 Mailer'



      define(LOCAL MAILER DEF, mailers.linux)dnl  # mailer for local delivery

      設⢮ 樮 ⥬ ᯥ稢 ணࠬ 

ࠡ⪨ 쭮 祭 . ணࠬ ⠪ த 

   ਠ⮢ Unix 㦥 ஥  sendmail binary.

       Linux, 室  । ᮮ⢥騩 

mailer, ⠪  ⠪ 쭠 ணࠬ  易⥫쭮 ।⠢

 ।, ஥  ⠭.  । LOCAL

MAILER DEF  䠩 sendmail.m4.

      ਬ,  ⠭ LOCAL MAILER DEF  mailers.linux.

      騩 䠩    ⠭  mailers.linux 

⠫, 㪠 LIBDIR.   । ணࠬ  Mlocal

mailer  ᮮ⢥騬 ࠬࠬ, ⮡ sendmail ࠢ쭮

ਭ , ࠢ  쭮 ⥬.







      ᫨   ᯥ sendmail,     

᫥騩 ਬ.

   # -- /usr/local/lib/mail/mailers.linux --

   #     (local mailers for use on Linux )

Mlocal, P=/usr/bin/deliver, F=SlsmFDMP, S=10, R=25/10, A=deliver $u

Mprog,  P=/bin/sh,         F=lsDFMeuP,   S=10, R=10, A=sh -c $u

       ⠪ ஥ 祭  㬮砭  deliver 

Sendmail.mc 䠩,  砥  䠩 sendmail.cf. ⮡

। ,    ᯮ짮 mailers.linux 䠩  

। ᫥饥  襬 䠩 sendmail.m4:

      dnl --- (in sendmail.m4) ---

      define(LOCAL MAILER DEF, DELIVER)dnl       # mailer for local delivery

       ᮦ, Sendmail.mc ਭ,  deliver ⠭  /bin,

  ⠪  Slackware1.1.1 ( ⠭   /usr/bin).  ⮬

砥  㦤  䠫訢    ⠭ deliver

 室  /bin.









                               - 289 -







     16.3.2.3 ࠡ⪠ Bounced-



      define(POSTMASTERBOUNCE)dnl                # postmaster gets bounces

        室,   ࠭஢,   

뫠  砫  ࠭⨥ 100 %.  ᫥ sys-logd

䠩 ॣ樨     ⮡

।, 뫠   ᯮ祭 - 訡 짮⥫ 

訡 䨣樨    砥 ⥬.

      । POSTMASTERBOUNCE ਢ   

宣 ᮮ饭 祫, ।  ⬠ ⥬.







       ᮦ, ⠭ ⮣ ࠬ ⠪ ਢ 

ᥪ稢 ⥪ ᮮ饭,  뫠 ⬠.



     16.3.2.4   



      define(PSEUDODOMAINS, BITNET UUCP)dnl       # don't try DNS on

these

       ⤥  ,  筮 㪠 

   ᪨ 稭,    ⨬ 

楫 DNS. । PSEUDODOMAINS ।頥

ᯮ DNS ⪨ ᪠,   ᥣ ௥

㤠.



     16.3.2.5 । 쭮 ⥬



define(PSEUDONYMS, vstout.vbrew.com  vstout.UUCP vbrew.com)dnl      #

names we're known by

define(DEFAULT HOST, vstout.vbrew.com)dnl   # our primary 'name' for mail

      , ⥬    ⨭ ⮦⢮,  㦠

  ,    ࠡ뢠 , ᮢ

 "  " .

      PSEUDONYMS । ᯨ᮪  hostname,  

쭠 ⥬ ਬ .



                               - 290 -



      DEFAULT HOST । hostname,   

 ᮮ饭  쭮 host.







     16.3.2.6 Uucp-ᨬ ᯥ



define(UUCPNAME, vstout)dnl                 # our uucp name

define(UUCPNODES, |uuname|sort|uniq)dnl     # our uucp neighbors

define(BANGIMPLIESUUCP)dnl                  # make certain that uucp

define(BANGONLYUUCP)dnl                     #  mail is treated correctly

      , ⥬      楫 DNS 

㣨  楫 UUCP. UUCPNAME ࠧ蠥  ।

ࠧ hostname,     室 

UUCP.

      UUCPNODES । ,   ᯨ᮪

hostnames  ⥬,  묨  ᮥ ।⢥ 

१ UUCP ᮥ.

      BANGIMPLIESUUCP  BANGONLYUUCP ࠭,  ,

ᮢ  UUCP ᨭ⠪ᮬ ࠡ뢠 ᮣ᭮ UUCP, 

  ᮢ६ DNS, ᯮ㥬 ᥣ  Internet.



     16.3.2.7 Relay-⥬  Mailer'



define(RELAY HOST, moria)dnl     # our smart relay host

define(RELAY MAILER, UUCP-A)dnl             # we reach moria via UUCP

RELAY HOST । UUCP hostname ⥫㠫쭮 ᥤ

⥬ (ᯮᮡ ᫠     ).

RELAY MAILER । mailer, ᯮ㥬, ⮡ । 㤠

ᮮ饭.

        ,  ⠭騩  ࠬ

ਢ  뫪  襩   ⮩ ⤠ ⥬, 

㤥 ⢮  㧪  ⥬. ,  

稫  ᮣ襭 ⤠ ⬠ ०, 祬 

䨣  ⥬, ⮡ ᯮ짮  ⥬ 

㭨ᠫ relay host.







                               - 291 -





     16.3.2.8   䨣樨



define(ALIASES, LIBDIR/aliases)dnl      # system aliases

define(DOMAINTABLE, LIBDIR/domaintable)dnl  # domainize hosts

define(PATHTABLE, LIBDIR/pathtable)dnl  # paths database

define(GENERICFROM, LIBDIR/generics)dnl # generic from addresses

define(MAILERTABLE, LIBDIR/mailertable)dnl          # mailers per host or

domain

define(UUCPXTABLE, LIBDIR/uucpxtable)dnl        # paths to hosts we feed

define(UUCPRELAYS, LIBDIR/uucprelays)dnl        # short-circuit paths

       ⨬ મ,    ᯮ, 

sendmail + IDA  ࠧ dbm ⠡,  ।

 ⥬.  㦭 ⠢   LIBDIR.



     16.3.2.9   Sendmail.mc



      include(Sendmail.mc)dnl   # REQUIRED ENTRY !!!

       sendmail + IDA ᯥ稢 䠩 Sendmail.mc, 

ᮤন "७" ⮣,  ⠭ 䠩 sendmail.cf.

ਮ᪨ ᪠  ᨨ, ⮡ ⠭ 訡

  㭪樮    ᪠ 

࠭樨 sendmail  室.

        ।஢  䠩.



     16.3.2.10   室 ⢨⥫쭮 ॡ?



      ᫨  ᯮ dbm ⠡, sendmail + IDA । 

१ DEFAULT MAILER (  RELAY HOST  RELAY

MAILER) ।  䠩 sendmail.m4, ᯮ㥬, ⮡

஢ sendmail.cf.   ⬥   १

室  domaintable  uucpxtable.

      㠫쭮  ⥬  ⠭ DEFAULT HOST,

મ PSEUDONYMS,  । ᪨ 

㭪,  DEFAULT MAILER. ᫨     -  relay host 

relay mailer,    ⠭  祭  㬮砭,

⠪   ࠡ⠥ ⮬᪨.





                               - 292 -







      UUCP     ⠪  ⠭

UUCPNAME   樠쭮  UUCP.  ⠪ 

⠭ RELAY MAILER,  RELAY HOST,  

 ⨧樨 smart-host १ relay . ࠭ᯮ

,  㦭 ᯮ짮 ।  RELAY MAILER 

 筮  UUCP-A  UUCP .

      ᫨  㭪 ⮫쪮 SMTP  ᯮ "Domain Name Service ",

 ᫥  DEFAULT MAILER  TCP-A  

㤠  RELAY HOST  RELAY MAILER.



     16.4 ᬮ Sendmail + IDA 



      Sendmail + IDA ᯥ稢  ⠡,   

⬥   㬮砭  sendmail (  䠩

sendmail.m4)  । ᯥ樠쭮   㭨

権, ⤠ ⥬,  ⥩.  ⠡ ࠡ뢠

dbm ᯮ Make-䠩, ᯥ祭 ।.

      設⢮ ⮢ 㤥 㦤    

⠡. ᫨  㭪  ॡ  ⠡, ᠬ  ,

, ᤥ  䠩 㫥  ( touch) 

ᯮ짮   㬮砭 Make-䠩  LIBDIR,  

।஢ Make-䠩 ।⢥.



     16.4.1 Mailertable



      Mailertable । ᯥ樠쭮 饭  ᯥ᪨

   ⥩, ᭮  ⤠ host 

⥢ .   ᯮ   Internet, ⮡

 ஬ relay host    gateway, ⮡

⨣ ⤠ ,  । ᯥ᪨ ⮪

(UUCP  SMTP). UUCP     ᯮ짮

 䠩.

      冷 . Sendmail ⠥ 䠩, 室  ࠡ뢠

ᮮ饭 ᮣ᭮ ࢮ ࠢ, ஬  ᮮ⢥. 

  㦭    ࠢ  䠩 

 饭 ࠢ .



                               - 293 -









      ।,    ࠢ    ⤥

ଠ⨪   Groucho Marx १ UUCP relay host ada.

⮡ ᤥ ⠪,  㦥 㭪  mailertable,  室 

᫥饥:

      # (in mailertable)

      #

# forward all mail for the domain .cs.groucho.edu via UUCP to ada UUCP-

A,ada         .cs.groucho.edu

      ।,    ⮡    groucho.edu

 諠  㣮 relay host - bighub. ७ 室 mailertable

룫拉  :

      # (in mailertable)

      #

# forward all mail for the domain cs.groucho.edu via UUCP to ada UUCP-A,ada

.cs.groucho.edu

      #

# forward all mail for the domain groucho.edu via UUCP to bighub UUCP-

A,bighub      .groucho.edu

       㯮 , 冷 . ஢ 浪 

 ࠢ,   ਢ  । ᥩ  

.cs.groucho.edu १  饭 bighub    ada

,  ⢨⥫쭮 ⥫.

      # (in mailertable)

      #

# forward all mail for the domain .groucho.edu via UUCP to bighub UUCP-

A,bighub     .groucho.edu

      #

      # (it is impossible to reach the next line because

      #    the rule above will be matched first)

      UUCP-A,ada        .cs.groucho.edu

      #

       ਬ mailertable , UUCP-A mailer ⠢ sendmail

ᯮ짮 UUCP 祭   .







                               - 294 -





        mailer'  ⤠ ⥬ ᮮ頥 

। ᮮ饭  ada  祭.

      Mailertable 室(㭪)  ଠ:

      mailer delimiter relayhost             host or domain

         mailer'.  -   ⮬,  

ࠡ뢠 .  mailer' - TCP-A (TCP/IP  ᠬ -

⨫ Internet), TCP-U (TCP/IP  ᠬ uucp-⨫),  UUCP-A

(UUCP  ᠬ -⨫ Internet).

      ,  ⤥ mailer  host ᫥  ப mailertable,

।,    mailertable.

! ⬥⪠ ᪫栭 㤠 hostname ⥫ । 뫪

 mailer'.   ᯮ짮,    ᫠  

䨣஢ ⤠ 㭪.

,     ᥣ. 饭  㤥 ᫠

१  mailer  relay host.

: 稥 㤠 hostname ⥫ ⮫쪮, ᫨ 

஬      ⮬.  ࠧ

 foo!bar!Joe 㤥 㤠 foo,   ६  xyzzy!Janet ⠭

.



     16.4.2 Uucpxtable



      筮,      

஢묨   ।  ⨫ Internet

(SMTP), ᯮ Domain Name Service (DNS),  १ relay host.

Uucpxtable 㦤 祭 १ ⨧ UUCP,

८ࠧ   ⤠ hostname UUCP-⨫.





        ᯮ,   㧥 㦨  த

   㭪       ᫠ 

१     UUCP,   १ ⢮ ⮢ १

  㬮砭 mailer   ஬ ⥬  .

       UUCP,  ࠧਢ  ᥤﬨ  UUCP, 

ᯮ    ।  ,  ᯮ짮

  䠩, ⮡ 㤨 祭  १  UUCP

    ⥬,   ᯮ짮  



                               - 295 -



אַ  १ RELAY MAILER  RELAY HOST  १ DEFAULT

MAILER.

       Internet,   室  UUCP   ᯮ짮

uucpxtable.

      ।,   ᯥ稢 㦨 뫪  

⥬, 뢠 sesame.com  DNS  sesame   UUCP. 

㦤   ᫥饬 室 uucpxtable, ⮡ 㤨    host

ன १  אַ ᮥ UUCP.



      #============== /usr/local/lib/mail/uucpxtable ============

      # Mail sent to joe@sesame.com is rewritten to sesame!joe and

      # therefore delivered via UUCP

      #

      sesame          sesame.com

      #

      #----------------------------------------------------------



      16.4.3  pathtable



      Pathtable ᯮ, ⮡ ।  ⨧ 

⤠    .  pathtable    ᨭ⠪

pathalias-⨫, 㥬  䠢⭮ 浪.     ப

 ⤥ ॠ쭮  .

      設⢮ ⥬  㤥 㦤   室 pathtable.



      #=============== /usr/local/lib/mail/pathtable ================

      #

      # this is a pathalias-style paths file to let you kick mail to

      # UUCP neighbors to the direct UUCP path so you don't have to

      # go the long way through your smart host that takes other traffic

      #

      # you want real tabs on each line or m4 might complain

      #

      # route mail through one or more intermediate sites to a remote

      # system using UUCP-style addressing.

      #

      sesame!ernie!%s        ernie

      #



                               - 296 -



      # forwarding to a system that is a UUCP neighbor of a reachable

      # internet site.

      #

      swim!%s@gcc.groucho.edu    swim

      #

      # The following sends all mail for two networks through different

      # gateways (see the leading '.' ?).

      # In this example, "uugate" and "byte" are specific systems that serve

      # as mail gateways to the .UUCP and .BITNET pseudo-domains respectively

      #

      %s@uugate.groucho.edu           .UUCP

      byte!%s@mail.shift.com          .BITNET

      #

      #=================== end of pathtable =======================



      16.4.4  domaintable



      Domaintable  ᯮ, ⮡ 㤨 ஥ 

᫥ ⮣,   DNS ந襫.  ࠧ蠥  

⪨  㯭묨  筮 뢠 ⥬  ⥩,

 ⠪   ᮮ⢥饥 ⮬᪨.   ⠪

ᯮ짮, ⮡  ࠢ host     "

ࠢ ".

      設⢮ ⮢  㤥 㦤   室 domaintable.

騩 ਬ 뢠,   ࠢ  

ࠢ :



      #============= /usr/local/lib/mail/domaintable =================

      #

      #

      brokenhost.correct.domain         brokenhost.wrong.domain

      #

      #

      #=================== end of domaintable ========================



      16.4.5  aliases



      Aliases(ᯥ樠 ) ࠧ  饩:



                               - 297 -





+  ᯥ稢 ⪮   饨⭮   , 

㤥 ᮢ    讬  .



+  뢠 ணࠬ  ᮮ饭     ணࠬ.



+  뫠   䠩.



       ⥬ ॡ aliases  ⬠.

      ᥣ १砩    । aliases, 

뢠 ணࠬ    ணࠬ, ⠪  sendmail 

믮 setuid-root.

        䠩 aliases,    



      # /usr/lib/sendmail -bi



믮塞, ⮡ ନ஢ ॡ㥬 dbm ⠡.   ⠪

 믮,  믮  newaliases, 筮  cron.



      #--------------------- /usr/local/lib/mail/aliases ------------------

      #

      # demonstrate commonly seen types of aliases

      #

      usenet:           janet           # alias for a person

      admin:            joe,janet       # alias for several people

      newspak-users:  :include:/usr/lib/lists/newspak

      # read recipients from a file changefeed: | /usr/local/lib/gup

      # alias that invokes a program

      complaints:       /var/log/complaints

      # alias that writes mail to a file

      #

      # The following two aliases must be present to be RFC-compliant.

      # It is important to have them resolve to 'a person'

      # who reads mail routinely.

      #

      postmaster:       root            # required entry

      MAILER-DAEMON:  postmaster        # required entry

      #



                               - 298 -



      #-------------------------------------------------------------------



      16.4.6  ᯮ㥬 



      騥 ⠡ 㯭,  쭮  ᯮ.

  㬥樥,  室  sendmail + IDA 

஡⥩.



Uucprelays     uucprelays ᯮ  । " ⪮ " 

UUCP  ᮡ  ⭮ ,   ᯮ  १ 

host   , ᣥ஢,  ࠡ뢠  UUCP 

pathalias.



Genericfrom  xaliases     genericfrom 뢠  usernames  

 譥 ,  ⮬᪨ ८ࠧ() 

usernames  饭  ࠢ⥫,   ᮮ⢥

७ usernames.

      易 ⨫ xalparse ⮬⨧ ஦ 䠩 genericfrom 

䠩 aliases ⠪, ⮡  室騥  室騥 username ࠭樨

ந諨   䠩 xaliases.



Decnetxtable १뢠   ।    

decnet-⨫, 祭 宦  domaintable,  ᯮ짮, ⮡

१    ।     

।   smtp-⨫.



      16.5 ⠭ sendmail



       ⮬ ࠧ,  ᬮਬ  ⠭ ⨯筮 筮

। sendmail + IDA,     믮, ⮡ ᤥ

   㭪樮.

      饥 筮 । sendmail + IDA  Linux  

祭  sunsite.unc.edu  /pub/Linux/system/Mail.  ᫨   

࠭  sendmail,  ண ४, ⮡  ᯮ짮

sendmail5.67b + IDA1.5.

      ᫨  ନ sendmail  室,   ᫥

ᮢ⠬   README, 祭  室 ।. 騥

室 sendmail + IDA 㯭  vixen.cso.uiuc.edu. ⮡ ନ஢



                               - 299 -



sendmail + IDA  Linux,  ⠪ 㦤  Linux -ᯥ᪨ 䠩

䨣樨  newspak-2.2.tar.gz,   㯭  sun-

site.unc.edu  ⠫ /pub/Linux/system/Mail.

      ᫨  ।⥫쭮 ⠭ smail  㣮 ।⢮ 祭

,   㦭 㤠 ( २)  䠩  smail

 ᭮.



      16.5.1 祭 筮 ।



      砫,   ࠧ 䠩 娢  ஬ ᭮

ᯮ:



$ gunzip -c sendmail5.65b+IDA1.5+mailx5.3b.tgz | tar xvf -



      ᫨   "ᮢ६" tar, ਬ   Slackware, 

  ᤥ tar -zxvf filename.tgz     ᠬ १.

      ᯠ 娢 ᮧ ⠫,  sendmail5.65b +IDA1.5+

mailx5.3b.  ⮬ ⠫,  室 ⭮ 㤮 sendmail +

IDA  mailx.  paths 䠩  ⮣ ⠫ ࠦ ᯮ,

 䠩   ⠭, ⠪  ᭮ ⮢ 

tar:



      # cd sendmail5.65b+IDA1.5+mailx5.3b

      # tar cf - . | (cd /; tar xvvpoof -)



      16.5.2 ନ஢ sendmail.cf



      ⮡ ନ஢ 䠩 sendmail.cf, ஥  襣 㭪, 

 駤 䠩 sendmail.m4,  ࠡ   m4.  /usr/local/lib/mail/CF,

  ⨯ 䠩 뢠 sample.m4.   

yourhostname.m4,  ।, ⮡ ࠧ  襣 㭪.

       ⥪饬 ࠧ,    ⪨ ⪨  મ,

   .   ᠭ ⮣,   ,

,    ࠭ 㦤 sendmail.m4.



LOCAL MAILER DEF । 䠩,  । mailer 

쭮 祭 . . ࠧ " । 쭮 Mailer' "

.



                               - 300 -





PSEUDONYMS ।  , 襣 쭮 host.



DEFAULT HOST 頥    ஢ 

.      hostname  ᥩ 室饩 .



UUCPNAME 頥   ஢ hostnmae.



RELAY HOST  RELAY MAILER ᫨   UUCP smart-host

⠭ RELAY HOST  UUCP  襣 " ⥫㠫쭮

ᨬ " uucp ᥤ. ᯮ UUCP-A mailer, ᫨  

  ।  .



DEFAULT MAILER ᫨  室  Internet  ᯮ DNS, 

 ⠭   TCP-A.  ᮮ頥, ⮡ sendmail ᯮ짮

TCP-A mailer,  ।  १ SMTP ᯮ ଠ RFC

  .  Internet    ।

RELAY HOST or RELAY MAILER.



      ⮡ ᮧ 䠩 sendmail.cf, 믮 



      # make yourhostname.cf



       ࠡ⠥ 䠩 yourhostname.m4  ᮧ yourhostname.cf  .

      ⥬,   ஢,   䠩 䨣樨,  

ᮧ,  ,   .    ᫥  ࠧ.

      ᫨  㤮⢮७  , ᪮   

:



      # cp yourhostname.cf /etc/sendmail.cf



        ⥬ sendmail ⮢  ⢨.  ᫥

ப  ᮮ⢥饬 䠩 ᪠ ( /etc/rc.inet2).  

⠪ 믮  , ⮡   ⥯.



      # /usr/lib/sendmail -bd -q1h



      16.5.3 ஢ 䠩 sendmail.cf



                               - 301 -





      ⮡  " ஢ " ०,  뢠 sendmail  -bt

䫠.   㬮砭 䠩 䨣樨 - 䠩 sendmail.cf,

 ⠭  ⥬.   ஢ ୠ⨢ 䠩,

ᯮ -Cfilename .

       ᫥ ਬ,  ஢塞 vstout.cf 䠩 䨣樨,

ᣥ஢  䠩 vstout.m4.



      # /usr/lib/sendmail -bt -Cvstout.cf

      ADDRESS TEST MODE

      Enter <ruleset> <address>

      [Note: No initial ruleset 3 call]

      >



      騥  ࠭,  sendmail ᯮᮡ   

짮⥫ 襩 ⥬.    १   

  ᠬ  㪠뢠  쭮  ⥬  

mailer'.

      砫 ஢,   뫠  । 쭮 짮⥫.



      # /usr/lib/sendmail -bt -Cvstout.cf

      ADDRESS TEST MODE

      Enter <ruleset> <address>

      [Note: No initial ruleset 3 call]

      > 3,0 me

      rewrite: ruleset  3       input: me

      rewrite: ruleset  7       input: me

      rewrite: ruleset  9       input: me

      rewrite: ruleset  9       returns: < me >

      rewrite: ruleset  7          returns: < > , me

      rewrite: ruleset  3          returns: < > , me

      rewrite: ruleset  0       input: < > , me

      rewrite: ruleset  8       input: < > , me

      rewrite: ruleset 20       input: < > , me

      rewrite: ruleset 20       returns: < > , @ vstout . vbrew . com , me

      rewrite: ruleset  8       returns: < > , @ vstout . vbrew . com , me

      rewrite: ruleset 26       input: < > , @ vstout . vbrew . com , me

      rewrite: ruleset 26       returns: $# LOCAL $@ vstout . vbrew . com $: me



                               - 302 -



      rewrite: ruleset  0       returns: $# LOCAL $@ vstout . vbrew . com $: me



      뢮 뢠  sendmail ࠡ뢠  ७. 

砥 ࠧ ruleset,   , 뢠 㣮

ruleset  ।,  ࠧ   .

       襬 ਬ,  ।    ruleset 3  0 ( - 祭 

3,0  । ᮬ). ᫥ ப 뢠 㥬

 頥 ruleset 0.

      ⥬, ஢  짮⥫ 襩 ⥬  ᨭ⠪ᮬ UUCP.



      # /usr/lib/sendmail -bt -Cvstout.cf

      ADDRESS TEST MODE

      Enter <ruleset> <address>

      [Note: No initial ruleset 3 call]

      > 3,0 vstout!me

      rewrite: ruleset  3 input: vstout ! me

      [...]

      rewrite: ruleset  0 returns: $# LOCAL $@ vstout . vbrew . com  $: me >



      ⥬, ஢ , ᮢ 짮⥫ 襩 ⥬ 

ᨭ⠪ᮬ Internet  襬  ஢ hostname.



      # /usr/lib/sendmail -bt -Cvstout.cf

      ADDRESS TEST MODE

      Enter <ruleset> <address>

      [Note: No initial ruleset 3 call]

      > 3,0 me@vstout.vbrew.com

      rewrite: ruleset  3 input: me @ vstout . vbrew . com

      [...]

      rewrite: ruleset  0 returns: $# LOCAL $@ vstout . vbrew . com $: me >



         㯮      ,

  ।  PSEUDONYMS  ࠬ DEFAULT NAME 

襬 䠩 sendmail.m4.

      , ஢    ࠢ  襬 relay host.



      # /usr/lib/sendmail -bt -Cvstout.cf

      ADDRESS TEST MODE



                               - 303 -



      Enter <ruleset> <address>

      [Note: No initial ruleset 3 call]

      > 3,0 fred@moria.com

      rewrite: ruleset  3       input: fred @ moria . com

      rewrite: ruleset  7       input: fred @ moria . com

      rewrite: ruleset  9       input: fred @ moria . com

      rewrite: ruleset  9       returns: < fred > @ moria . com

      rewrite: ruleset  7       returns: < @ moria . com > , fred

      rewrite: ruleset  3       returns: < @ moria . com > , fred

      rewrite: ruleset  0       input: < @ moria . com > , fred

      rewrite: ruleset  8       input: < @ moria . com > , fred

      rewrite: ruleset  8       returns: < @ moria . com > , fred

      rewrite: ruleset 29       input: < @ moria . com > , fred

      rewrite: ruleset 29       returns: < @ moria . com > , fred

      rewrite: ruleset 26       input: < @ moria . com > , fred

      rewrite: ruleset 25       input: < @ moria . com > , fred

      rewrite: ruleset 25       returns: < @ moria . com > , fred

      rewrite: ruleset  4       input: < @ moria . com > , fred

      rewrite: ruleset  4       returns: fred @ moria . com

      rewrite: ruleset 26       retu rns  < @ moria . com > , fred

      rewrite: ruleset  0       returns: $# UUCP-A $@ moria $: < @ moria

                                                          . com > , fred >



       16.5.4 饭 ᥣ  -

              ⥣樮 ஢ઠ sendmail.cf  ⠡



       ஢ਫ   㤥  ⥫쭮   㬮砭

    㤥 ᯮᮡ  ᫠   

ᮢ . ⮡  ⠭,   室

ᮧ ᮮ⢥騥 dbm ⠡, ⮡  ⥫

 १.

      ᫥ ᮧ ⠡,  ॡ  襣 㭪,  ,

ࠡ  १ dbm ᮧ make  ⠫, ᮤঠ饬 ⠡.

      ᫨   ⮫쪮 UUCP 㧫,    ᮧ ⠡,

㯮  README.linux 䠩.  㤥  ⮫쪮 ࠢ

䠩 ⠪, ⮡ Make-䠩 ࠡ⠫.

      ᫨   UUCP   ࠧਢ  ⠬   

襬 smart-host,  㤥   室 uucpxtable  



                               - 304 -



(    ⠪ ன १ smart host)  믮 dbm 

ᬮ७ uucpxtable.

      砫,   㤮⮢   १  RELAY HOST,

뫠  १ RELAY MAILER.



      # /usr/lib/sendmail -bt -Cvstout.cf

      ADDRESS TEST MODE

      Enter <ruleset> <address>

      [Note: No initial ruleset 3 call]

      > 3,0 fred@sesame.com

      rewrite: ruleset  3       input: fred @ sesame . com

      rewrite: ruleset  7       input: fred @ sesame . com

      rewrite: ruleset  9       input: fred @ sesame . com

      rewrite: ruleset  9       returns: < fred > @ sesame . com

      rewrite: ruleset  7       returns: < @ sesame . com > , fred

      rewrite: ruleset  3       returns: < @ sesame . com > , fred

      rewrite: ruleset  0       input: < @ sesame . com > , fred

      rewrite: ruleset  8       input: < @ sesame . com > , fred

      rewrite: ruleset  8       returns: < @ sesame . com > , fred

      rewrite: ruleset 29       input: < @ sesame . com > , fred

      rewrite: ruleset 29       returns: < @ sesame . com > , fred

      rewrite: ruleset 26       input: < @ sesame . com > , fred

      rewrite: ruleset 25       input: < @ sesame . com > , fred

      rewrite: ruleset 25       returns: < @ sesame . com > , fred

      rewrite: ruleset  4       input: < @ sesame . com > , fred

      rewrite: ruleset  4       returns: fred @ sesame . com

      rewrite: ruleset 26       returns: < @ sesame . com > , fred

      rewrite: ruleset  0       returns: $# UUCP-A $@ moria $: < @ sesame

                                                           . com > , fred >



᫨   UUCP ᥤ ஬ 襣 RELAY HOST,  

࠭஢,      ᮮ⢥饥 . ,

ᮢ  ᨭ⠪ᮬ ⨫ UUCP  host,     

UUCP,    ।⢥   (᫨    ।頥

 室 domaintable). ਬ,  swim host - אַ ᥤ UUCP 

ᥤ.    swim!Fred sendmail  ந ᫥騩

१:





                               - 305 -



      # /usr/lib/sendmail -bt -Cvstout.cf

      ADDRESS TEST MODE

      Enter <ruleset> <address>

      [Note: No initial ruleset 3 call]

      > 3,0 swim!fred

      rewrite: ruleset  3       input: swim ! fred

      [...lines omitted...]

      rewrite: ruleset  0       returns: $# UUCP $@ swim $: < > , fred

      >



      ᫨   室 uucpxtable, ⮡ 㤨 祭  UUCP 

 UUCP ᥤ,  뫠  ⨫ Internet 

।  ,  ⠪   ஢७.



      # /usr/lib/sendmail -bt -Cvstout.cf

      ADDRESS TEST MODE

      Enter <ruleset> <address>

      [Note: No initial ruleset 3 call]

      > 3,0 dude@swim.2birds.com

      rewrite: ruleset  3 input: dude @ swim . 2birds . com

      [...lines omitted...]

      rewrite: ruleset  0 returns: $# UUCP $@ swim . 2birds $: < > , dude >



      16.6 ஢   ਥ 



      ,   㤨 ⥮ 䨣஢, ⠭, 

஢ sendmail + IDA,  ᬮਬ ᪮쪮 ⮢, ⮡

 ,   筮    .

      ⤠ ⥬  . 訡   ᡮ

⥫䮭 , । DNS ⠭ ࠢ쭮 -

祫᪮ 訡.   .  ⠪ ,

   ,  ॠ஢ , ⢥, 

᭮ ࠭ , ⥪ १ ୠ⨢ , 

⤠ ⥬  ⠢騪    ⠭

ଠ 㣨.

      ⠫쭠  ⮩  ।祭, ⮡ ᯥ 

襭ﬨ   묨 " ᪬ ﭨﬨ ஭

 ".



                               - 306 -





      16.6.1 뫪   ⤠ ⥬



      ⮡ ࠢ   ᯥ᪮ host   

祭 ⤠ ⥬,   ᯮ mailertable.

      ਬ, ⮡ ࠢ   backwood.org   㫨᭮

⥬ GATEWAY UUCP,  ⨫ ᫥騩 室  mailertable:



      UUCP-A,backdoor   backwood.org



      16.6.2   䨣஢ ⤠ 



      ,   Internet   ஡  祭  

-䨣஢ ⤠ .  ⤥ ਠ

⮩ ஡,  騩 ਧ -  । ⤠ ⥬

  ࠥ 㤠 .

       ஡   쭮  ⥬ 

 , ⮬   짮⥫     ⮬

  筮  ࠢ  ⥬  ᥬ  (  , 

 ⤠ , ⮡ ⠭ ஡). 

⮫쪮 ,     室 ⥫쭮 ⥫  㣮

       祫.

      䨣 ⤠ 㭪 -  ஡,  .   ,

㡥,   㭪 ᯮᮡ 易  -䨣஢

⤠ 㭪⮬. ᫨      ⠪  ⬠஬ 

⤠ 㭪,  ⮡ ⠭  䨣 ᢮६

ᯮᮡ,    樨.



+   㤨 ᫠   ⤠ ⥬ ᯥ譮,

, ⠪  ⤠ ⥬ -䨣஢, ⢥  ⤠

   ࠡ ...,    - ஡ ⤠ .

       ࠭ 娥      室

ᮮ饭 ⮫쪮 ᯮ 室 domaintable     host, 

ਢ  ࠢ ⨬ ଠ樨,  室   襣

㭪:



      braindead.correct.domain.com        braindead.wrong.domain.com





                               - 307 -



       !  mailertable ।   ⤠ 㭪,   

樨஢ 쭮   ⥬.  ,  

 ⮫쪮  , ⠪  ᮮ⢥騩  

㤥   㦨  ᮮ饭.



      TCP!braindead.correct.domain.com    braindead.wrong.domain.com



      16.6.3 ,  㤥 ६饭 १ UUCP



       쭮  ( ᯥ⨢ Internet),     

  Domain Name Service (DNS)  뫠   

஢묨  .

      ᫨ , 砥,  । १ UUCP ⠪ 㭪,  

㦤  ன 筮 ᮥ UUCP,   १ 

  㬮砭 mailer   " ᪠  "  hostname

१ uucpxtable.

      ⮡ 㦤 祭 १ UUCP  sesame.com,  ⨫

 ᫥饥   uucpxtable:



      # un-domainize sesame.com to force UUCP delivery

      sesame    sesame.com



       -  sendmail,   । (१ UUCPNODES  䠩

sendmail.m4)   ।⢥ ᮥ  ⤠ ⥬, 

㤥 ⠢  ।   祭 १ UUCP.



      16.6.4 ।饭 ।  १ UUCP



      ⨢ ᫮ ⠪ ந室.  ⥬  

  ᮥ UUCP,  । ᯮ    ⠪

  ᥣ 㯭    㬮砭 mailer  relay host.

      ਬ,  Seattle    ⥬,  

ࠧ । Linux १  UUCP,  

। ᪠.  ⥬   UUCP ⮫쪮 

室, ⠪   ॥    ᫠  १

騥 ( ᥣ 㯭)  .

        । 祭 UUCP   host,   

।⢥ ᮥ. ᫨ ⤠ ⥬  



                               - 308 -



஢  ,    室  domaintable:



      # prevent mail delivery via UUCP to a neighbor

      snorkel.com       snorkel



         宦  UUCP  FQDN,  ⠪ ࠧ

। ᮮ⢥⢨ ப UUCPNODES  䠩 sendmail.m4.

 -  㤥  १ RELAY MAILER  RELAY HOST (

DEFAULT MAILER).



      16.6.5 믮 । Sendmail  ॡ



       ࠡ⪨ ⠢  । ᮮ饭 , 

 "/usr/lib/runq ".  ⠢ sendmail 믮 । ,

    ᫥饣 㥬.



      16.6.6 ⨪ 



        㭪⮢ ( ᮭ) ᮢ ꥬ

, ।饩 , ,  १  㭪.   ᯮᮡ

। ⢮ 䨪 .

+ Sendmail 室  ⨫⮩, 뢠 mailstats,  ⠥ 䠩

뢠 /usr/local/lib/mail/sendmail.st  ᮮ頥 ᫮ ᮮ饭  ᫮

⮢, ६饭   mailer' ᯮ㥬  䠩 sendmail.cf.

 䠩   ᮧ  ஬  

ॣ樨 sendmail. 騥 ⥫  饭, 㤠  

ᮧ sendmail.st 䠩.  ᯮᮡ ⮨  ⮬, ⮡  ᫥饥:



      # cp /dev/null /usr/lib/local/mail/sendmail.st



+  ᠬ 訩 ᯮᮡ  ⢥  ⭮⥫쭮

⮣,  ᯮ   ᪮쪮 ꥬ 室 , ,  १ 

⥬, ⮨  ⮬, ⮡  ⫠   syslogd (8). ,

 砥 믮 /etc/syslogd daemon  襣 䠩 ᪠ ⥬

(   ᮧ  类 砥),   ப 

/etc/syslog.conf (5)   룫廊 ਬ୮:



      mail.debug                         /var/log/syslog.mail



                               - 309 -





      ᫨  ᯮ mail.debug  ࠢ   訥 ꥬ,

뢮 syslog   訬. 室 䠩  syslogd 

 ᤢ    ⠭⭮   crond (8).

        筮 㯭 ⨫,    ⮣

뢮 ॣ樨   syslogd.     ⨫ -

syslog-stat.pl,  perl,  ।  sendmail + IDA.



      16.7 訢  ⢥⢨  ।



         ⨭ ⠭⭮ 䨣樨 ࠭ᯮ

஭   । 祭     " ⨭

 ⠫. "

      ⢥⢥, 室 ࠭஢,   ࠧ 

⥬ (USENET , , TCP/IP) ਢ  ᯮ

쭮 ணࠬ 祭  (lmail, deliver,  ..), ⤠

ணࠬ 祭  (rmail),  ணࠬ ࠭ᯮ  (sendmail

 smail).  ।   ॣ஢, 

ᯮ짮    । ,  䠩 

⠫ . 饥 -  ஡,    

諮  묨 㯭묨 묨 ।ﬨ 

室.



+  ᨨ । NET-2 TCP/IP  㣨,

।  ணࠬ, 뢠 umail   sendmail.



+  ࠧ  elm  mailx,   ।⢮ 祭

/usr/bin/smail   sendmail.



+ Sendmail + IDA  ஥  mailer  deliver,  ,

  ᯮ  /bin,     ⨯筮 ᯮ Linux /usr/bin.



      16.8   ஡ ଠ



        ,    ᪠ ஡ ଠ

⭮⥫쭮 sendmail. . Linux MAIL Howto ॣ஢ ॣ୮

 comp.answers.  ⠪ 㯭   FTP  rtfm.mit.edu.

, ⥫쭮  室  sendmail + IDA.   ⠫



                               - 310 -



ida/cf  室 ⠫ 䠩 DBM-GUIDE, OPTIONS,  Sendmail.mc.



      17. Netnews



      17.1 Usenet ஭



       ⭮⥫쭮 ⥢ ⥩ 뫠 ஦  1979  

㤥 Tom Truscott  Jim Ellis 㬠  ᯮ짮 UUCP ⮡

ᮥ 設  楫 ଠ樮  । 짮⥫

Unix.  ⠭     設   ஫.

      ࢮ砫쭮, 䨪  ࠡ⠭ 冷  窨 (

१ᠭ  C),     뫨 饭  饬.  뫨

   "" ,  騩  ணࠬ

ᯥ祭 ⥩.

      ""    ࠧࠡ⠭, ⮡ ࠡ  祬 ᪮쪮

⥩  㯯  .  ꥬ த ,  뫮

१ᠭ ark Horton  Matt Glickman,   "B"  (a.k.a. Bnews).

 騩  Bnews  -   2.1  1982.  

뢭,  ⤥묨 묨 塞묨 ﬨ. 

 - Bnews 2.11.   ॢ.

      㣠 १ 뫠 믮  ᪠  1987 Geoff Collyer 

Henry Spencer;  -  " "C",   C.

       䥪⨢ -  C,   饥 ६

祭  設⢮ ॠ権 Linux.

       ᪨ ⥩  " " C " "  ० ᥣ 楫ࠢ

 ⥩ UUCP,    ᯮ짮  㣨 । ⠪.

䥪⨢ । ⥩  ﬨ  TCP/IP, DECNet ॡ

 奬.  뫮 稭 祬,  1986  " ⥢

⮪ । ⥩ '', NNTP.  ᭮  ⥢ ᮥ, 

।  , ⮡  ࠪ⨢ ० ।  ᪠

.

        nntp-᭮ ਫ, 㯭  .  

 - nntpd  Brian Barber  Phil Lapsley,

      㣨 NNTP  - INN,   Internet.    ।

,  ⥬ ⥩  ᮡ⢥묨 ࠢ.



      17.2   Usenet,  类 砥?





                               - 311 -



         ࠧ⥫ । ⭮⥫쭮 Usenet - ,

     ࣠樨,    業ࠫ ⥢

  ࠢ. ᪨,  -  Usenet ᢥ, ஬

孨᪮ ᠭ.    ।,  ,   ⮫쪮

᪠ 祬   .

       ᪮  㯮,  뫮 । Usenet 

㤭⢮ ⤥ ⮢,   Usenet

ﬨ.

        Usenet ⥩ - .    ⠪ 뢠

.  祭 宦  ଠ  , ⠭ 

Internet, ⠭ RFC 822,  ஬  ⮨  ⤥ ப ⥪,

 稭   , 襭 稥, ஥

ᮯ஢ 祭 . (1)

       ।⠢  ᬮ७    讥 ⢮

newsgroups.  ᬠਢ newsgroup 㬮  ⥩  ⭮襭

饣 ।.  newsgroups ࣠  娨,   

㯯, 㪠뢠騬   娨. ਬ,    

 newsgroup,  comp.os.linux.announce ᯮ  

⭮⥫쭮 樮 ⥬ Linux.



      17.3   Usenet ࠡ뢠 ?



      , Usenet   ஬ ࠧ஢. ,   

netnews 筮 ।  -  த 쥧 ⨤

⮢  . (2) 筮  ॡ   祬 

䠩.    ᬮਬ ᯮᮡ,  設⢮ ⥬

Unix ࠡ뢠 Usenet .

       । १  ࠧ묨 transports.  ᪠

। ᯮ UUCP,  ᥣ ᭮ 䨪   Internet.

ᯮ㥬  ⨧樨 뢠 

⨧樥:  㭪 ন  痢  㣮 .

 , ᣥ஢  祭 쭮 ⥬ ⥩

㤥 ᫠  .

      ⮡ ⫨   ᯮ 㡫, Usenet  

 ID ᮮ饭 (    Message-ID:), ஥

ꥤ  㭪 ॣ樨  ਩   " <serial@site> ''. 

 ࠡ⠭ , ⥬ ⥩ ॣ  ID  䠩

஭,  ஬ ஢  ਡ뢠騥 .



                               - 312 -



       ᫮ ⥩ 筮 ॡ, ⮡  㯮⮩ 奬 뫨

ᤥ 筥.   UUCP,    ਮ ६

ꥤ   䠩,  ᦨ  뫠 

⤠ 㭪.  뢠, ஢.

      ,  室  Internet    TCP/IP

ணࠬ ᯥ祭, ஥ ᯮ ⥢ ⮪ ।

⥩, NNTP.  ।   㧫  ᯥ稢 Usenet

  ⤥ 짮⥫.



      18. "C" 



          ⮢ ணࠬ  Netnews -  C.

 뫮 ࠧࠡ⠭  ⮢,      UUCP.

  㤨 業ࠫ  ⥩ C,  ᭮ ⠭ 

 ᮯ஢.

       C (C News) ࠭ 䠩 䨣樨  /usr/lib/news, 

設⢮ binaries  ⠫ /usr/lib/news/bin.  ࠭ 

/var/spool/news.   㤮⮢ 㠫쭮   䠩  

⠫ ਭ  짮⥫, 㯯 .

設⢮ ஡  १⮬ 䠩,  㯭

 ⥩ C.   ࠢ  , । ﬨ

짮⥫, ᯮ su ०, 祬   -  ⠬ .

⢥ ᪫祭 - setnewsids,  ᯮ, ⮡

⠭ ॠ id 짮⥫  ணࠬ ⥩. 

 ਭ root    setuid  ⮢.

        뢠  䠩 䨣樨 C News ஡, 

뢠 ,    , ⮡ ࠭  㭪 

ࠡ祬 ﭨ.



      18.1 ⠢ ⥩



          C News ⤥묨 ᯮᮡ. 

 짮⥫ ࠢ   , newsreader 筮

砥   inews,  蠥 ଠ . 

 ⤠ ,   筠   楫 , 

 rnews,  ࠭   ⠫ /var/spool/newsin.coming, 㤠

      ६ newsrun.     

⮤, ,  㤥  筮  祭  relaynews.



                               - 313 -



        ,  relaynews ஢, ᫨  㦥 뫠

祭  쭮 㭪,  id ᮮ饭  䠩 ஭. 

  ய饭. ⥬, relaynews ᬠਢ Newsgroups: ப

, ⮡ ᭨, 訢   㭪   

  㯯. ᫨   ,  㯯 ⥩ ᫥  ⮬

䠩, relaynews ஡ ࠭   ᮮ⢥饬 ⠫ 

 ࠭ ⥩. ᫨  ⠫  ,  㤥 ᮧ.

Id ᮮ饭  㤥 ॣ஢  䠩 ஭. ,

relaynews ய᪠ .

      ᫨ relaynews 㤥   ﭨ ࠭ 室 , ⮬

 㯯,  ன  뫠 ॣ஢,  ᫥  襬

⮬ 䠩,  㤥 ६  㯯 junk. relaynews ⠪

஢ ᢥ      ⪫ . 室騥 ,

  㤠   㣮 稭,  ६ 

/var/spool/news/in.coming/bad,  ᮮ饭  訡 ॣ.



      18.2 ⠭



      ⮡ ⠭ C News 室 ࠧ'tar' 䠩  

ᮮ⢥騥 , ᫨    ᤥ ⣮,  ।஢

䠩 䨣樨, ᫥ .   ᯮ 

/usr/lib/news.  ଠ  ᠭ  ᫥ ࠧ.

      ᫨   ।騬 㭪⮬ (㭪⮬ ),  㦤 

ப,  뫠  쭮 ᣥ஢  

饬.  騩 - moria, ⮣  ⥬ 䠩 

룫拉 ᫥騬 ࠧ:



        ME:all/all::

        moria/moria.orcnet.org:all/all,!local:f:



organization  襩 ࣠樨. ਬ, "㠫 ७

".  襩 ⭮ 設,  "  㭪 '',   -

, ,   室 . 設⢮   㤥

뢠  㭪 ࠢ쭮 ⪮䨣஢, ᫨   ந

 䠩.



newsgroups ...





                               - 314 -



mailname   襣 㭪, ਬ vbrew.com.

whoami  襣 㭪  楫 ⥩.  ᯮ  㭪

UUCP, ਬ vbrew.



explist    ।஢  䠩, ⮡ ࠧ 

ਢ஢ ६   ᯥ樠 newsgroups. ᪮

࠭⢮    ஫  ⮬.



      ⮡ ᮧ 砫  newsgroups,  active 

newsgroups 䠩  㭪,  । ,  ⠭  

/usr/lib/news.   to.* 㯯  active 䠩,   to.mysite 

to.feedsite, ⠪  junk  control. To.* 㯯 筮 ᯮ 

 ihave/sendme ᮮ饭ﬨ,    ᮧ  ᨬ 

⮣,    ᯮ짮 ihave/sendme  . ⥬,  

᫠   ஬  쥬  active, ᯮ ᫥ :



      # cp active active.old

      # sed 's/ [0-9]* [0-9]* / 0000000000 00001 /' active.old > active

      # rm active.old



        - 맮 sed (1),      Unix. 

맮   ப   ப 㫥  ப 000001,

ᮮ⢥⢥.

       祭, ᮧ ⠫  ࠭ ⥩  ⠫,

ᯮ㥬  室  室 ⥩:



      # cd /var/spool

      # mkdir news news/in.coming news/out.going

      # chown -R news.news news

      # chmod -R 755 news



      ᫨  ᯮ    C News,   

 ᮧ ⠫ out.master  ⠫ ࠭ ⥩.

      ᫨  ᯮ newsreaders  㣮 । 祬 C News, 

 室,    ࠭ ⥩ 

/usr/spool/news    /var/spool/news. ᫨  newsreader ,   室

, ᮧ ᭮  /usr/spool/news  /var/spool/news.

      ,  ⮢  .  ,   



                               - 315 -



 ᮧ  ⠫ ⫨   , ⮬ 

 ࠧ  C News 砥   㯯,  ன  

 ⠫,  ᮧ .

      C News 㦤  짮⥫, ஬  ᫠ ᮮ饭 

訡   ﭨ.  㬮砭,  - usenet. ᫨  ᯮ

祭  㬮砭,   ⠭ ᯥ樠 ࠢ  .

  ⠪ ⬥  ,  ⠭ ६ ।

NEWSMASTER  ᮮ⢥饥 .



      18.3 ⥬ 䠩



      ⥬ 䠩 sys ᯮ  /usr/lib/news, ࠢ 娥

祭  ।  㣮 .   㬥⠫

।⢠ ᮯ஢,  addfeed  delfeed,  㬠,  

ন  䠩 .

       sys ᮤন 室   㭪    ।

, ⠪  ᠭ 㯯,   ਬ. 室 룫廊





      site[/exclusions]:grouplist[/distlist][:flags[:cmds]]



      室   த ४ ᨬ ॢ ப,

ᯮ    (\).   (*) 砥 ਩.

      site   㭪  ஬ 室 ਬ.  筮

롨ࠥ  UUCP 㭪  ⮣.   室  襣 㭪

 䠩 sys,     㤥    ᠬ⥫쭮.

      樠쭮  㭪 ME 砥  㭪.

        C News ஢ 㭪 ⨢  㭪  Path:  ,

  㤮⮢,   ⢨⥫쭮 ᮮ⢥. 

 ᯮ   ஢    ⮬

,  ᯥ樠쭮  news.site.domain. ⮡ । 

 ⥩  ⮬       ᯨ ᪫祭,

⤥  묨.

       室, 饣  㭪 moria, ਬ,  㭪

ᮤঠ  moria/moria.orcnet.org.

      Grouplist - ⤥ ⮩ ᯨ᮪ 㯯  娩  ⮣

ᯥ᪮ 㭪.    ।,   䨪

娨 (⨯ comp.os   㯯,   稭  ⮣



                               - 316 -



䨪), 易⥫쭮 ᮯ஢ 祢 ᫮ all (ਬ

comp.os.all).

        㯯 ᪫砥  뫪, ਯ뢠 ⪨

᪫栭. ᫨ newsgroup ஢७ ⨢ ᯨ᪠, ᠬ 

ᮮ⢥⢨, ਬ. ਬ, ᫨ grouplist ᮤন



      !comp,comp.os.linux,comp.folklore.computers



       㯯  comp 娨  ᪫祭 comp.folklore.computers

  㯯  comp.os.linux     ⮬ 㭪.

      ᫨ 㭪 訢 ᫠  ,   砥  ᥡ,

   grouplist.

Distlist - ᬥ饭  grouplist  ⮩ ࠢ,  ᮤন ᯨ᮪

।,   ᫠. ,   ᪫

 ।,  ।   ⪮ ᪫栭. 

। 祭 all. 饭 distlist ࠧ㬥 ᯨ᮪ .

      ਬ,   ᯮ짮 ਡ⨢ ᯨ᮪ all,!Local,

⮡ । 뫪 ⥩  쭮 ᯮ짮

⤠ .

       筮  ࠩ   ।: world, 

    㬮砭 ᯮ㥬 । 

   । 짮⥫,  local.   㣨

।,    ன , , ࠭,  ..

 祭,   ।, ᯮ㥬 ⮫쪮 C News;  -

sendme  ihave,  ᯮ  sendme/ihave ⮪.



      



         ࠬ  feed.    ,

  ᫥饣:



F  䫠   ஢.



f   筮 F 䫠,   C News  ࠧ

室 ⮢  筮.



I  䫠 ⠢ C News ந ᯨ᮪ ⥩, 室 

ᯮ짮 ihave/sendme. ⥫  sys  batchparms



                               - 317 -



䠩 ॡ, ⮡   ihave/sendme.



n  ᮧ  䠩  active NNTP ⮢ । 

nntpxmit (.  19.).  䠩 ᮤঠ  䠩   

id ᮮ饭.



L  ᮮ頥, ⮡ C News । ⮫쪮 , ॣ஢ 

襬 㭪.  䫠  ᮯ஢  ᫮ n,

஥ ⠢ C News । , ॣ஢ ⮫쪮 

n 室  襣 㭪. C News । ᫮ 室  

Path:.



u  ᮮ頥 C News ਭ ⮫쪮   㯯 unmoderated.



m  ᮮ頥 C News ਭ ⮫쪮   㬥襭 㯯.

  ᯮ짮     F, f, I,  n.

cmds   ᮤন ,  㤥 믮   ,

᫨ ஢  ᪠.  㤥   

⠭⭮ .   ᯮ짮  祭  ⮪;

 㧪   ⥬ 㤥 ᫨誮 ᮪.

        㬮砭 



        uux - -r -z system!rnews



뢠 rnews  ⤠ ⥬,     ⠭⭮

.

        㬮砭  ᪠  ,   ⮬  -

/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/lib/news/bin/batch. ᫥ ⠫ ᮤন  

窨,   稭  via;  ⪮ ᠭ   ⮩ .

      ᫨ ஢ ᪠, ᯮ짮  F  f,  I  n

䫠, C News  室  䠩  ⮬ ,   . ᫨

 䠩  稭    ࠢ (/),  ਭ

⭮⥫쭮 /var/spool/news/out.going. ᫨  ,  祭 

㬮砭 system/togo.

       ⠭ C News,  㤥    

ᮡ⢥ 䠩 sys. ⮡    ⨬,   ⨯ 䠩 

vbrew.com ,  ண    ᪮஢ ,  祬 

㦤.



                               - 318 -





      # We take whatever they give us.

      ME:all/all::



      # We send everything we receive to moria, except for local and

      # brewery-related articles. We use batching.

      moria/moria.orcnet.org:all,!to,to.moria/all,!local,!brewery:f:



      # We mail comp.risks to jack@ponderosa.uucp

      ponderosa:comp.risks/all::rmail jack@ponderosa.uucp



      # swim gets a minor feed

      swim/swim.twobirds.com:comp.os.linux,rec.humor.oracle/all,!local:f:



      # Log mail map articles for later processing usenet-

      maps:comp.mail.maps/all:F:/var/spool/uumaps/work/batch



      18.4  active



       active ᯮ  /usr/lib/news   㯯,

  襬 㭪,    饥 ६ ࠪ⨢. 

। 㤥   ,   ᭨  ࠤ 祭.

室  ᫥ :



      newsgroup high low perm



      Newsgroup, 筮,  㯯. Low  high - ᠬ   ᠬ

᮪ ᫠ ⥩,  饥 ६ 㯭. ᫨    

㯭  饥 ६, low = high + 1.

      Perm - ࠬ, ⠫騩  짮⥫  ᨬ 

㯯.  ਭ   ᫥ 祭:



y 짮⥫ ࠧ ࠢ    ⮩ 㯯.



n 짮⥫  ࠧ ࠢ    ⮩ 㯯. ,

㯯    .



x  㯯 뫠 ஢ 쭮.  砥 , 



                               - 319 -



 ⥩ (  訥) 뢠 ,

ॣ஢   㯯.



      , 祭  ⮩ 㯯  ࠭ 쭮,  

᫠  ⠬,  訢 .

m  砥 㬥襭 㯯.  짮⥫ ஡

ࠢ    ⮩ 㯯, ⥫㠫 newsreader ᮮ

 ,  諥  ॣ .  ॣ ਭ

 䠩 ॣ஢  /usr/lib/news.

=real-group  ⬥砥 newsgroup   ᯥ樠  㣮

㯯,   real-㯯.  , ॣ஢  newsgroup

 ७祭  .

       C News,    㤥    ⮬ 䠩

।⢥. 㯯     㤠, 쭮

ᯮ addgroup  delgroup (.   ࠧ 18.10).  㯯

  㤠  ᥣ Usenet,  筮 ,  뫠

newgroup  rmgroup ᮮ饭 ࠢ, ᮮ⢥⢥.  

뫠 ⠪ ᮮ饭 ᠬ⥫쭮!    ⮬,  ᮧ

newsgroup, ⠩ 筨  news.announce.newusers.

      ,  易  active - active.times. 直 ࠧ,  㯯

ᮧ, C News ॣ ᮮ饭   䠩, ᮤঠ饥 

ᮧ 㯯,  ᮧ, 뫮   믮  ᮮ⢥⢨ c

ᮮ饭 ࠢ  㯯  쭮,   ᤥ .  -

 㤮⢠ newsreaders,   ᮮ 짮⥫ ⭮⥫쭮

  ᮧ 㯯.  ⠪ ᯮ 

NEWGROUPS NNTP.



      18.5 ஢ 



      Newsbatches ᫥  ᯥ᪨ ଠ⮬,   ⥬

 ᠬ  Bnews, C News,  INN.   । ப:



      #! rnews count



 count - ᫮ ⮢  .  ᯮ ⭮ ᦠ⨥,

騩  १ 䠩 ᦠ  楫,  ᮤন  ப 

ᮮ⢥⢨ c ᮮ饭, ஥ 㦭 ᯮ짮  ᯠ.

⠭⭮ ।⢮ ᦠ - 㯠騪,  ⬥祭



                               - 320 -





      #! cunbatch



      ,  室 뫠  १ ணࠬ

ᯥ祭 , ஥ 㤠,  쬮    , ᦠ

   饭, ᯮ,  뢠 c7-encoding;  

 ⬥祭 c7unbatch.

          rnews  ⤠ 㭪,  ஢ 

થ  ࠡ뢠  ᮮ⢥⢥.   ⠪

ᯮ 㣨 㬥⠫ ।⢠ ᦠ,  gzip, 

। ⠪ 䠩  zunbatch . C News  ᯮ

ଠ⨢   ⨬;    室,

⮡ ন .

       C News, ஢  믮

/usr/lib/news/bin/batch/sendbatches,   ᯨ᮪ ⥩  site/togo 䠩,

 頥   ⤥ newsbatches.    믮 ࠧ  

   ,  ᨬ  ꥬ 䨪.

       ࠢ batchparms 䠩  /usr/lib/news.  䠩

뢠 ᨬ  ࠧ,    㭪,

ணࠬ ஢  易⥫ ணࠬ ᦠ, 

㦭 ᯮ짮,  ࠭ᯮ  ⠢  ⮬ ⤠ 㭪.

  । ࠬ ஢, ⠪   

 㬮砭 ࠬ஢  ,   㯮⮣.

      ⮡ 믮 ஢  ᯥ᪮ 㭪, 

뢠  



      # su news -c "/usr/lib/news/bin/batch/sendbatches site"



       뢠  㬥⮢, sendbatches ࠡ뢠  

।.  "  "   ⢨  

㬮砭 室  batchparms. ᫨  ,  ⠫ 

/var/spool/news/out.going ஢, ,  横᪨ 室 

室  batchparms.  ,  sendbatches,  ᬮ

⠫ out.going,  ⮫쪮  ⠫,   ᮤঠ 

   (@)   㭪.

       ⠭ C News,   ⭮  batchparms 䠩 

襬 ।,  ᮤন ਥ  

㬮砭 室, ⠪       䠩. 



                               - 321 -



直 砩,  뢠 ଠ.  ப ⮨   ,

⤥塞 ஡  ⪠ ⠡樨:



      site size max batcher muncher transport



      祭   ᫥騥:

      site -  㭪,  ஬ ਬ 室. Togo 䠩  ⮣ 㭪

 ﭭ 室  out.going/togo.  㭪 /default/ 砥

  㬮砭 室.

      size - ᨬ ࠧ ᮧ ⮢ ⥩ (। ᦠ⨥). 

 ⥩  祬  ࠧ, C News  ᪫祭 

頥    .

      max - ᨬ쭮 ᫮ ⮢, ᮧ  㥬 

। । ஢  ⮣ ᯥ᪮ 㭪.

      C News । ᫮ ⠢  । ⮢, ᯮ

queulen   /usr/lib/news/bin.  newspak Vince Skahan' 

ᮤঠ   bnu-ᮢ⨬ UUCP. ᫨  ᯮ

ࠧ  spool ⠫, ਬ, Taylor UUCP,   

室   ᮡ⢥.

       batcher ᮤন , ᯮ㥬  ᮧ  

ᯨ᪠ ⥩  togo 䠩.  - 筮 batcher.  㣨 楫 

ᯥ稢 ୠ⨢ . ਬ, ihave/sendme ⮪

ॡ, ⮡  ᯨ᮪ ⥩  ॢ饭  ᮮ饭 ࠢ ihave

 sendme,  ॣ஢  newsgroup to.site.  믮

batchih  batchsm.

      muncher  । , ᯮ㥬  ᦠ. 筮,  -

compcun, ,  ந ᦠ .  ⢥

ୠ⨢,    ᯥ稢 muncher,  ᯮ gzip,

᪠ gzipcun (⮡  :     ।⢥).

  㤮⮢,  ᯠ騪  ⤠ 㭪

ࠢ, ⮡ ᯮ 䠩, ᦠ  gzip.

      ᫨ ⤠ 㭪    ᯠ,  

। nocomp,     ᦠ⨥.

      ᫥ , transport, 뢠 ࠭ᯮ,  㦭

ᯮ짮. 㯭 ᪮쪮 ⠭   ࠧ

transports,   稭  via. Sendbatches ।   㭪

   ப. ᫨ batchparms 室   /default/,  砥

 㭪   site,  㤠  ᫥饥,    



                               - 322 -



  ࠢ. ᫨ 室  /default/, ᯮ  ⠫

 out.going.

        ,  ᯮ uux, ⮡ 믮 rnews 

⤠ ⥬; viauux  viauuxz. ᫥ ⠭ -z 䫠 

(  ᨨ) uux, ⮡ ⬥ ᮮ饭 ᯥ  

। . 㣠 , viamail, 뫠  ⥩

짮⥫ rnews  ⤠ ⥬ १ .

         ᫥   㦭 ᯮ  

out.going/site   /usr/lib/news/bin/batch. 設⢮  - , ⠪, ⮡

   ᯮᠡ  㬥⠫ ।⢠ 

 ᮭ ॡ⥩.  뢠  㡮஢.

᮪ ⥩    ⠭⭮ ,  ந

  ⠭⭮ 뢮.  쭮 ।  muncher,  ⠪ .

       䠩  .



# batchparms file for the brewery

# site        | size   |max    |batcher  |muncher    |transport

#-------------+--------+-------+---------+-----------+-----------

 /default/      100000  22      batcher   compcun     viauux

 swim            10000  10      batcher   nocomp      viauux



      18.6 ॢ訥 



       Bnews, ॢ 믮 ணࠬ 뢠 expire, 

ਭ ᯨ᮪ newsgroups  㬥,   ᯥ䨪樥 ६

᫥ ண   .

      ,    ࠭    㯯  ᫥

⮣,   ५; ਬ,     ࠭ ணࠬ,

ॣ஢  comp.sources.unix.  뢠 娢஢. Explist

ࠧ蠥  ⬥ 㯯  娢஢.

      室  explist 宦  :



      grouplist perm times archive



      Grouplist - ⤥ ⮩ ᯨ᮪ newsgroups,   室

ਬ. 娨   । 䨪ᮬ  㯯,

易⥫쭮 ⥭஢  ᥬ. ਬ,  室,

饣  ᥬ 㯯  comp.os,     comp.os



                               - 323 -



 comp.os.all  grouplist.

       ॢ   㯯,  㤥 ஢७ ⨢ 

室  explist   浪.  ᮮ⢥騩 室

ਬ. ਬ, ⮡    comp ᫥ 

, ஬ comp.os.linux.announce,    ࠭  祭

,     室  ᫥,  ।

ᥬ- ਮ 砭, ᮯ஢ 室  comp, 

।  .

       perm ⠫, ᫨ 室 ਬ  㬥襭, 

 㯯.   ਭ 祭 m, u,  x, 

 㬥襭, 㬥襭,   ⨯.

       , times, 筮 ᮤন ⮫쪮 筮 ᫮.  - ᫮

 ᫥    ॢ, ᫨   뫨 祭,

⢥  砭   Expires   . 

,   - ᫮  뢠  㯫   㭪, 

   ॣ樨.

       times , ,   ᫮.    

  ᥫ, ⤥塞   㣠 窮. ࢮ 砥 ᫮

,   ன ०, 祬  ᬠਢ

⮬  砭.   ᯮ짮 祭 ⫨筮 

. ஥  - 㯮⮥   㬮砭 ᫮ 

᫥,   㤥 ॢ.   - ᫮  ᫥ 

 㤥 ॢ 筮, ᨬ  ⮣,    

Expires  . ᫨ ⮫쪮 । ᫮ , 㣨   祭 

㬮砭.    ।, ᯮ ᯥ樠 /bounds/

室,  ᠭ .

      ⢥⮥ , archive, 砥,   newsgroup 

娢஢,  . ᫨  娢஢  ।祭,

 ᯮ짮 窠. ,   ᯮ  

 (㪠뢠饥  ⠫),   (@).  砥  

㬮砭 ⠫ 娢,      doexpire,  ᯮ

-a 䫠   ப. ⠫ 娢  ਭ news.

 doexpire 娢  , ᪠ comp.sources.unix,  ࠭ 

 ⠫ comp/sources/unix  ⠫ 娢, ᮧ  ᫨  

. ⠫ 娢 ।⢥, ,  㤥 ᮧ.

        ᯥ樠 室  襬 explist 䠩,   doexpire

.  ᯨ᪠ newsgroups,   祢 ᫮ /bounds/ 

/expired/. 室 /bounds/ ᮤন 祭  㬮砭   祭



                               - 324 -



 ६, ᠭ .

       /expired/ ।,   C News 㤥 ᮤঠ ப 

䠩 ஭.  室, ⮬  C News  㤥 㤠

ப  䠩 ஭, ᫨ ᮮ⢥  ५,  㤥

ᮤঠ   砥, ᫨ 㡫  ਡ ᫥ ⮩ .

      ⮩ explist 䠩  쭮 묨 ࢠ 祭

ந :



      # keep history lines for two weeks. Nobody gets more than three months

      /expired/         x       14      -

      /bounds/          x       0-1-90  -

      # groups we want to keep longer than the rest

      comp.os.linux.announce    m       10      -

      comp.os.linux             x       5       -

      alt.folklore.computers    u       10      -

      rec.humor.oracle          m       10      -

      soc.feminism              m       10      -

      # Archive *.sources groups

      comp.sources,alt.sources  x       5       @

      # defaults for tech groups

      comp,sci          x       7       -

      # enough for a long weekend

      misc,talk         x       4       -

      # throw away junk quickly

      junk              x       1       -

      # control messages are of scant interest, too

      control           x       1       -

      # catch-all entry for the rest of it

      all               x       2       -



       ॢ  C News,   ⥭樠 ஡ 

⪥. ਬ,  newsreader       䠩

active,  ᮤন ᫮ ᠬ  ࠪ⨢ . 

祭 , C News    . ᫨   ⮡

 , ।⠢﫮 ॠ ,   믮

ணࠬ, 뢠 updatemiin ᫥  믮 doexpire.



      18.7 ࠧ 



                               - 325 -





        䠩,  ࠢ  C News,  

⢥  㭪樮஢.   ﭭ 室 

/usr/lib/news.  襬  ⪮.



newsgroups  - 䠩 騩 active,  ᮤন ᯨ᮪ 

newsgroup,   ⪨ ᠭ ᭮ ।.  䠩

⮬᪨ ,  C News 砥 ᮮ饭

ࠢ checknews (. ࠧ 18.8).



localgroups ᫨     㯯, ⠪    ,

⮡ C News  ⭮⥫쭮 ,  ࠧ   砥

checknews ᮮ饭,     ᠭ  ⮬ 䠩, 筮 ⠪

      newsgroups.



mailpaths  䠩 ᮤন  ॣ   㬥襭

㯯.  ப ᮤন  㯯, ᮯ஢ ᮬ email

ॣ (⤥ ⪮ ⠡樨).

       ᯥ樠 室 ᯥ稢  祭  㬮砭. 

  ⥢.  ᯥ稢 ---   bang-path --- ⥬ 

ᠬ   㭪,  㭪,   RFC 822

 (user@host).

        㤥   ⥢ 室, ᫨   smail 

sendmail, ⮬    RFC 822 - .

       室 ᯮ 直 ࠧ,  짮⥫ ࠢ 

  㬥襭 㯯, 祩 ॣ  ᫥ . ᫨ 

newsgroup -- alt.sewer,   室 ᮤন path!%s, C News ࠢ 

   path!alt-sewer, ,   設 ᯮᮡ ।

. ⮡ ᭨   ᯮ짮, 

 ⥩  㭪,  । .   ⠪

ᯮ짮 uunet.uu.net!%s.



distributions  䠩  䠩 C News,   ᯮ 묨

newsreaders,  nntpd.  ᮤন ᯨ᮪ ।, ᯮ 訬

㭪⮬,  ᠭ (஥) ⥩. ਬ, 㠫

७   ᫥騩 䠩:



                        world           everywhere in the world



                               - 326 -



                        local           Only local to this site

                        nl                  Netherlands only

                        mugnet         MUGNET only

                        fr                  France only

                        de                  Germany only

                        brewery        Virtual Brewery only



log  䠩, ᮤন 䠩 ॣ樨  ⢨ C News. 

뢠 ॣ୮, 믮 newsdaily;   ॣ樮

䠩 ࠭  log.o, log.oo,  ..



errlog  - 䠩 ॣ樨  ᮮ饭  訡, ᮧ C News.

   娥 ,  ..  䠩 㤥 ࠢ   

newsmaster (usenet  㬮砭) ⮬᪨ newsdaily, ᫨  -.

Errlog 頥 newsdaily.   ࠭  errlog.o  . .



batchlog  ॣ  믮 sendbatches.  筮 

ᥭ.  ⠪   newsdaily.



watchtime  - ⮩ 䠩, ᮧ  ࠧ  믮

newswatch.



      18.8 饭 ࠢ



      Usenet ⮪ ⥩  ᯥ樠  ⥩, 

뢠  ⢥  ⢨ ⥬ ⥩. 

뢠 ᮮ饭ﬨ ࠢ.  ᯮ ⢨ 

Control   , ஥ ᮤন  樨 ࠢ,

 㦭 믮.  ⤥ ⨯  権, 

ࠡ뢠  窨, ᯮ묨  /usr/lib/news/ctl.

      設⢮   믮  ⢨ ⮬᪨  ६

ࠡ⪨  C News,  ⮣, ⮡ 㢥 newsmaster. 

㬮砭, ⮫쪮 checkgroups ᮮ饭  祭 newsmaster,  

  ,  । .



      18.8.1 饭 ⬥



       ப ⭮ ᮮ饭 - ⬥, ன 짮⥫



                               - 327 -



 ⬥ , ᫠ ࠭.  ⢨⥫쭮 㤠 

 ⠫ spool, ᫨  . 饭 ⬥ 㤥 ᫠ 

ᥬ ⠬,     ⠪ 㯯, ᨬ 

⮣, 뫠   祭 㦥  . 㦭 ਭ  

 ⮣,  ࢮ砫쭠  뫠 祭 ᬮ 

ᮮ饭 ᮪饭.  ⥬ ⥩ 

짮⥫ ⬥ ᮮ饭 㣮 祫;  - 筮

। .



      18.8.2 Newgroup  rmgroup



       ᮮ饭    ᮧ  㤠 newsgroups - 

newgroup  rmgroup. Newsgroups  " 筮 " 娨  

ᮧ ⮫쪮 ᫥ ⮣,  㦤  ⢥ত 뫮 ஢

। Usenet ⥫. ࠢ, 騥  alt 娨 뢠 

-   娨.  ஡ ଠ樨 . ॣ

ॣ樨  news.announce.newusers  news.announce.newgroups.  

뫠 newgroup  rmgroup ᮮ饭 ᠬ⥫쭮, ᫨ 

।  ,   .



      18.8.3 Checkgroups 饭



      Checkgroups ᮮ饭 뫠 ࠬ ⥩, ⮡

  ⮢   ᨭ஭஢  䠩 active  䠪⠬

Usenet. ਬ, ᪨ ⠢騪  Internet   ᪠

⠪ ᮮ饭    稪.  ࠧ   "樠쭮"

checkgroups ᮮ饭   娩 ॣ஢ 

comp.announce.newgroups  ॣ஬. ,  ॣ஢, 

筠 ,    ࠢ饥 ᮮ饭. ⮡ 믮

 checkgroups, ࠭    䠩, ᪠ /tmp/check, 㤠

  砫 ᮮ饭 ࠢ ।⢥,  ।  

checkgroups , ᯮ ᫥ :



#   su   news  -c  "/usr/lib/news/bin/ctl/checkgroups"  < /tmp/check



         newsgroups 䠩,  㯯, ᫥

 localgroups.  newsgroups 䠩 㤥 ६  newsgroups.bac.

 ,  ॣ ᮮ饭 쭮 । 㤥



                               - 328 -



ࠡ, ⮬  inews ⪠뢠 ਭ   .

      ᫨ C News 室 ᮮ⢥⢨  ᯨ᪮ checkgroups  䠩

active,  ந ᯨ᮪ ,  ୨  㭪, 

ᮮ   ⥩. 뢮 筮 室  :



      From news Sun Jan 30 16:18:11 1994

      Date: Sun, 30 Jan 94 16:18 MET

      From: news (News Subsystem)

      To: usenet

      Subject: Problems with your active file



騥 newsgroups  ⨬    㤠.



        alt.ascii-art

        bionet.molbio.gene-org

        comp.windows.x.intrisics

        de.answers



   ,  믮 :



/usr/lib/news/bin/maint/delgroup alt.ascii-art

/usr/lib/news/bin/maint/delgroup bionet.molbio.gene-org

/usr/lib/news/bin/maint/delgroup comp.windows.x.intrisics

/usr/lib/news/bin/maint/delgroup de.answers



      騥 newsgroups ⢮.



        comp.binaries.cbm

        comp.databases.rdb

        comp.os.geos

        comp.os.qnx

        comp.unix.user-friendly

        misc.legal.moderated

        news.newsites

        soc.culture.scientists

        talk.politics.crypto

        talk.politics.tibet





                               - 329 -



        砥 ⠪ ᮮ饭  襩 ⥬ ⥩, 

뢠  ᫥.  ᨬ  ⮣,  ᫠ checkgroups

ᮮ饭,   뢠 ⮪ ᪮쪨 㯯  

 娩; ⠪     ஦ ⭮⥫쭮 㤠

 㯯. ᫨  室 㯯,  ᫥  騥 

     襬 㭪,    , ᯮ

addgroup . ࠭ ᯨ᮪  㯯  䠩 

।  ᫥饩 让 :



  #!/bin/sh

  cd /usr/lib/news



  while read group; do

      if grep -si "^$group[[:space:]].*moderated" newsgroup; then

           mod=m

      else

           mod=y

      fi

      /usr/lib/news/bin/maint/addgroup $group $mod

  done



      18.8.4 sendsys, version,  senduuname



       祭,   ᮮ饭,   ᯮ짮,

⮡ ᭨ ⭮⥫쭮 ⮯ .  - sendsys, version,  senduu-

.  ⠢ C News  ࠢ⥫ 䠩 sys, 

ணࠬ ᯥ祭,  뢮 uuname (1), ᮮ⢥⢥. C News -

祭 筮 ⭮⥫쭮 ᮮ饭 version;  頥 

襭 "C".

      ,     뤠 ⠪ ᮮ饭, ᫨  

㢥७,     । 襩 (ॣ쭮) . ⢥

sendsys ᮮ饭     UUCP.



      18.9 C News  NFS ।



      ⮩ ᯮᮡ ।   쭮  ⮨ 

⮬, ⮡ ࠭    業ࠫ쭮 host,  ᯮ஢

५ ⠫ १ NFS, ⠪, ⮡ newsreader  ᬠਢ



                               - 330 -



 ।⢥. २⢮ ⮣ ⮤  NNTP - , 

ந⥫ , 砥  ᪥  த ⪨

⥩  ⥫쭮 . NNTP,  㣮 ஭,  

ࠧத ,  㤮  ப ।  ,

  짮⥫    ࠢ  設 ࢥ.

       ᯮ짮 NFS, , ॣ஢  쭮 host

  ᫠  業ࠫ쭮 設. ,    

   spool ⥩,  ᯮ  ⮫쪮  ⥭, 

ॡ 뫪  業ࠫ쭮 設, ⠪.

      C News ࠡ뢠  祢.   ࠢ  

,  newsreader 筮 뢠 inews, ⮡    ⥬

⥩.   믮  ஢ப  , 蠥

,  ஢ 䠩 ࢥ  /usr/lib/news. ᫨  䠩

  ᮤন hostname ⫨   쭮 host, inews

뢠   host ࢥ १ rsh.   inews  ᯮ 

   䠩 প  C News,   ⠪  C

News, ⠭ 쭮,  ⠭ ணࠬ ᯥ祭

⥩  ࢥ.

      ⮡ rsh 맮 ࠡ⠫ ࠢ쭮,  짮⥫  

 室  ⥬ ࢥ,   室   

ॣ஢    ஫.

      ⮢,  hostname,   ࢥ 㪢쭮 ᮮ⢥

뢮  hostname (1)  設 ࢥ,  C News 㤥

横 ᥣ  ⪥  .



      18.10 㬥⠫ ।⢠ ஢  



      ᬮ  ᫮ C News,   ⥩ 

 쭮 , ⮬  C News ᯥ稢  ७

ࠧࠧ 㬥⠫ । ᮯ஢.   

।祭, ⮡  믮묨 ॣ୮  cron, 

newsdaily. ᯮ짮   ⥫쭮 㬥蠥 

   ॡ 襩 ⠭ C News.

      ᫨  ⠭ ,   ᯮ 

/usr/lib/news/bin/maint.  ,     짮⥫

। 맮  .  믮   㯥-짮⥫ 

䠩   㯭묨 C News.





                               - 331 -



newsdaily  㦥 :  믮  ࠧ  .  - 

,    ࠭ ॣ樮 䠩 묨,

࠭    ᫥  믮.  ⠪

஡ 뢠  ,  ᢥ ⠬  室

 室 ⠫, ॣ樨   㯯,  ..

騥  १ ᮮ饭  訡  ࠢ  

 newsmaster.



newswatch  - ,    믮 ॣ୮, ⮡

᪠   ⥬ ⥩,  ࠧ     ⮣. 

।祭 㦨 ஡,   

।⢥ 䥪  ⨢ 襩 ⥬ ⥩ 

ࠢ    ஡  newsmaster. ⬥砥 

 ᢥ 䠩 ஢,   㤠, ⮬᪨

室 ,  ⮪ ᪮ ࠭⢠.



addgroup  㯯  襬 㭪 쭮. ⢥騩

맮



                addgroup groupname y|n|m|=realgroup



      ன 㬥    ᠬ 祭  䫠  䠩 active, 

  ࠢ    㯯 (y),     ࠢ

  (n),   㬥襭 (m),     ᯥ樠쭮 

㣮 㯯 (=realgroup).

         ⠪ ᯮ짮 addgroup,     

ᮧ 㯯 ਡ뢠 ࠭ 祬 ᮮ饭 ࠢ newgroup,

஥ ।祭, ⮡ ᮧ .



delgroup n  㤠 㯯 쭮. 맮  



                delgroup groupname



          㤠 ,    ⠫ spool. 

⢥ ୠ⨢,    ⠢  ࠫ쭮 室

ᮡ⨩ (a.k.a. Expire) ⮡ 㤠 .



addmissing  騥   䠩 ஭. 믮



                               - 332 -



 ,   , , ,   ᥣ.



newsboot     믮  砫쭮 㧪

⥬.  㤠  䠩 ஢, ⠢, 

ࠡ稪 ⥩ 㭨⮦  ⨨ ⥬,  뢠 

믮  , ⠢  NNTP ᮥ,  뫨

襭  ⨨ ⥬.



newsrunning  ﭭ 室  /usr/lib/news/bin/input,  

ᯮ짮, ⮡ ⪫ ஢ 室 ⥩,

ਬ  祭 ࠡ.   몫 ஢ 맮



         /usr/lib/news/bin/input/newsrunning off



 砥, ᯮ on  off.



      19. ᠭ NNTP



      19.1 



      - ࠧ筮 ⥢ ᯮ㥬 ࠭ᯮ, NNTP

ᯥ稢(।ᬠਢ) ⥫쭮 ⫨ 室  

⥩ C News. NNTP 頥 " ⥢ ⮪ । ⥩ '', 

ᯥ᪨  ணࠬ.

          ᪨, 뫠 

ࠢ   . 稥  뫪  ॣ樥 - ,

 ᫥     襭 ଠ樥

.    ᯮ짮 ன । ⥩

⠪  newsreaders.   NNTP ॢ室 ।⢮ 

ᯥ祭 㯠      쭮 .

      NNTP ⠪ ᯥ稢 ⨢  ᨢ ᯮᮡ ।

⥩,  뢠 " pushing "  " pulling ". ⠫ (pushing) - 

᭮ ⮦  C News ihave/sendme ⮪.  । 

ࢥ १ " IHAVE <varmsgid> ",  ࢥ 頥  ⢥, 

㪠뢠,    㦥 ,  ᫨  ॡ. ᫨ ⠪, 

뫠 , 襭 筮 窮  ⤥쭮 ப.

      ⠫ ⥩   ⮪ -  뢠 殮

㧪  ⥬ ࢥ, ⠪    ᪠   



                               - 333 -



஭   .

      ⨢ ⮤ - ६(pulling) . 

訢 ᯨ᮪  㯭 ⥩  㯯,  ਡ뫨 ᫥

 .   믮  NEWNEWS. 

饭 ᯨ᪠ 筮 ᮮ饭,  롨ࠥ  ,

    , ᯮ  ARTICLE     

।.

      ஡  ६饭 ⥩ ⮨  ⮬,  ॡ ⭮

ࠢ ࢥ஬, ஥   訢 㯯 

।. ਬ,   㤮⮢,  

䨤樠 ਠ   newsgroups  ᫠

ᠭ樮஢ .

       ⠪   㤮⢠  newsreaders,  ࠧ 

᪨    ⥫ ⤥쭮,    ப

  ஬⪠ ⥩.  ᪠ , ࠭  

⭮⥫쭮 業ࠫ쭮 host,  ᥬ 짮⥫ﬨ , ᯮ

nntp-᭮ ᪨ ணࠬ  ⥭  ॣ樨.  -

ୠ⨢  ᯮ ⠫ ⥩ १ NFS,  ᠭ 

 18 ..

       ஡ NNTP ⮨  ⮬,    

ᢥ ᯥ樠 ⠢   ⮪ ⥩  

ᯥ䨪樥 ࠢ⥫.  뢠 ﬨ faking. ७ 

NNTP  ॡ ⠭  짮⥫ 

 .

        㯭 NNTP ⮢.    ப

 - NNTP daemon, ⠪   ॠ 뫪.

ࢮ砫쭮,  ᠭ Stan Barber  Phil Lapsley, ⮡ ஢

஡ RFC 977.  ᮢ६  - nntpd-1.5.11, ᠭ

.   ⠪  室  ஢ 

।⢥.

      Nntpd  ⮨  ࢥ   ⮢  ६饭 

⠫ ⥩, ᮮ⢥⢥, ⠪  inews .   

Bnews ।,   訬 ﬨ,   ⫨  C news,

⠪. , ᫨   ᯮ짮 NNTP   祬

। newsreaders 㯠  襬 ࢥ ⥩, ॠ

뫪   ⢨⥫쭮 .  ᫥⥫쭮 㤨 ⮫쪮

NNTP daemon ᮤঠ騩  nntpd ,   ⥬ ᪨ ணࠬ.





                               - 334 -



      19.2 ⠭ NNTP ࢥ



      NNTP ࢥ 뢠 nntpd,   ஢ 

ᯮᮡ,  ᨬ   㧪  ⥬ ⥩. 

  ⪮஢ ᨩ, -  㭪-

ᯥ᪨ 祭  㬮砭,   ⪮

஢묨  믮 ணࠬ.  䨣 믮

१ મ definines  common/conf.h.

      Nntpd   䨣஢   ⮭ ࢥ, 

᪠  砫쭮 㧪 ⥬  rc.inet2,   daemon

ࠢ塞 inetd.  ᫥ 砥    ᫥騩 室 

/etc/inetd.conf:



      nntp    stream  tcp nowait      news    /usr/etc/in.nntpd    nntpd



      ᫨  䨣 nntpd  ⮭, 㤮⮢,  

⠪ ப  inetd.conf ப஢.   砥,  

㤮⮢,   ᫥ ப  /etc/services:



      nntp    119/tcp   readnews untp    # Network News Transfer Protocol



      ⮡ ६ ࠭  室騥 ,  ., nntpd ⠪

㦤  a ⠫ .tmp  襬 spool ⥩.   ᮧ 

ᯮ



      # mkdir /var/spool/news/.tmp

      # chown news.news /var/spool/news/.tmp



      19.3 ࠭祭 NNTP 㯠



        NNTP ᠬ ࠢ 䠩 nntp access  /usr/lib/news.

ப  䠩 뢠 ࠢ 㯠, ।⠢ ࠭

 .  ப  ᫥騩 ଠ:



        site   read|xfer|both|no    post|no      [!exceptgroups]



      ᫨  ᮥ  NNTP ⮬, nntpd, ⠥ 

 ஢     IP  ᪮.



                               - 335 -



         Hostname    IP ஢७ ⨢  site  室

 浪,  ஬    䠩. ⢥⢨   

  . ᫨ 室 ᮮ⢥ 筮,  ਬ; ᫨

ᮮ⢥⢨ 筮,  ਬ, ⮫쪮 ᫨   

㣮 ᮮ⢥⢨. 㭪   ।   ᫥

ᯮᮡ:



hostname  -  ஢   host. ᫨ 

ᮮ⢥ ᪨ hostname  㪢쭮, 室 ਬ,

  ᫥騥 室 .



IP address  -  IP  筮  ⢥ન. ᫨  IP 

ᮮ⢥ ⮬, 室 ਬ,   ᫥騥 室

.



domain name  -  ,   *.domain. ᫨ hostname 

ᮮ⢥  , 室 ᮮ⢥.



network name  -    ।  /etc/networks. ᫨ ⥢ ᫮

 IP  ᮮ⢥ ⥢ , 易  ⥢

, 室 ᮮ⢥.



default  祭  㬮砭 ᮮ⢥  .



      室   饩 ᯥ䨪樥 㭪   ।

࠭.

      ஥    뢠 ࠢ 㯠, ।⠢ .

஥ ⠫ ࠢ, ⮡ ᪠ , ६ (read), 

। ,  ⠫ (xfer).   ।⠢ 

ࠢ ࠢ   ,     襭

ଠ樥 ,  襭 ணࠬ ᯥ祭

⥩. ᫨ ஥  ᮤন No,  ,  .

      ⢥⮥  易⥫쭮,  ᮤন ⤥ ⮩ ᯨ᮪

㯯,  ⪫ 㯮  .

      ਬ nntp 䠩 㯠 뢠 :



      #

      # by default, anyone may transfer news, but not read or post



                               - 336 -



      default             xfer            no

      #

      # public.vbrew.com offers public access via modem, we allow

      # them to read and post to any but the local.* groups

      public.vbrew.com    read            post    !local

      #

      # all other hosts at the brewery may read and post

      *.vbrew.com         read            post



      19.4 NNTP 襭



        ய묨 㪢 ᥬ(થ஢) 㯠  xfer

 read  nntp access 䠩, nntpd ॡ ࠧ襭   

ᮮ⢥⢥ 権. ਬ,  । ࠢ Xfer 

XFER, nntpd  㤥 ᪠ ᪨   襬 㭪, ᫨  

। ࠧ襭.

      楤 ࠧ襭 믮 ।⢮   NNTP,

 AUTHINFO.  ᯮ짮 ⮩ ,  ।

 짮⥫  ஫  NNTP ࢥ. Nntpd ஢ ࠢ쭮 ,

஢  ⨢   /etc/passwd,  ஢,  짮⥫

ਭ 㯯 nntp.

       ॠ NNTP ࠧ襭 ⮫쪮 ᯥਬ⠫쭠,  

뫠 믮 祭 ७ᨬ.  - ,   ࠡ⠥ ⮫쪮 

  ஫   ⨫; ⥭ ஫  

ᯮ.



      19.5 Nntpd ⢨  C News



       祭 , nntpd  ਯ   ⥬ ⥩.

 ᨬ  ⮣, 뫮   祭  १  IHAVE

 POST,  祭 rnews  inews, ᮮ⢥⢥.  ⮣, ⮡

뢠 rnews,   ⠪ 䨣஢ rnews ( ६

樨) ஢ 室騥   ६ 騥 

१   /var/spool/news/in.coming,     relaynews,

⮡    ᫥饩 믮 ।.

      ⮡  ᯮᮡ ࠢ쭮 믮 ihave/sendme ⮪, nntpd

  ᯮᮡ   䠩 ஭.  ६

樨,  ᫥⥫쭮  㤮⮢,    ⠭



                               - 337 -



ࠢ쭮.   ⠪ 㤮⮢,  C news  nntpd

ਢ  ଠ 襣 䠩 ஭. C news ᯮ dbm

-㭪樨, ⮡   ; ,  ஥ ᫮

⫨   ᮢ⨬ ॠ権 dbm ⥪. ᫨ C news

 易  ࠧ筮 dbm ⥪ 祬 ,   襬 ⠭

libc,    nntpd  ⮩ ⥪, ⠪.

       ਧ ⮣  nntpd  C news  ᮣ ⭮⥫쭮

ଠ   - ᮮ饭  訡  䠩 ॣ樨 ⥬,

 nntpd     ࠢ쭮,   , 祭

१ NNTP. 訩      襩  spool,

ᤥ telnet  nntp ,  ।,   nntpd    ਬ

. 筮,    <msg@id>  ID-ᮮ饭 ,

   ।  nntpd ᭮.



      $ telnet localhost nntp

      Trying 127.0.0.1...

      Connected to loalhost

      Escape characters is '^]'.

      201 vstout NNTP[auth] server version 1.5.11t (16 November

      1991) ready at Sun Feb 6 16:02:32 1194 (no posting)

      IHAVE <msg@id>

      435 Got it.

      QUIT



        뢠 ᮮ⢥ ॠ nntpd; ᮮ饭 "Got

it" ᮮ頥 ,  㦥   . ᫨  砥 ᮮ饭

"335 Ok" ,   䠩 ஭, ௥ 㤠  

稭.    Ctrl-D.   ஢,  諮

ࠢ쭮,  ஢ 䠩 ॣ樨 ⥬; nntpd ॣ 

 ᮮ饭  syslog. ᮢ⨬ dbm ⥪ 筮 

 ᮮ饭, 饬  dbminit ௥ 㤠.



      20. 䨣 Newsreader



      Newsreaders ।祭, ⮡ । 㭪樮

,   짮⥫   㭪

⥬ ⥩ ,  ॣ樨 ⥩,  ᬠਢ

ᮤন newsgroup 㤮 ᯮᮡ. ⢮ ⮣ 䥩 ।



                               - 338 -



᪮ ᯮ஢.

        newsreaders,  뫨 ७ᥭ  Linux.   

뢠  ⠭    ,   tin,

trn,  nn.

         䥪⨢ newsreaders 



$ find /var/spool/news -name '[0-9]*' -exec cat {} \; | more



       - ᯮᮡ,  Unix ⠥ .

        newsreaders, ,    ᫮. 

筮 । ࠭ 䥩  ⤥묨 ஢ﬨ 

⮡ࠦ  㯯,   짮⥫ ᠫ, 

⮡ࠦ ⪮   ⥩   㯯.  

㠫 ⥩.

       ஢ newsgroup, 設⢮ newsreaders ⮡ࠦ ᯨ᮪ ⥩,

뢠  稭 ப,  .   㯯, 

  짮⥫, ⮡ ᫥  ﬨ  ⭮襭 

㣠,   ஢ ⢥   ࠭ .

      ⢥ 筮  ࢮ砫 ⥬ , 稭  " " Re: ''.

      ,   㤥 ⠫஢ ,  䥩 짮⥫

ନ஢.  newsreaders,  饥 ६ 㯭  Linux 

 㭪 ࠢ, ⠪    ᫥  ᠬ.

       ᫥饬,  㤥   ⮫쪮  ⨢묨

砬. 設⢮  ᠥ ᮧ    .



      20.1  䨣 tin



       㭨ᠫ newsreader - tin.  ᠭ Iain Lea  - ᢮

஥   ஬ newsreader,  .

       486DX50,   ਡ⥫쭮 30 ᥪ㭤, ⮡  1000 ⥩

 ⥭ ।⢥  ᪠.  NNTP  㦥 ࢥ

⥩,  뫮  -  5 .   筨 ,

ॣ୮    䠩  -u 樥,   뢠 tin  -

U 樥.

      筮, tin ନ     室 ⠫ 짮⥫

 .tin/index.     ண  ନ ᮢ, ⠪

⮡  ⥫ ࠭     業ࠫ쭮 ᯮ.

   ⨣,   tin setuid  , ਬ.  tin



                               - 339 -



㤥 ࠭,  室騥    /var/spool/news/.index. 

 䠩 access  Escape 窨,  ⠭ 䥪⨢

㭨ᠫ 䨪  ॠ쭮 㭨ᠫ쭮 䨪

짮⥫,  맢 .

       tin, 祭   । Linux  

 㥬 প NNTP.  뢠  rtin   -r

樥, tin ஡ ᮥ  NNTP ࢥ஬,   /etc/nntpserver

䠩   NNTPSERVER ६ ।. Nntpserver 䠩 

ᮤন  ࢥ  筮 ப.



      20.2 Trn 䨣



      Trn - ॥  ண newsreader,   rn ( 砥

⥭ ⥩). " T "   頥 "吝".  ᠭ Wayne

Davidson.

       ⫨稥  tin, trn    ।⢠  ந⢠ 

 ᪠  ६ 믮. ,  ᯮ 

⮢ ணࠬ, 뢠 mthreads,   맢

ॣ୮  cron, ⮡ ஢  䠩.

       믮 mthreads, ,  砥,    

   ,  ⮫쪮 砥   㤥   

" Novell 㯠 Linix!! " , ﭭ  襬  롮 ⥩,

 筮  (    ய).

      ⮡  ᥨ  । newsgroups, mthreads

뢠  ᯨ᪮ newsgroups   ப. ᮪ ᤥ  

䠩 sys:



      mthreads comp,rec,!rec.games.go



  ᥨ   comp  rec, ஬ rec.games.go (,

 , ,  㦤  㤫 롮ઠ). ᫥ ⮣, 

 뢠    樨 , ⮡ ⠢ 

ࠡ   ਡ訥 . ᥨ  㯯,

  襬 䠩 active   祭,  뢠 mthreads 

ᯨ᪮ 㯯.

      ᫨  砥   祭 ,  㤥 筮 믮

mthreads  ࠧ ஬,    ⠪,  ⠪   ᫨

室. ,   祭 殮 䨪,  



                               - 340 -



믮 mthreads  daemon ०.   稭  砫쭮

㧪, ᯮ -d ,  頥 ᥡ  䮭,  ஡㦤

 10 , ⮡ ஢,     ਡ

,  ᥨ . ⮡ 믮 mthreads  daemon ०,

 ᫥ ப   rc.news :



      /usr/local/bin/rn/mthreads -deav



      -a  ⠢ mthread ⮬᪨  ᥨ  

㯯, ᪮  ᮧ; -v   ஡

ॣ樮 ᮮ饭  䠩 ॣ樨 mthreads, mt.log  ⠫,

   ⠭ trn.

       ,    㯭,   㤠 

 䠩 ॣ୮.  㬮砭, ⮫쪮 ,  ᫮

  ⪨ ,  㤠.   ⮣ ᫠,

 ५ (⮬  ᠬ   뫠 祭  

 祭   Expires)   㤠,   mthreads -e

, ⮡ 㤨 " ७ " .  mthreads 믮

 daemon ०, -e  ⠢ ⠪ ७ 祭 믮

 ࠧ  ,  .



      20.3 䨣  nn



      Nn ᠫ Kim F. Storm,  ⢥ত,  楫 newsreader  ⮨ 

⮬, ⮡  .  ஢뢠  "  ⥩ '', 

 - "⢨ ⥩ -  .  nn ."

      ⮡ ⨣ ⮩ ⮫ 楫, nn ⠢  訬

롮஬ 㬥⠫ । ᮯ஢,   ⮫쪮

 ஢ ᥨ,  ⠪ 殮 ஢ન 

⨢稢   , , ᡮ ⨪ ᯮ짮, 

࠭祭 㯠.  ⠪ ணࠬ 樨, 뢠

nnadmin,    믮    ࠪ⨢

०.

      Nn ᯥ  ,  뢠 nnmaster.  筮 믮

 daemon, 稭   rc.inet2  rc.news.  뢠 



      /usr/local/lib/nn/nnmaster -l -r -C





                               - 341 -



         ᥨ   newsgroups, ।⠢ 

襬 䠩 active.

      ,   뢠 nnmaster ਮ᪨  cron,  

ᯨ᮪ 㯯.  ᯨ᮪ 祭 宦  ᯨ᮪  䠩 sys,  ᪫祭

⮣,   ᯮ ஡  .  㯯  fake  ,

⮩ 㬥 ""  ᯮ짮, ⮡   㯯.

 맮



      # /usr/local/lib/nn/nnmaster !rec.games.go rec comp



       ,  冷 ⥫: ࠩ  ᯥ䨪

㯯,  ᮮ⢥, ᥣ 먣뢠.  ࠧ, ᫨ 

⨫ !rec.games.go ᫥ rec,    ⮩ 㯯 ᥨ.

      Nn । ⤥ ⮤ 㤠 ॢ訥   

. ࢮ,  ⮡ ஢  ,  ࠧ뢠 ⠫

㯯 ⥩  뢠 室,  ᮮ⢥  

  㯭.  -   㬮砭 , 祭

맮 nnmaster  -E 樥. ਥ , ᫨    

१ NNTP.

      ⮤ 2  ᥡ 筮    㬮砭 ॢ,

믮 mthreads,  ஬  ⮫쪮 㤠  室, 

⭮  ,  ᫮  ⪨   䠩 active. 

 ᪠, ᯮ -e .

       祭,  ⥣      

८ନ  .    믮,   -E3  nnmaster.

      ᮪ 㯯,  ५  -F 樥  ⮬  ᠬ ०

 . , ᫨   nnmaster, 믮騩  daemon, 

 㭨⮦  (ᯮ -k) ०, 祬  ந

ॢ,  १᪠   ࢮ砫묨 ﬨ.  ࠧ

ᮮ⢥ , ⮡ 믮 expire   㯯,

ᯮ ⮤ 1:



      # nnmaster -kF ""

      # nnmaster -lrC



         䫠,   ᯮ짮, ⮡

ந  nn. ᫨   ⭮⥫쭮 㤠 

⥩  ᡮ୨ ⥩, ⠩ nnmaster ࠭ 㪮⢠.



                               - 342 -



      Nnmaster   䠩,  GROUPS,  ᯮ

 /usr/local/lib/nn. ᫨    ࢮ砫쭮,  㤥 ᮧ. 

 newsgroup,  ᮤন ப,  稭   㯯,

易⥫쭮 ᮯ஢ ६ ⪮,  䫠.  

।஢  䫠, ⮡   ஬  

ᬠਢ 㯯,      冷,  ஬

㯯 .    䥪 ⠫஢  nnmaster ࠭

㪮⢠, ⠪.



                                APPENDIX A



      Null  ਭ  PLIP



      ⮡ ᤥ  ਭ  ᯮ짮  PLIP ᮥ,

 㦤   ᮥ⥫  25 쪠 (뢠 DB-25) 

஬   11 ஢.     15 ஢.

      ᫨  ᬠਢ ,     ᫠ 

᭮  쪠.   ਭ,   ᮥ

᫥騥 쪨  ࠧ쥬   㣮:



+-------------------------------+

|D0     2       15      ERROR   |

|D1     3       13      SLCT    |

|D2     4       12      PAPOUT  |

|D3     5       10      ACK     |

|D4     6       11      BUSY    |

|GROUND 25      25      GROUND  |

|ERROR  15      2       D0      |

|SLCT   13      3       D1      |

|PAPOUT 12      4       D2      |

|ACK    10      5       D3      |

|BUSY   11      6       D4      |

+-------------------------------+



       騥 쪨   易묨. ᫨ 

࠭஢, ࠭   ᮥ  DB-25 ⠫᪮ 窮

  .





                               - 343 -



                                APPENDIX B



      ਬ smail  䨣樨



       ࠧ 뢠 ⨯ 䠩 䨣樨  㭪 UUCP 

쭮 ᫨⥫쭮 .  ᭮  ⨯ 䠩,

祭  室 । smail-3.1.28.    ᫠

 ᭨,   䠩 ࠡ.

        䠩 - 䠩 ணࠬ ⨧樨, 

뢠  ணࠬ ⨧樨  smail.  smail 

᫠ ᮮ饭   ,  砥  ᥬ ணࠬ

⨧樨  ।,       ᮮ⢥⢨.

⢥⢨  砥  ணࠬ ⨧樨 室 host

   ,   䠩 paths, /etc/hosts,   堭

⨧樨.

      室  smail 䠩 䨣樨 ᥣ 稭  㭨쭮

, 饣 ணࠬ ⨧樨, ࠭ᯮ, 

㪮⥫.  ᮯ஢ ᯨ᪮ ਡ⮢,  ।

.  ᯨ᮪ ⮨    ਡ⮢, ⨯

ࠩ,   ਡ⮢,   ⮫쪮 ⮬

ᯥ᪮ ࠩ.

      ਡ ⤥ 묨,   ६    

 ਡ⮢ ⤥   㣠, ᯮ   ⮩.

       smail,   ।  ணࠬ ⨧樨  䠩

ணࠬ ⨧樨,    ᯮ pathalias ࠩ. 

ࠩ  hostnames  pathalias  .    䠩 

⭮ ਡ:



      #

      # pathalias database for intra-domain routing

      domain paths:

      driver=pathalias,         # look up host in a paths file

      transport=uux;            # if matched, deliver over UUCP

      file=paths/domain,        # file is /usr/lib/smail/paths/domain

      proto=lsearch,            # file is unsorted (linear search)

      optional,                 # ignore if the file does not exist

      required=vbrew.com,       # look up only *.vbrew.com hosts

      #



                               - 344 -



      # pathalias database for routing to hosts outside our domain

      world paths:

      driver=pathalias,         # look up host in a paths file

      transport=uux;            # if matched, deliver over UUCP

      file=paths/world,         # file is /usr/lib/smail/paths/world

      proto=bsearch,            # file is sorted with sort(1)

      optional,                 # ignore if the file does not exist

      -required,                # no required domains

      domain=uucp,              # strip ending ".uucp" before searching



      ன ਡ 쭮 ६,      室

ணࠬ ⨧樨  । ࠭ᯮ,  

ᯮ짮,  ணࠬ ⨧樨 ࠡ뢠 .  襬

砥, ᮮ饭 㤥 । ᯮ uux ࠭ᯮ. ࠭ᯮ

।  䠩 transports,   .

        ࠨ,   ࠭ᯮ⮬ ᮮ饭 㤥

।, ᫨  । mathod 䠩  ਡ transports.

 ⮤ ᯥ稢 ⮡ࠦ 楫 hostnames  transports.

  㤥     .

      騩 䠩 ணࠬ ⨧樨 । ணࠬ

⨧樨  쭮 ᫨⥫쭮 ,  ᤥ 

⥪  ன.  host Internet, ,  ⥫ 

ᯮ짮 ணࠬ ⨧樨,  ࠡ뢠  MX.

  ᫥⥫쭮 ࠧ஢ ୠ⨢ inet ணࠬ

⨧樨,  ᯮ ஥ ࠩ BIND smail.

       ।,  ᬥ訢 UUCP  TCP/IP,   ⠫ 

஡,       襬 䠩 /etc/hosts,  묨

  ⮫쪮 砩 SLIP  PPP ⠪. 筮,   

⥫  뫠      UUCP. ⮡ । inet

ࠩ    ᮮ⢥⢨   ,  

   䠩 paths/force.

       - 㣠   pathalias-⨫,  ஢ ० 祬 smail

  饣 ன⢠.



      # A sample /usr/lib/smail/routers file

      #

      # force - force UUCP delivery to certain hosts, even when

      # they are in our /etc/hosts



                               - 345 -



      force:

      driver=pathalias,         # look up host in a paths file

      transport=uux;            # if matched, deliver over UUCP

      file=paths/force,         # file is /usr/lib/smail/paths/force

      optional,                 # ignore if the file does not exist

      proto=lsearch,            # file is unsorted (linear search)

      -required,                # no required domains

      domain=uucp,              # strip ending ".uucp" before searching

      # inet addrs - match domain literals containing literal

      # IP addresses, such as in janet@[191.72.2.1]

      inet addrs:

      driver=gethostbyaddr,     # driver to match IP domain literals

      transport=smtp;           # deliver using SMTP over TCP/IP

      fail if error,            # fail if address is malformed

      check for local,          # deliver directly if host is ourself

      # inet hosts - match hostnames with gethostbyname(3N)

      # Comment this out if you wish to use the BIND version instead.

      inet hosts:

      driver=gethostbyname,     # match hosts with the library function

      transport=smtp;           # use default SMTP

      -required,                # no required domains

      -domain,                  # no defined domain suffixes

      -only local domain,       # don't restrict to defined domains

      # inet hosts - alternate version using BIND to access the DNS

      #inet hosts:

      # driver=bind,            # use built-in BIND driver

      # transport=smtp; # use TCP/IP SMTP for delivery

      #

      # defnames,               # use standard domain searching

      # defer no connect,       # try again if the nameserver is down

      # -local mx okay,         # fail (don't pass through) an MX

      #                         # to the local host

      #

      # pathalias database for intra-domain routing

      domain paths:

      driver=pathalias,         # look up host in a paths file

      transport=uux;            # if matched, deliver over UUCP

      file=paths/domain,        # file is /usr/lib/smail/paths/domain



                               - 346 -



      proto=lsearch,            # file is unsorted (linear search)

      optional,                 # ignore if the file does not exist

      required=vbrew.com,       # look up only *.vbrew.com hosts

      #

      # pathalias database for routing to hosts outside our domain

      world paths:

      driver=pathalias,         # look up host in a paths file

      transport=uux;            # if matched, deliver over UUCP

      file=paths/world,         # file is /usr/lib/smail/paths/world

      proto=bsearch,            # file is sorted with sort(1)

      optional,                 # ignore if the file does not exist

      -required,                # no required domains

      domain=uucp,              # strip ending ".uucp" before searching

      # smart host - a partically specified smarthost director

      # If the smart path attribute is not defined in

      # /usr/lib/smail/config, this router is ignored.

      # The transport attribute is overridden by the global

      # smart transport variable

      smart host:

      driver=smarthost,         # special-case driver

      transport=uux;            # by default deliver over UUCP

      -path,                    # use smart path config file variable



      ࠡ⪠    ᮢ 䨣஢  䠩

directors.  ᤥ 筮 ⠪   䠩 ணࠬ ⨧樨, 

ᯨ᪮ 室,  । 㪮⥫ . 㪮⥫ 

뫠 ᮮ饭,   믮  ॠ, 

 , ਬ १ aliases, 뫪 ,  ...

       ⠢   쭮 , ⨯ janet, smail ।  usr

ᥬ directors  ।. ᫨ director ᮮ⢥,   ।

࠭ᯮ,   ᮮ饭   । (ਬ,  mailbox

䠩 짮⥫),     (ਬ, ᫥

ᯥ樠쭮 業).

      - 砥 ஡ , directors 筮  ⢮

஢ப ⮣,   䠩   ᯮ 

᪮஬஢  . , 祭 ᪮쪮 ᮬ⥫

ᯮᮡ (ਬ  world -१뢠 䠩 aliases) 祭 

.  ࠭ᯮ ࠩ ⢥࣭ ⠪ ,



                               - 347 -



ਬ ࠭ᯮ,  । ᮮ饭 䠩.

      ஬ ⮣, smail ⠪ 뢠 짮⥫   ᮬ. 

  樨 ⥭ 믮  짮⥫.  祭 ,

᪠ mailbox janet,  筮 易  janet.

      㣨 , ⨯   祭  䠩 aliases,  㣨

짮⥫, 易  , ਬ, 짮⥫ nobody.

       ஡⥩  ⥩,    smail

manpage.



      # A sample /usr/lib/smail/directors file

      # aliasinclude - expand ":include:filename" addresses produced

      # by alias files

      aliasinclude:

      driver=aliasinclude,      # use this special-case driver

      nobody;                   # access file as nobody user if unsecure

      copysecure,               # get permissions from alias director

      copyowners,               # get owners from alias director

      # forwardinclude - expand ":include:filename" addrs produced

      # by forward files

      forwardinclude:

      driver=forwardinclude,    # use this special-case driver

      nobody;                   # access file as nobody user if unsecure

      checkpath,                # check path accessibility

      copysecure,               # get perms from forwarding director

      copyowners,               # get owners from forwarding director

      # aliases - search for alias expansions stored in a database

      aliases:

      driver=aliasfile,         # general-purpose aliasing director

      -nobody,                  # all addresses are associated

      # with nobody by default anyway sender okay,

      # don't remove sender from expansions

      owner=owner-$user;        # problems go to an owner address

      file=/usr/lib/aliases,    # default: sendmail compatible

      modemask=002,             # should not be globally writable

      optional,                 # ignore if file does not exist

      proto=lsearch,            # unsorted ASCII file

      # dotforward - expand     .forward files in user home directories

      dotforward:



                               - 348 -



      driver=forwardfile,       # general-purpose forwarding director

      owner=real-$user,         # problems go to the user's mailbox

      nobody,                   # use nobody user, if unsecure

      sender okay;              # sender never removed from expansion

      file=~/.forward,          # .forward file in home directories

      checkowner,               # the user can own this file

      owners=root,              # or root can own the file

      modemask=002,             # it should not be globally writable

      caution=0-10:uucp:daemon,

      # don't run things as root or daemons

      # be extra careful of remotely accessible home directories

      unsecure="~ftp:~uucp:~nuucp:/tmp:/usr/tmp",

      # forwardto - expand a "Forward to " line at the top of

      # the user's mailbox file

      forwardto:

      driver=forwardfile,

      owner=Postmaster,         # errors go to Postmaster

      nobody,                   # use nobody user, if unsecure

      sender okay;              # don't remove sender from expansion

      file=/var/spool/mail/${lc:user},

      # location of user's mailbox forwardto,

      # enable "Forward to " check

      checkowner,               # the user can own this file

      owners=root,              # or root can own the file

      modemask=0002,            # under System V, group mail can write

      caution=0-10:uucp:daemon, # don't run things as root or daemons

      # user - match users on the

      # local host with delivery to their mailboxes user:

      driver=user;              # driver to match usernames

      transport=local,          # local transport goes to mailboxes

      # real user - match usernames when prefixed with the string "real-"

      real user:

      driver=user;              # driver to match usernames

      transport=local,          # local transport goes to mailboxes

      prefix="real-",           # for example, match real-root

      # lists - expand mailing lists stored below /usr/lib/smail/lists

      lists:  driver=forwardfile,

      caution,                  # flag all addresses with caution



                               - 349 -



      nobody,                   # and then associate the nobody user

      sender okay,              # do NOT remove the sender

      owner=owner-$user;        # the list owner

      # map the name of the mailing list to lower case

      file=lists/${lc:user},



      ᫥ ᯥ譮 ⨧樨  ࠢ ᮮ饭, smail 砥

ᮮ饭 ࠭ᯮ,  ணࠬ ⨧樨  director,

 ᮮ⢥⢮(ᮣᮢ) .  transports ।  䠩

transports. , ࠭ᯮ । ஬    権.

  , ।  室 - ࠩ, 

ࠡ뢠 ࠭ᯮ, ਬ ࠩ 㡮஢,  뢠

,   cmd ਡ. ஬ ⮣,  ᫮ 

ਡ⮢,   ࠭ᯮ  ᯮ짮,  믮

ࠧ ८ࠧ  ᮮ饭,   ⥫ ᮮ饭.



# A sample /usr/lib/smail/transports file

# local - deliver mail to local users

local:  driver=appendfile,      # append message to a file

      return path,              # include a Return-Path: field

      from,                     # supply a From  envelope line

      unix from hack,           # insert > before From in body

      local;                    # use local forms for delivery

      file=/var/spool/mail/${lc:user},

      # location of mailbox files group=mail,

      # group to own file for System V

      mode=0660,                # group mail can access

      suffix="\n",              # append an extra newline

      # pipe - deliver mail to shell commands

      pipe: driver=pipe,        # pipe message to another program

      return path,              # include a Return-Path: field

      from,                     # supply a From  envelope line

      unix from hack,           # insert > before From in body

      local;                    # use local forms for delivery

      cmd="/bin/sh -c $user",   # send address to the Bourne Shell

      parent env,               # environment info from parent addr

      pipe as user,             # use user-id associated with address

      ignore status,            # ignore a non-zero exit status



                               - 350 -



      ignore write errors,      # ignore write errors, i.e., broken pipe

      umask=0022,               # umask for child process

      -log output,              # do not log stdout/stderr

      # file - deliver mail to files

      file:     driver=appendfile,

      return path,              # include a Return-Path: field

      from,                     # supply a From  envelope line

      unix from hack,           # insert > before From in body

      local;                    # use local forms for delivery

      file=$user,               # file is taken from address

      append as user,           # use user-id associated with address

      expand user,              # expand ~ and $ within address

      suffix="\n",              # append an extra newline

      mode=0600,                # set permissions to 600

      # uux - deliver to the rmail program on a remote UUCP site

      uux:      driver=pipe,

      uucp,                     # use UUCP-style addressing forms

      from,                     # supply a From  envelope line

      max addrs=5,              # at most 5 addresses per invocation

      max chars=200;            # at most 200 chars of addresses



      cmd="/usr/bin/uux - -r -a$sender -g$grade $host!rmail $(($user)$)",

        pipe as sender,

      # have uucp logs contain caller

      log output,               # save error output for bounce messages

      # defer child errors,     # retry if uux returns an error

      # demand - deliver to a remote rmail program,

      # polling immediately demand: driver=pipe,

      uucp,                     # use UUCP-style addressing forms

      from,                     # supply a From  envelope line

      max addrs=5,              # at most 5 addresses per invocation

      max chars=200;            # at most 200 chars of addresses

      cmd="/usr/bin/uux - -a$sender -g$grade $host!rmail $(($user)$)",

        pipe as sender,

      # have uucp logs contain caller

      log output,               # save error output for bounce messages

      # defer child errors,     # retry if uux returns an error

      # hbsmtp - half-baked BSMTP. The output files must



                               - 351 -



      # be processed regularly and sent out via UUCP.

      hbsmtp: driver=appendfile,

      inet,                     # use RFC 822-addressing

      hbsmtp,                   # batched SMTP w/o HELO and QUIT

      -max addrs, -max chars;   # no limit on number of addresses

      file="/var/spool/smail/hbsmtp/$host",

      user=root,                # file is owned by root

      mode=0600,                # only read-/writeable by root.

      # smtp - deliver using SMTP over TCP/IP

      smtp:     driver=tcpsmtp,

      inet,

      -max addrs, -max chars;   # no limit on number of addresses

      short timeout=5m,         # timeout for short operations

      long timeout=2h,          # timeout for longer SMTP operations

      service=smtp,             # connect to this service port

      # For internet use: uncomment the below 4 lines

      # use bind,               # resolve MX and multiple A records

      # defnames,               # use standard domain searching

      # defer no connect,       # try again if the nameserver is down

      # -local mx okay,         # fail an MX to the local host



                                APPENDIX C



       㡫筠 業 GNU



        業  GNU (GPL  copy-left),  ன Linux

⥭⮢.   ந .    Linux -

copyright (C) 1993 Linus Torvalds,  㣮 ணࠬ ᯥ祭

ᯥ祭 ᪨ ࠢ  ࠬ.  ࠧ, Linux ᯥ祭

᪨ ࠢ, ,   ।  (஢) 

ᮮ⢥⢨  GPL (GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE).



      ਩



      ஬ 㤭  ࠡ  ﬨ -   ᮪饭 

ନ.  ᯨ᮪     ᯮ짮  ⮬ 㪮⢥,

  ⪨ ᭥.





                               - 352 -



ACU ⮬᪨  饭. .



ARP ⮪ 饩 ᯮᮡ . ᯮ ⮡

⮡ࠧ IP    쭮   ᭮ ⮪ CSMA-CD

(Ethernet).



ARPA ⢮ ஥⮢ ᯥ⨢ ᫥,  ࠢ

ᯥ⨢ ᫥ ⢠ ஭ . ᭮⥫

Internet.



ARPANET । ᥣ譥 Internet; ᯥਬ⠫쭠 ,

䨭㥬 ⢮  ஥⮢ ᯥ⨢ ᫥

 (ࠢ ᯥ⨢ ᫥ ⢠ ஭

).



BBS ⥬ BBS. 䮭 맮   mailbox.



BGP ⮪  ࠭. ⮪   ଠ樨

⨧樨  ⮭묨 ⥬.



BIND Berkeley Internet Name Domain ࢥ.  ࢥ DNS.



BNU  ⨫   ﬨ.  -  饥 ࠧࠧ

UUCP  饥 ६.  ⠪   HoneyDanBer UUCP. 

 ந室   ஢: P. Honeyman, D.A. Novitz,  B.E. Redman.

broadcast network ,    ⠭樨 ᮢ

⠣ࠬ ᥬ 㣨 ⠭   ६.



BSD Berkeley । ணࠬ ᯥ祭.  Unix.

CCITT (. ) 㭠த ࣠ ⥫䮭 ,  ..

CSLIP  ᫥⥫쭠 IP . ⮪   IP ⠬

 ᫥⥫쭮 , ᯮ ᦠ⨥  設⢠

⠣ࠬ TCP/IP.



DNS Domain name system. - ।  , ᯮ㥬 

Internet  ⮡ࠦ  host  ᠬ IP.



EGP 譨 ⮪ . ⮪   ଠ樨



                               - 353 -



⨧樨  ⮭묨 ⥬.



Ethernet 孨᪨, Ethernet -   ⠭⮢,  .

 ।⢠ Ethernet ᯮ  ࠣ , 

 ᮥ   ,   ᪮ । 

10Mbps. ⮪ Ethernet । ᯮᮡ,     

뢠  ⨬ .



FQDN  ஢  . Hostname  

, ⠪, ⮡   ⨬      .



FTP ⮪ । .  ⮪   ᠬ 

㦨 । 䠩.



FYI  " 襩 ଠ樨."  㬥⮢  樠쭮

ଠ樥 ⭮⥫쭮 ।⮢ Internet.



GMU Groucho Marx University. ⨢ , ᯮ㥬

ਬ १  .



GNU GNU  Unix -  ४ᨢ ஭ -  ஥ 

樠樨 ணࠬ ᯥ祭, ⮡ ᯥ ७

 㬥⠫ । Unix,   ᯮ짮 

஢ ᯫ⭮.  ணࠬ ᯥ祭 GNU 

ᯥ樠   ᪮ ࠢ, ⠪ 뢠 饩

㡫筮 業 GNU (GPL),  Copyleft.

HoneyDanBer  ࠧࠧ UUCP. . ⠪ BNU.



host , ⥢ 㧥: -,   ᯮᮡ  

। ⥢ ᮮ饭.  㤥 筮 ,   

⠪ 㬠  x-ନ,  ⥫㠫 ਭ.



ICMP    Internet ⮪ ࠢ 饭. ⮪ ࠡ 

ﬨ, ᯮ㥬 IP, ⮡  ଠ 訡 host

뫪,  ..



IEEE   Institute of  Electrical  and  Eletronics  Engineers.㣠 ࣠

⠭⮢.  窨 ७ 짮⥫ UNIX,   



                               - 354 -



⨦ - POSIX ⠭,  । ᯥ ⥬ UNIX, 

।  䥩ᮢ ⥬ 맮  ᥬ⨪ 

㬥⠫ ।⢠ 樨.



IETF Internet  ஥஢ .



internet  ୠ , ନ஢  樨 㠫

 ⥩.



Internet   ᪨ "஢" internet.



IP Internet Protocol. ⮪ ࠡ  ﬨ.



ISO  ࣠ 㭠த ⠫.



ISDN ⥣஢ 㣨 ஢ .  孮 ।

, ᯮ ஢   奬.



LAN 쭠 ᫨⥫쭠 .  ୠ .



MX ८ࠧ⥫ .    DNS, ᯮ㥬 

ન஢ host  gateway   .



NFS ⥢  ⥬. ⠭ ⮪ ࠡ  ﬨ 

  ணࠬ ᯥ祭  㯠   ⭮⥫쭮

⤠ ᪮ 祢.



NIS ⥢ ଠ樮 ⥬. Rpc-᭮ ਫ, ஥

 ᮢ⭮ ᯮ짮 䠩 䨣樨 ⨯ 䠩 ஫

 ⤥묨 묨 . . ⠪ 室 YP.



NNTP ⥢ ⮪ । ⥩. ᯮ ⮡ ।

  TCP ⥢ ᮥ.

octet   Internet, 孨᪨ ନ, ᠥ ⢠ 쬨 ⮢.

ᯮ  ନ   , ⮬   設  Internet,

  ,  稭 ⫨  쬨 ⮢.



OSI   ⥬. ⠭ ISO  ⥢ ணࠬ



                               - 355 -



ᯥ祭.

path   ᯮ   UUCP  ᨭ  .



PLIP  ࠫ쭠 IP . ⮪   IP ⠬ 

ࠫ쭮  ⨯  ਭ.



PPP   ⮪ ( 窨  ). PPP -   

⮪ 裡, ⮡ 뫠 ࠧ ⥢ ⮪ ⨯ IP 

IPX  筮 ᮥ. ஬ ᯮ짮 

᫥⥫  (), PPP  ⠪  ᯮ짮 

⮪ 裡  ISDN.



RARP  ⮪ 饩 ᯮᮡ .  ࠧ蠥

     IP  砫쭮 㧪.



RFC 졠  .  㬥⮢, 뢠 ⠭

Internet.



RIP  ࠢ騩 ଠ樮 ⮪.  - ⮪

⨧樨, ᯮ㥬  ᪮ ४樨 ⮢

 () .



RPC  ⠭樮 ࠢ 맮. ⮪  믮

楤    ⤠ host.



RR 饭  " ".



RS-232   - 祭 騩 ⠭  ᫥⥫ 䥩ᮢ.



RTS/CTS  ୮   ⭮ ⠪, 믮塞

 ன⢠, ᮮ騬 (ন騬 )  RS-232.

 ந室   ᮪饭  RTS (" ⮢ ᫠ ''),  CTS (" ,

⮡ ᫠ '').



RTM Internet Worm   - ணࠬ,  ᯮ짮

⤥ 䥪  VMS  BSD 4.3 Unix, ⮡ ࠭ १

Internet. ᪮쪮 "訡"  ணࠬ ⠢  ࠧ

।쭮,  맢   ⥩ Internet. RTM - 樠



                               - 356 -



 (Robert T. Morris),   ⠢  ணࠬ.



SLIP  ᫥⥫쭠 IP .  - ⮪   IP ⠬ 

᫥⥫쭮 , . ⠪ CSLIP.



SMTP ⮩ ⮪ । . ᯮ  ࠭ᯮ

  TCP ᮥ,  ⠪  ࠭ᯮ஢ ⮢  



UUCP (batched SMTP).



SOA   砫 稩.    DNS.



System V  Unix.



TCP ⮪ ࠢ ।祩. ⮪ ࠡ  ﬨ.



TCP/IP 饥 ᠭ  ணࠬ ⮪ Internet  楫.



UDP ⮪ ⠣ࠬ 짮⥫. ⮪ ࠡ  ﬨ.



UUCP  ஢  Unix  Unix.  ணࠬ ⥢ ࠭ᯮ

  ⥩ ⥫䮭 맮  .



virtual beer   㠫쭮   ᯨ⭮ ⮪  Linux'.

ࢮ 㯮  㠫쭮 , ஥  , 뫮 

ਬ砭 ᪠ Linux  0.98.X kernel,  Linus 㯮 "Oxford Beer Trolls"

  ࠧ ।⮢  뫪 ண 㠫쭮 .



YP  ࠭.  ஥   NIS, ஥  

ᯮ, ⮬   ࠭ - ઠ ⮢⥫ ⠭᪮

裡. , 設⢮ NIS ⨫ ࠭   䨪ᮬ yp.



       ᪠  ந ⥩ ⠭ ᯥ묨 ?!





1. ।᫮                                                       2

1.1. 㬥  Linux                                            3

1.2.  ⮩                                                    4



                               - 357 -



1.3. 樠쭮 ⠭                                   5

1.4. ⥫쭠 ଠ                                       6

1.5.                                                        7

1.6. ୮                                                   8

1.7. ᫮ 祭                                            9

1.8. ஥ linux 㬥樨                                      10

1.9. ⠭⭠ ࣠ 䠩 ⥬                         11



2. 騥 ᢥ  .                                          12

2.1. .                                                      12

2.2. UUCP .                                                     13

2.2.1.  ᯮ짮 UUCP                                        14

2.3. TCP/IP                                                     16

2.3.1.   TCP/IP-.                                      16

2.3.2. Ethernet                                                     18

2.3.3. 㣨 ⨯  ।                               20

2.3.4. Internet ⮪(IP)                                        21

2.3.5. IP  ᫥⥫                                  22

2.3.6. ⮪ ஫ । (TCP)                             23

2.3.7. 짮⥫᪨ ⮪ ⠣ࠬ(UDP)                     24

2.3.8. ⥫쭮                                         24

2.3.9. ⥪ (socket)                                     25

2.4. Linux                                                      26

2.4.1.  㣨  ࠧ                                        27

2.4.2.                                                28

2.5. প 襩 ⥬                                        28

2.5.1. ᭮ ⥬                                         29

2.6.  ᫥                                            31



3. ஡ TCP/IP                                              33

3.1. ⥢ 䥩                                              33

3.2. IP                                                       34

3.3. Address Resolution(  ).                           35

3.4. IP ⨧                                               37

3.4.1. IP                                                       37

3.4.2.                                                       37

3.4.3. Gateways                                                     39

3.4.4.  ⨧樨                                        40



                               - 358 -



3.4.5. ᪨ 祭                                         42

3.5. The Internet Control Message Protocol                          42

3.6. ⥬   ⥩ (Domain Name System)                    43

3.6.1    (Hostname Resolution)                          43

3.6.2.    DNS                                                      45

3.6.3     DNS                                     47

3.6.4  ࢥ  (Domain Name Servers)                  48

3.6.5   DNS                                               49

3.6.6.  .                                              51



4. 䨣஢ ⥢  ।.                     55

4.1. ன⢠, ࠩ,                                   55

4.2. 䨣஢                                           57

4.2.1. 樨   Linux 1.0                                  58

4.2.2. 樨   Linux 1.1.14                               60

4.3. ⢨  ⥢ ன⢠ Linux                       62

4.4. ⠭ Ethernet                                             63

4.4.1. ப Ethernet .                                   64

4.4.2. প                                               64

4.4.3.  ⮬᪮ । Ethernet                         65

4.5. PLIP ࠩ                                                   68

4.6. SLIP  PPP ࠩ                                            69



5. ⠭ ᫥⥫  ।                    70

5.1. 㭨樮 ணࠬ ᯥ祭   裡   70

5.2. ।⠢ ᫥⥫ ன                       71

5.3.   ᫥⥫ ன⢠                          72

5.4.  ।⢠  ᫥⥫ .                74



6. 䨣஢ TCP/IP                                      77

6.1. ⠭ 䠩 ⥬ proc                                77

6.2. ⠭ ୨                                           78

6.3. 㣮 ਬ                                                  79

6.4. ⠭                                            79

6.5. 祭 IP ᮢ                                          80

6.6. ᠭ hosts  networks 䠩                              82

6.7. 䨣 䥩  IP                                 84

6.7.1. 䥩 loopback                                           85



                               - 359 -



6.7.2. Ethernet 䥩                                          87

6.7.3. ⨧ १ Gateway                                  90

6.7.4. 䨣஢ Gateway                                     91

6.7.5. PLIP 䥩                                               92

6.7.6. SLIP  PPP 䥩                                        93

6.7.7. Dummy(䨪⨢) 䥩                                   94

6.8.   ifconfig                                                 94

6.9. ஢ઠ   netstat                                     98

6.9.1. ⮡ࠦ ⠡ ⨧樨                            98

6.9.2. ⮡ࠦ ⨪ 䥩                            99

6.9.3. ⮡ࠦ ᮥ                                      100

6.10. ஢ઠ ARP                                          101

6.11. 饥                                                      103



7.   ࢨ  䨣 饣 ன⢠.          105

7.1 ⥪  ன.                                 105

7.1.1  䨣樨 .                                     106

7.1.2 ࠬ । 㦥 饣 ன⢠.              107

7.1.3 䨣஢ ࢥ ᪠ --- resolv.conf              108

7.1.4 訡⮩稢 饣 ன⢠.                     109

7.2  named.                                                  110

7.2.1  named.boot.                                             111

7.2.2 DNS 䠩  .                                        114

7.2.3   䠩.                                       118

7.2.4 ஢ઠ ⠭ ࢥ(Name Server Setup).               119

7.2.5 㣨  㬥⠫ ।⢠                    125



8. ᫥⥫쭠  IP                                       126

8.1 騥 ॡ.                                              126

8.2 SLIP .                                                 127

8.3 ᯮ짮 dip                                              130

8.3.1   Script(業਩).                                   130

8.3.2 Dip 뫪.                                                  133

8.3.2.1  .                                            134

8.3.2.2 echo  term.                                               135

8.3.2.3 Get .                                               135

8.3.2.4 Print                                               136

8.3.2.5 ६ (Variable Names)                           136



                               - 360 -



8.3.2.6 If  Goto                                           137

8.3.2.7 send, wait  sleep                                         137

8.3.2.8 mode  default                                             138

8.4   server ०                                         138



9.  ⮪(point-to-point protocol)                  140

9.1 뢠騩 P's                                              140

9.2 PPP  Linux                                                   141

9.3  pppd                                                    143

9.4 ᯮ짮 䠩 権                                     144

9.5    chat                                            146

9.6 ⫠ 襩 PPP ⠭                                    149

9.7 IP 樨 䨣樨                                          149

9.7.1 롮 IP ᮢ                                             150

9.7.2 ࠢ १  PPP                                  151

9.8 樨 ࠢ                                         153

9.9 騥 ᬮ७                                       155

9.10 ⠭   PPP                                156

9.11 䨣஢ PPP ࢥ                                  161



10.  ⥢ ਫ                                   163

10.1 Inetd 㯥-ࢥ                                            163

10.2 Tcpd ।⢠ ࠢ 㯮                            166

10.4 ⠭樮 ࠢ                                      170

10.5 䨣஢ r                                      172



11. ⥢ ଠ樮 ⥬                                 175

11.1 ⢮  NIS                                              177

11.2 NIS ⨢ NIS +                                              181

11.3 ᪠ ஭ NIS                                        182

11.4  NIS ࢥ                                            182

11.5 ⠭ NIS   NYS                                   184

11.6 롮 ࠢ ⮡ࠦ                                      186

11.7 ᯮ짮 passwd  㯯 Maps                            188

11.8 ᯮ짮 NIS  Shadow Support                            191

11.9 ᯮ짮 ࠤ樮 NIS .                         192



12. ⥢ 䠩 ⥬ (NFS)                                 193



                               - 361 -



12.1 ⮢ NFS                                                196

12.2 ⠭ NFS 祭                                        197

12.3 NFS daemon()                                           200

12.4 䠩 ᯮ                                                 201

12.5 Linux Automounter                                             204



13. ࠢ Taylor UUCP                                         205

13.1 ஭                                                    205

13.1.1 ஡ ଠ  UUCP                                 207

13.2                                                       207

13.2.1   । UUCP  㤠 ᪠                    207

13.2.2 ७ ࠡ uucico                                    208

13.2.3 樨  ப uucico                               210

13.3  䨣樨 UUCP                                       211

13.3.1    Taylor UUCP                               211

13.3.2      UUCP                                     214

13.3.3                                            215

13.3.4 Taylor  䨣樨                                   216

13.3.5 騥 樨 䨣樨 - config 䠩                      217

13.3.6  ᪠ UUCP  㣨 ⥬ - sys                218

13.3.6.1  ⥬                                               218

13.3.6.2  ⥫䮭                                            218

13.3.6.3 樨 Port   Speed                                       219

13.3.6.4 Login chat (㦥᪠ ᥤ 室  ⥬)             220

13.3.6.5 ୠ⨢                                              222

13.3.6.6 ࠭祭  ६ 맮                               223

13.3.7 ᠭ  ன(Devices) - 䠩 port                    224

13.3.8    - 䠩 dial                              226

13.3.9 UUCP   TCP                                            228

13.3.10 ᯮ짮 אַ ᮥ                           229

13.4   UUCP,    - ன 㯠                230

13.4.1 믮                                            230

13.4.2 । 䠩                                             230

13.4.3 뫪                                                   232

13.5 ன  襩 ⥬.                                     233

13.5.1 ⠭ getty                                             233

13.5.2 ᯥ祭 UUCP (account)                             233

13.5.3  ⨢ 㫨                                       235



                               - 362 -



13.5.4  ⥫ - ஢ન ᫥⥫쭮 饭      236

13.5.5  UUCP                                              238

13.6 UUCP ⮪  ஢                                 239

13.6.1 ⪨  ⮪                                    239

13.6.2 ன ⮪ ।                                241



14. ஭                                               247

14.1  ⠪ - 饭 ?                                  248

14.2  । ?                                         251

14.3 Email                                                   252

14.4  ⠥ ⨧?                                   253

14.4.1 ⨧   Internet                              253

14.4.2 ⨧    UUCP                             254

14.4.3 訢 UUCP  RFC 822                                   256

14.5 Pathalias  ଠ 䠩                                 258

14.6 䨣஢ elm                                          261

14.6.1  樨 elm                                        261

14.6.2 樮                                   262



15. 祭 smail  믮                                   263

15.1 UUCP ⠭                                                265

15.2 ⠭  쭮                                   267

15.2.1 ᠭ  䨣樨                               267

15.2.2 믮 smail                                            269

15.3 ᫨  室 ...                                          270

15.3.1  smail                                            272

15.4  ⠢                                          272

15.5 ࠧ 䨣 権                              273

15.6 ⨧  祭 饭                           274

15.7 ⨧ 饭                                       274

15.7.1   ⥩                                           277

15.8 ⠢ 饭  ᠬ                          277

15.8.1  짮⥫                                      278

15.8.2 뫪                                                   279

15.8.3 樠                                            279

15.8.4 ᪨ ࠢ                                      280

15.9 UUCP-࠭ᯮ                                                281

15.10 SMTP-࠭ᯮ                                               282



                               - 363 -



15.11 䨪 Hostname                                        282



16. Sendmail + IDA                                                 283

16.1   Sendmail + IDA                                     283

16.2  䨣樨 --- ⪨                           284

16.3 Sendmail.cf                                               285

16.3.1 ਬ  Sendmail.m4                                    286

16.3.2 筮 ᯮ㥬 sendmail.m4 ࠬ                   286

16.3.2.1 ।,  ।                          287

16.3.2.2 । 쭮 Mailer'                           288

16.3.2.3 ࠡ⪠ Bounced-                                   289

16.3.2.4                                    289

16.3.2.5 । 쭮 ⥬                             289

16.3.2.6 Uucp-ᨬ ᯥ                                    290

16.3.2.7 Relay-⥬  Mailer'                                  290

16.3.2.8   䨣樨                            291

16.3.2.9   Sendmail.mc                                  291

16.3.2.10   室 ⢨⥫쭮 ॡ?               291

16.4 ᬮ Sendmail + IDA                                 292

16.4.1 Mailertable                                                 292

16.4.2 Uucpxtable                                                  294

16.4.3  pathtable                                                  295

16.4.4  domaintable                                                296

16.4.5  aliases                                                    296

16.4.6  ᯮ㥬                                   298

16.5 ⠭ sendmail                                            298

16.5.1 祭 筮 ।                          299

16.5.2 ନ஢ sendmail.cf                                    299

16.5.3 ஢ 䠩 sendmail.cf                              300

16.5.4 饭 ᥣ  -                                    303

16.6 ஢   ਥ                        305

16.6.1 뫪   ⤠ ⥬                        306

16.6.2   䨣஢ ⤠           306

16.6.3 ,  㤥 ६饭 १ UUCP                  307

16.6.4 ।饭 ।  १ UUCP                    307

16.6.5 믮 । Sendmail  ॡ                   308

16.6.6 ⨪                                             308

16.7 訢  ⢥⢨  ।              309



                               - 364 -



16.8   ஡ ଠ                             309



17. Netnews                                                        310

17.1 Usenet ஭                                             310

17.2   Usenet,  类 砥?                        310

17.3   Usenet ࠡ뢠 ?                            311



18. "C"                                                     312

18.1 ⠢ ⥩                                             312

18.2 ⠭                                                     313

18.3 ⥬ 䠩                                                315

18.4  active                                                   318

18.5 ஢                                           319

18.6 ॢ訥                                             322

18.7 ࠧ                                            324

18.8 饭 ࠢ                                          326

18.8.1 饭 ⬥                                            326

18.8.2 Newgroup  rmgroup                                          327

18.8.3 Checkgroups 饭                                       327

18.8.4 sendsys, version,  senduuname                              329

18.9 C News  NFS ।                                            329

18.10 㬥⠫ ।⢠ ஢               330



19. ᠭ NNTP                                                  332

19.1                                                       332

19.2 ⠭ NNTP ࢥ                                        334

19.3 ࠭祭 NNTP 㯠                                      334

19.4 NNTP 襭                                               336

19.5 Nntpd ⢨  C News                                 336



20. 䨣 Newsreader                                        337

20.1  䨣 tin                                             338

20.2 Trn 䨣                                              339

20.3 䨣  nn                                              340



APPENDIX A                                                         342

APPENDIX B                                                         343

APPENDIX C                                                         351

