





























 Linux. 㪮⢮ ⥬ 

====================================================================

                                                           0.3

                                                          1995































    থ (Lars Wirzenius)











.

                                - 2 -



ঠ



 1                                                      4

1.1    ஥ 㬥஢ ⥬ Linux                         6

 2   ⥬ Linux                                         8

2.1   ⠢騥 樮 ⥬                     8

2.2    ⠢騥                                        9

2.3   ᭮ 㭪樨 UNIX ⥬                                 10

2.3.1  init                                                         10

2.3.2  祭  ⥬  ନ                           11

2.3.3  Syslog                                                       11

2.3.4  ਮ᪮ 믮 :  cron    at                11

2.3.5  ᪨ 䥩 짮⥫                           12

2.3.6                                                   12

2.3.7  祭  ⥬ १                              13

2.3.8  ⥢ 䠩 ⥬                                     13

2.3.9                                                          14

2.3.10                                                        14

2.4   䠩 ⥬                                     15

 3   ⥬  १㧪                              16

3.1                                                            16

3.2   ᪠   ᬮ७                       17

3.3  襭 ࠡ  몫祭 ⥬                         20

3.4  १㧪 ⥬                                           23

3.5  짮⥫᪨ ० ࠡ                              23

3.6  ᪥  ⥭ 㧪                                 23

 4  ᯮ짮 ᪮  㣨 ன                    25

4.1   ன                                                 26

4.2  ⪨ ᪨                                                  27

4.3   ᪨                                                   30

4.4  ଠ஢                                                 31

4.5  ᪮ ࠧ                                               34

4.5.1  MBR, 㧮 ᥪ  ⠡ ࠧ                  35

4.5.2  ७  ᪨ ࠧ                             35

4.5.3     ࠧ                                              37

4.5.4    ⪮ ᪠                                   38

4.5.5   ன  ࠧ                                    39

4.6    ⥬                                              39

4.6.1   ⠪ 䠩 ⥬?                                  39

4.6.2    䠩 ⥬                                        41



                                - 3 -



4.6.3   䠩 ⥬ ⠭?                        44

4.6.4  ⠭ 䠩 ⥬                                   44

4.6.5    ஢  ஢                              46

4.6.6   প ࠡᯮᮡ 䠩 ⥬                 50

4.7  ᪨  䠩 ⥬                                      52

4.8  । ᪮ ࠭⢠                           53

4.8.1   奬 ࠧ ᪮                                     53

4.8.2  ॡ  ᪮ ࠭                          54

4.8.3   ਬ । ⪮ ᪠                        55

4.8.4   ᯮ짮 ⥫쭮 ᪮ ࠭⢠        55

4.8.5  ⮤ ࠭ ᪮ ࠭⢠                     55

 5    ⠫                                  57

5.1                                                         57

5.2   ⥬ root                                          59

5.2.1  ⠫  /etc                                                60

5.2.2  ⠫ /dev                                                 62

5.3   ⥬ /usr                                          63

5.4   ⥬ /var                                          64

5.5   ⥬ /proc                                         65

 6   p                                         68

6.1   ⠪ p㠫쭠 ?                                  68

6.2   swap                                           69

6.3  ᯮ짮 swap pp⢠                                70

6.4   swap ⥩  p㣨 p樮묨               71

6.5  饭 swap pp⢠                                   72

6.6  ᪮ p                                                 73

 7  祭  室  ⥬                             76

7.1  祭  ⥬ p p                          76

7.2  祭  ⥬ p                                77

7.3   믮 pp login                                  78

7.4  X    xdm                                                      79

7.5  p 㯠                                               79

7.6   窨                                                80



.

                                - 4 -







                         1  



      ⮩  ᬠਢ ᯥ ⥬

஢ 樮 ⥬ Linux.   ।

 㪮⢮ ।祭  ,  ࠪ᪨ 祣

   ⥬ ஢,    ᭮

ࠡ  ⥬ Linux,  ᬮ७   "㪮⢮

짮⥫ ⥬ Linux".   㪮⢥  㤥

 ஡, 易  ⠭ ⥬ (뢠

ଠ     "⠭   ⥬

Linux").   㪮⢠  ਨ LDP (Linux Documentation

Project) ᬠਢ       ࠧ 祪

p.  ᮤন  ஡ ଠ  㪮⢠

 ⥬ Linux.



       뢠 ⥬ ஢?   ,

 ॡ  প ࠡᯮᮡ ୮ ⥬

(ਬ, ᮧ १ࢭ   䠩, ⠭

 ணࠬ, ᮧ  㤠 짮⥫, ஢ઠ

楫⭮ 䠩 ⥬  ..). ᫨ ࠢ  

,  ⥬ ஢   ᮤঠ

⮣ , 饥  ᥡ 㡮, ࠭ ࠧ

ࠢ⥩  ..  ⥬ ஢  뢠

ᮤঠ, ⠪  ⮣  뫮  ᫨誮 .



     㪮⢮ ⠢ ⠪ ࠧ,    

  㣠    ᬮ७ ⤥쭮. ਬ, 

祭 ଠ樨  ᮧ १ࢭ   

 ⮫쪮  .  祭 㤮  

ᯮ짮   ⢥ ࠢ筮 ᮡ,  ⠪

 ⥭ ᥣ 㪮⢠  ᪮쪨 ࠧ.

, ० ᥣ  ,  ⥬ 㦥 ࠢ筨.



     筮,  ⮩   ᮤন ᥩ 室

ଠ樨  ⥬ ஢,   

    㣮 㬥樨  ⥬ Linux.  



                                - 5 -



殢, ⥬    짮⥫ 

ਢ஢묨 ࠢ 㯠  ।묨 易ﬨ.

     ଠ樨  㧭 

஥ ᠭ  ணࠬ (   'man').



       ६    ⠭  ᯮ짮

樮 ⥬ Linux,    ᬮ७  

⭮襭  㣨 UNIX- 樮 ⥬.  

ࠧ ᨨ ⥬ UNIX ᨫ쭮 ࠧ (ᮡ  

⥬ ஢),  쭮 ᫮ 墠 

ਠ, 騩  䨪樨.  ᬮ७ 

ᮡ⥩  Linux - ᫮ , ⠪   ᥩ

室  ⠤ ࠧ.     

樠쭮 ᨨ Linux, ⮬  ࠧ   ⠭

 ࠧ.   㪠 ࠧ  ⠪ ⥬ 

ᬮ७  ୠ⨢,   .  

 ᮤন  ଠ樨,    

ॡ.   ᯥ樠쭮 ⬥祭   

ய饭, ᫨ ᯮ 㦥 ᪮䨣஢ ⥬.



        㣨 ࠧࠡ⪨, 易  樮

⥬ Linux,  뫠 ᠭ  ஢ 砫.

,     ஢쭮 ࠡ,  ।

।ਭ ᨫ,  ⠪    . 

砥,   㪮⢮  易⥫쭮 ⠪ 

ᠭ,  ᫨   뫮 ᠭ  ᪮ ᭮.



      ⬥,   ⮩    墠祭

 ஡,  ᬮ७  㣨 ᢮

࠭塞 㪮⢠  㬥. ᮡ 

⭮  ᠭ  ࠧ ணࠬ, ਬ, 

ᮡ ᯮ짮 mkfs(8).   㪮⢥ ᠭ

⮫쪮 祭 ⮩ ணࠬ  ꥬ, 室 

ᯮ짮  .  祭  ஡ ଠ樨

 뫪  㣨 㪮⢠  㬥, 

筮     㬥樨  ⥬

Linux.





                                - 6 -



        ६ ࠧ    ࠧࠡ.

졠 ࠢ  砭 (訡,  , ଠ 

ࠧ  ࠧ묨 ﬨ ⥬ UNIX  ..)  

 ஭  lars.wirzenius@helsinki.fi,  筮

⮩  :



Lars Wirzenius / Linux docs

Hernesaarentie 15 A 2

00150 Helsinki

Finland



        ᫥ , 

প  ᮧ ⮩ : Matt Welsh, Andy Oram, Olaf

Kirch, Adam Richter  㣨.



     H.Peter Anvin, Remy Card, Theodore Ts'o  Stephen Tweedie

 ᯮ짮   ࠡ  . Stephen Tweedie

⠪  ᯮ짮  ࠢ 䠩 ⥬ xia 

ext2.



         ᪠,   Mark

Komarinski  㡫  1993   ࠡ  㣨 ⥩,

 ⭮襭  ⥬ ஢,  ୠ Linux

Journal.



      ࠦ ୮ Erik Troan  Red Hat 

ᮧ ᨨ 㪮⢠  ଠ plain text,  ⠪

᫥騬 : Paul Caprioli, Ales Cepek, Marie-France

Declerfayt, Olaf Flebbe, Helmut Geyer, Larry Greenfield, Stephen

Harris, Jyrki Havia, Jim Haynes, York Lam, Timothy Andrew Lister,

Jim Lynch, Dan Poirier, Daniel Quinlam, Philippe Steindl.





              1.1    ஥ 㬥஢ ⥬ Linux



     ஥ 㬥஢ ⥬ Linux  LDP (Linux

Documentation Project),  ᢮  ⥫,

४஢  ।஢ । 묨 ⮨ 楫 ᮧ 



                                - 7 -



㬥樨  樮 ⥬ Linux.  न஬

஥  Matt Welsh,   祭 Lars'

Wirzenius  Michael' K. Johnson.



      㪮⢮     ࠭塞

㪮 ஥ LDP,  砥  ᥡ "㪮⢮

짮⥫ ⥬ Linux", "㪮⢮ ⥬

 ⥬ Linux", "㪮⢮ ⥢

 ⥬ Linux"  "㪮⢮ 騪 

Linux".   㯭  室 ଠ LaTeX, .dvi ଠ

  ଠ postscript १ FTP:



ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/LDP

ftp://tsx-11.mit.edu/pub/linux/docs/guides



      ⮣, ⮡ 易  LDP, 㦭 ᫠ 쬮 Matt'

Welsh  㪠  :



mdw@sunsite.unc.edu

.

                                - 8 -







                     2   ⥬ Linux



      ⮩    樮 ⥬ Linux. ०

ᥣ ᬠਢ ᭮ 㭪樨 ⥬. ⥬ ᫥

ᠭ ணࠬ, ॠ  㭪樨.   - 

 ⥬  楫, ⮬  ࠧ ᬠਢ

 ஡ .



           2.1   ⠢騥 樮 ⥬



      UNIX- 樮 ⥬ ⮨   

 ⥬ ணࠬ.   

ਪ ணࠬ  믮 - . 

 楬 樮 ⥬.  ࠧ頥 䠩 

᪥, ᪠ ணࠬ  ४砥   㣮

㤮    ᯥ祭 ⨧筮,

।   㣨   ᠬ,

ᯥ稢  ⠬    ..  ᠬ  ᥡ

믮 ⮫쪮   饩 ࠡ,  

।⠢ ।⢠, ᯥ稢騥 믮 ᭮

㭪権.  ⠪ ।頥 ᯮ짮 אַ 㯠 

 ।⢠ ।⠢ ᯥ樠 ।⢠ 

饭  ਨ.  ࠧ   ஫஢

ᯮ짮  । ࠧ묨 ᠬ 

ᯥ稢   짮⥫   㣠.

।⢠, ।⠢塞 ஬, ᯮ १ ⥬

맮 (. ࠧ 2 㪮⢠   ஡ ଠ樨 

⮬ ).



     ⥬ ணࠬ ᯮ ।⢠, ।⠢塞

஬  ᯥ祭 믮 ࠧ 㭪権 樮

⥬. ⥬   ⠫ ணࠬ 믮 '

孮 ',  ⠪ 뢠 짮⥫᪮ ०.

 p ࠧ  ⥬묨  ਪ묨

ணࠬ. ਪ ணࠬ ।祭  믮

- । ,   ६  ⥬ ணࠬ



                                - 9 -



ᯮ  ঠ ࠡ ⥬. ⮢ 

 ਪ ணࠬ,  ணࠬ telnet - ⥬,

  ࠭   쭮 ⭠.



     쭮  樮 ⥬ ᮤন  

ᮮ⢥騥  ⥪ (GCC  C ⥪  Linux), 

 易⥫쭮  모 ணࠬ஢   

樮 ⥬. 㬥,    , 

  . 筮 ⠢ 樮 ⥬

। ᮤন ⠭筮 ᪠  ,  

⮨ ᪮쪮 ᫮, ⠪  ࠧ  樮

⥬ ࠧᠭ  ࠧ FTP ࢥࠬ  ᥬ .



                     2.2    ⠢騥 



      ⥬ Linux ⮨  ᪮쪨 ᭮ ⥩:

 ࠢ ᠬ,  ࠢ , ࠩ

ன, ࠩ 䠩 ⥬,  ࠢ   ⠪

㣨 訥 楤.



       ⠢騥  (ᯥ稢騥

ᯮᮡ ⥬) -   ࠢ  

ᠬ.  ࠢ  ᯥ稢 ।

⥩   swap-⥩  ᠬ, ⠢騬

   -.  ࠢ ᠬ ᮧ 

  ᯥ稢 筮 ⥬ ४祭 .



      ᠬ  ஢  ᮤন ࠩ ன 

 ⨯ ন 㤮.  쭮

让  ࠧ ࠩ஢, ⠪  ﭭ

ࠧࠡ뢠  ⨯ ன.  쭮 

 ன,  ࠧ ⮫쪮 ⥬, 

ந室 ⢨  ᠬ ன⢮  ࠩ஬.

 室⢮  ᯮ짮  ࠩ஢,

ন  樨.   童 ⠪ 

ᯮ ⨯ 䥩  ,  ࠧ 奬

⢨  ன⢮. ਬ,  ࠩ ⪮

᪠ ।⠢   ᮫⭮ ,     



                                - 10 -



  ⠪ 樨  '樠 ⪮ ᪠',

'⥭ ᥪ N', ' ᥪ N'.



      㭪樨, ।⠢塞 ஬,  

᢮⢠. ਬ, ࠧ ⥢ ⮪ ꥤ  

ணࠬ 䥩 - BSD socket ⥪.  㣮 ਬ -

ࠧ 䠩 ⥬, ন ⥬ Linux. 

ᮤন 㠫 䠩 ⥬ (Virtual File System - VFS)

 砥  ᥡ  㭪樨, ᯮ㥬  ࠡ

⥬,  ⠪ ࠩ   ন 䠩

⥬.  ⪥ 㯠  - 䠩 ⥬ 

室 १ VFS, 㤠 ७ࠢ  ᮮ⢥饬

ࠩ 䠩 ⥬.



                 2.3   ᭮ 㭪樨 UNIX ⥬



      ⮬ ࠧ 筮 孮⭮ ᬠਢ

   㭪樨 UNIX ⥬.  ஡ 

ᬮ७  ᫥ .



                            2.3.1  init



     ⢥  ᠬ  㭪  UNIX ⥬

।⠢ p init.  ᪠   UNIX ⥬

 ᠬ  ,  ⠪ 蠥 楤p 㧪

⥬.  ᪥ init, த  㧪

(஢  ⠭ 䠩 ⥬, ᪠

ࠧ ணࠬ-  ..).



      ᯨ᮪ ⮣,  믮  ᪥ init, 

 ᨨ ணࠬ. 筮 init ।⠢

짮⥫᪨ ०,  ஬   

  ⥬.  ० -  짮⥫᪨.

 ᨨ ᯮ ⨥ '஢ ᪠'. ਬ,

짮⥫᪨  짮⥫᪨ ० -  ࠧ

஢ ᪠.   ⥫ ஢, ਬ

 ᪠ X-windows.





                                - 11 -



      ࠡ饩 ⥬,  ᠬ   ணࠬ

init -  㤮⮢,   ணࠬ- getty ࠡ

(..   祭  ⥬)  ஢

orphan-ᮢ (.. ᮢ, 祩 த⥫᪨  

㭨⮦;  ⥬ UNIX    ਭ 

ॢ ᮢ, ⮬ orphan-  

஢).



      襭 ࠡ ⥬  १᪥, init 㭨⮦

 ⠢訥 ,  䠩 ⥬ 

⠭ .



                2.3.2  祭  ⥬  ନ



     祭  ⥬  ନ (१ ᫥⥫

)    ᮫ (᫨  饭 X) ᯥ稢

ணࠬ getty. init ᪠ ⤥  getty 

 ନ. getty ⠢  짮⥫  ᪠

ணࠬ login,  뢠 ஫. ᫨   ஫

ᮮ⢥  짮⥫,  login ᪠ .

 室  窨,    室  ⥬,  

襭 ணࠬ login  砥 ᫨  짮⥫  ஫

 室, init ᪠   getty.  

஫ 祭  ⥬,  ⮫쪮 믮 ⥬

ணࠬ.



                           2.3.3  Syslog



       ࠡ   ࠧ ⥬ ணࠬ

 訡, ।०  㣨 ᮮ饭. ணࠬ

syslog 뢠  ᮮ饭  䠩 ⠪,    

᫥⢨ ᬮ७. Syslog  ᪮䨣஢ ⠪, 

ᮮ饭  ஢  뢠  ࠧ 䠩 

ਮ. ਬ, ᮮ饭   ࠢ 

⤥ 䠩, ⠪   ᮮ饭    

ॣ୮ ᬠਢ   쥧 ஡.



         2.3.4  ਮ᪮ 믮 :  cron    at



                                - 12 -





      ⤥륬 짮⥫, ⠪  ⥬ 

 ॡ ਮ᪨ ᪠ । .

ਬ, ⥬   ॡ

ਮ᪨ ᪠   ⪨ ⠫  ६

䠩 (/tmp  /var/tmp),  ।饭 ९ ᪠.



      ⮣ ᯮ 㭪 cron.   짮⥫

 䠩 crontab,  ஬ ᮤন ᯨ᮪ ,

।⠢  믮  ⢮ ࠧ, ஥  

 믮. ணࠬ- crond ᯥ稢 ᢮६

믮 㪠 .



     㭪 at 筠 㭪樨 cron, ⮫쪮  ᪠

 ࠧ  㪠 ६     .



                 2.3.5  ᪨ 䥩 짮⥫



       ⥬ UNIX ⠪   Linux, 짮⥫᪨ 䥩

 ࠨ   ⥬.  ⮣  ।⠢

ணࠬ 짮⥫᪮ ஢.  ਬ  

⥪⮢, ⠪   ᪨ 窠.



      ⠭  ⥬  ,    ᢮

⪨. ਬ,    ᮧ 

䥩  ணࠬ,  㤭 祭 ⥬.



     ࢮ砫쭮 ᯮ㥬  ⥬ Linux ᪮

窮 뫠 ⥬ X Window System (᮪饭 X). X 

ॠ 짮⥫᪨ 䥩,  ⮫쪮  ⥬,

.. ।⢠,      ॠ ᪨

䥩.    ᨨ ᪨ 䥩ᮢ

 ᭮ X -  Athena, Motif  Open Look.



                       2.3.6    



      -  ।⢮, 饥 ᮥ   

ࠬ  ᮡ.



                                - 13 -





     UNIX- 樮 ⥬  ப ᯥ

⥢ ⥩. 設⢮  㭪権 (䠩

⥬, , ᮧ १ࢭ   ..)  

ॠ ।⢮ .   ⥫쭮 

ࠡ ⥬ , ⠪   ᯮ짮

業ࠫ ஢.



     ,  ⮩  孮⭮ ᬮ७  ࠡ

 .   ஡ ଠ樨 .  "㪮⢮

⥢  ⥬ Linux".



               2.3.7  祭  ⥬ १ 



     祭  ⥬ १  ࠡ⠥ ᪮쪮 ,

祬 筮 祭.  ⤥ 䨧᪨

᫥⥫    ନ, १  

ந室 祭.   짮⥫, 饣

 ⥬,  ⤥쭮 㠫쭮 ⥢ ᮥ 

    ⢮.   ।⠢ 

 ⤥  getty   

㠫쭮 ᮥ.  ⠪  㣨 ᯮᮡ

祭  ⥬ ।⢮ . ਬ, telnet  rlogin

- ᭮ 㦡  TCP/IP .



      ᯮ짮   祭  ⥬, ஬

讣 ⢠ ᮢ getty ᯮ ⤥쭠

ணࠬ- ( ᯮ짮  telnet ⠪  login

ᯮ ࠧ ணࠬ-),  ᫥ 

⪨ ᮥ  ஬. ᫨ p ⪠

ᮥ,  ணࠬ ᮧ   - ᮧ ᠬ ᥡ

 ࠡ⪨ ⮣ ᮥ -  ⥬ த ᫥

 ᮥ.   祭 ணࠬ getty.



                     2.3.8  ⥢ 䠩 ⥬



          㭪権,   

ॠ   ,  ࠧ 䠩 १ ⥢



                                - 14 -



䠩 ⥬. 筮 ᯮ ⥬, 뢠 Network

File System  NFS,  ࠧࠡ⠭ ௮樥 Sun.



      ࠡ  ⥢ 䠩 ⥬  樨 

䠩, ந묨  쭮 , । १

  㤠 設.  ࠡ ⥢ 䠩 ⥬

ணࠬ ⠥,   䠩  㤠  室

 ,   饭.  ࠧ ࠧ

ଠ樨 ।⢮ ⠪ ⥬  ॡ ᥭ

-   ணࠬ.



                              2.3.9  



     ஭   ᠬ  ।⢮ 裡 

ࠬ. ஭ 쬠 ࠭   䠩 

ᯥ樠쭮 ଠ.  ⥭  ࠢ ᥬ ਬ

ᯥ樠 ணࠬ.



       짮⥫  ⤥ "⮢ 騪"

(.. 䠩,  ଠ ࠭  ᯥ樠쭮 ଠ), 

஬ ࠭ 室 . ᫨   室

쬮,  ணࠬ ࠡ⪨  室 䠩 ⮢ 騪

ᮮ⢥饣 짮⥫   㤠 祭 쬮.

᫨  ⮢ 騪 짮⥫ 室  㣮 ,

 쬮 ७ࠢ   ,  室 

᫥ ࠡ⪠.



     ⮢ ⥬ ⮨  ⢠ ࠧ ணࠬ.

⠢ ᥬ    㤠 ⮢ 騪

ந  ணࠬ (ਬ, sendmail  smail),  

६   筮 ࠢ  ᬮ ᥬ ਬ

讥 ᢮ ࠧ ணࠬ (ਬ, Pine  elm).

 ⮢ 騪 筮 ࠭  ⠫ /var/spool/mail.



                            2.3.10  



        ६ ਭ஬  짮 ⮫쪮

 짮⥫. ⮬  ⮣, ⮡ ਭ஬ 



                                - 15 -



짮 ࠧ ᪮쪮 짮⥫, ᯮ

ᯥ樠쭠 ணࠬ,  ᯥ稢 㦨 । 

ਭ.    ਭ   p. 

ਭ 稢 ࠡ  , ᫥饥 ।

  ⮬᪨.  ⥫쭮 頥 ࠡ  ਭ஬.



     ணࠬ 㦨 ।  ਭ 頥

ଠ,    ᯥ⠭,  ,  

⥪ ᯮ  ᪥,   ६   室 

।.   ਪ ணࠬ 筮 

ᯥ뢠 ⥪,    ।, ⠪  

த ࠡ ਫ  ॡ  砭

ᯥ⪨.



                    2.4   䠩 ⥬



      ⥬ ࠧ  ᪮쪮 ⥩: 䠩

⥬ root,   ⠫ /bin, /lib, /etc, /dev 

 㣨, 䠩 ⥬ /usr,  ࠭ ࠧ

ணࠬ    騥 , 䠩 ⥬ /var,

 ᮤঠ 塞 䠩 (⠪  log 䠩  .) 

䠩 ⥬ /home,  ⮨   ⠫

짮⥫.   ⢥ ⫨  

㪠  ᨬ  ࠡ ⥬  

䨣樨 ⭮ ᯥ祭.



       5  䠩 ⥬ ᬠਢ 

஡ (. ⠪ Linux Filesystem Standard).

.

                                - 16 -







                  3   ⥬  १㧪



      ⮩  뢠 ,  ந室  ⥬ Linux

  ᪥  १㧪    ࠢ쭮 ᤥ.



                            3.1   



      祭   㧪 樮 ⥬

뢠 ᪮.  ६ ᪠ ᭠砫 㦥 

ணࠬ, 뢠 砫쭠 稪,   ᢮

। 㦥    ᪠ 樮 ⥬.

砫 稪 筮 室  ।  

⪮ ᪥  ᪥. ⮬  Linux  쭮 ᫮ 

 ⥬,   ந   ⠯,  ࢨ筮

㦠    筮 쪨 (᪮쪮 ⥭

).



      ࠧ  砫쭠 㧪 ந 

ࠧ.  ᮭ  ᭠砫 뢥 

ᥪ ᪥  ⪮ ᪠ (।⢮ 楤 BIOS),

 뢥 㧮 ᥪ஬.  ⮬ ᥪ 室

砫 稪,  ⥬ 㦠 樮 ⥬,

   ᯮ  㣮   ᪥ 

- .



     ᫥ 㧪 Linux, 樠 ࠩ ன, 

⥬ ᪠ init(8),   ᢮ । ᪠ 㣨

, 騥   ⥬  ᯥ稢騥

ଠ ࠡ.  ⠯ ᬮ७   ஡.



      १᪠ ⥬ ᭠砫    

襭 (..   ᯮ㥬  䠩  .), ⥬

 䠩 ⥬  swap- ,   殢,

 ࠭ 뤠 ᮮ饭  ⮬,  ⠭  

⪫祭. ᫨  ⠪ 楤  㤥 ந,  

ந 쥧 ᡮ  ᫥饩 ࠡ ⥬. ਬ,



                                - 17 -



ଠ, ࠭    䠩 ⥬, 㤥

ﭠ,  楫⭮ 䠩 ⥬ , ᫥⥫쭮,

 㤥  ਣ  ᯮ짮.



                3.2   ᪠   ᬮ७



     Linux   饭   ᪥, ⠪   ⪮

᪠.   "⠭   Linux" ஡ ᠭ 

⥬.



      祭 , ᭠砫 BIOS ந

஢ 㤮,  ⥬  樮 ⥬.

砫 롨ࠥ ன⢮,  ண 㤥 ந

 (筮  ᪮, ᫨   ⠢ ᪥, 

⨢ 砥 -  ⪨ , ᫨  ⠭, 

冷 롮   ஥)  뢠 ᠬ 

ᥪ,  뢠 㧮.  ⠪ 뢠 MBR

(Master Boot Record), ⠪   ⪮ ᪠  

᪮쪮 ࠧ      ᢮ 㧮

ᥪ.



      㧮筮 ᥪ 室  ணࠬ

(⭮⥫쭮  ⮡   ࠧ  

ᥪ),  㦠  ᪠ 樮 ⥬. 

㧪  ᪥,  㧮筮 ᥪ 室 , 

ᯥ稢 ⮫쪮 뢠  ⥬  । ࠭

 . 㧮筠 ᪥  Linux  ᮤন 

䠩 ⥬.  ᠭ  ᪥  ᫥⥫쭮

, ⠪   ⥫쭮 頥  㧪. ,

  㦠  ᪥,  ன ⠭

- 䠩 ⥬, ᯮ p稪 LILO.



      㧪  ⪮ ᪠, , ᯮ  MBR,

஢ ⠡ ࠧ (⠪ ᯮ  MBR), ।

⨢ ࠧ (ࠧ, ᯮ㥬  㧪), 뢠

㧮 ᥪ ⮣ ࠧ  ᪠ ⠭ . ,

ᯮ  㧮筮 ᥪ ⨢ ࠧ ⪮

᪠, 믮   㭪樨,   , 室騩 



                                - 18 -



㧮筮 ᥪ ᪥:  뢠   ࠭

ࠧ,  ⥬ ᪠ .    

⮭⥩, ⠪  ᯮ짮 ⤥쭮 ࠧ ᪠ ⮫쪮

 ࠭   䥪⨢, ⮬ , ᯮ 

㧮筮 ᥪ ࠧ,   ᫥⥫쭮 뢠

ଠ  ᪠,  ᯮ 뢠  ᥪࠬ.

 ᪮쪮 ᯮᮡ 襭 ⮩ ஡,  

    ᯮ짮 LILO 稪 (ଠ

 ⠭  ன LILO .  㬥樨  LILO).



      㧪  ᯮ짮 LILO 筮 ࠧ 

㦠  ᪠ ,   㬮砭, 

 ᪮䨣஢ LILO ⠪, ⮡  뫮  㧨

  ᪮쪨  拉    樮

⥬ (   Linux).   㪠 ॡ㥬 

 樮 ⥬  ६ 㧪.  ⨨ 

ALT, SHIFT  CTRL (᫥ 㧪 LILO) 㤥 뤠 , 

 㪠   ⥬.   䨣஢ 

⠭ ,  ன LILO 㤥 ᥣ 뤢 ⠪

,  ⠪ 㪠 ६,  祭 ண 㦠

, ⠭  㬮砭.



       㣨 稪,  LILO,   

 ᪮쪮  㭪権,    㣨 稪,

⠪    ᠭ ᯥ樠쭮  Linux. ਬ, 

 ।  ࠬ஢  ६ 㧪 

  権, ஥  . । 

稪 (bootlin, bootactv  .) LILO  訬

롮஬.



     㧪 ⥬   ⪮ ᪠, ⠪   ᪥ 

᢮ २⢠,  㧪  ⪮ ᪠ ⠥ 

 ॥, ⠪     㤮⢠, 易 

ᬥ ᪥.     㧪  ᪥ 

㤮. ਬ,  ⠭ ⥬   ०

䠩 ⥬.



     ᫥ ⮣,   ⥬ 㦥   ( ⪮



                                - 19 -



᪠   ᪥)  饭, 믮 ਡ⥫쭮

᫥騥 ⢨:



        Linux ⠭   ,  ०

ᥣ  ᠬ ᥡ ᯠ뢠.  믮 

ணࠬ, ᯮ  ᠬ 砫 .



     ᫨   ⠭  sVGA,

ন ⠭ ⥪⮢ ० (⠪  100x40),

뤠   㪠 ॡ㥬 ०.  樨

  ࠧ 㪠 ᯮ㥬 ०, ⮡  

訢 ⥬  ६ 㧪.  ⠪  

⠭   LILO  rdev(8).



     ⥬   ⭮ ᯥ祭 (⪨ ᪨,

᪮, ⥢   .)  䨣 ᮮ⢥騥

ࠩ ன.  ६ ⮣   ࠭ 뤠

᪠뢠騥 ᮮ饭.  ਬ୮ ,  ந室  ६

㧪:



LILO boot:

Loading linux.

Console: colour EGA+ 80x25, 8 virtual consoles

Serial driver version 3.94 with no serial options enabled

tty00 at 0x03f8 (irq = 4) is a 16450

tty01 at 0x02f8 (irq = 3) is a 16450

lp_init: lp1 exists (0), using polling driver

Memory: 7332k/8192 available (300k kernel code, 384k reserved, 176k data)

Floppy drive(s): fd0 is 1.44M, fd1 is 1.2M

Loopback device init

Warning WD8013 board not found at i/o = 280

Math coprocessor using irq13 error reporting

Partition check:

  hda: hda1 hda2 hda3

VFS: Mounted root (ext filesystem)

Linux version 0.99.pl9-1 (root@haven) 05/01/93 14:12:20



      ⥪ ᮮ饭 쭮 ᨫ쭮 ࠧ砥  ࠧ



                                - 20 -



⥬    ⭮ ᯥ祭, ᨨ Linux 

䨣樨.



     ᫥ ⮣,  ⠥ ᬮp 䠩 ⥬

root. , 㤠  㤥 ᬮ஢, ⠭  ६

樨    rdev  LILO.  䠩 ⥬

। ⮬᪨. ᫨ ⥬ root  p,

ਬ  稭 ⮣,    ᮤন ࠩ

ᮮ⢥饩 䠩 ⥬,  ⥬ ᠥ.



      ⥬ root 筮 p  ० read-only

( ⠭ ⠪  ࠧ   㧥 p).

   ஢ 䠩 ⥬   ६  

ᬮp,  ஢ઠ 䠩 ⥬, ⠭ 

० read-write  ४.



    ⥬  ᪠ ணࠬ init(8)  䮭 ० (

ᯮ  ⠫ /sbin/init)  ⠭ 

ᮬ. init 믮 ࠧ 㭪樨, ॡ㥬 

⠭ ⥬.



      殢 init ᪠ ணࠬ getty(8) 

㠫 ᮫  ᫥⥫ .  ணࠬ

   ⥬ ।⢮ 㠫 ᮫

 ନ, 祭 १ ᫥⥫ . init

  ᪮䨣஢ ⠪  ᪠  㣨 ணࠬ.



     ᫥ ⮣  ᪠ ⥬ ⠥ 襭 

⥬ ⮢  ࠡ.



             3.3  襭 ࠡ  몫祭 ⥬



      몫祭 ⥬ Linux 室 믮 

楤. ᫨ ⮣  ᤥ,  䠩 ⥬  䠩

 ।.  ந室  稭   Linux

᪮ , ଠ  ண 뢠   ⮫쪮

१  ஬⪨ ६.  ⥫쭮 蠥

ந⥫쭮 ⥬,  ⠪ 砥,  ᫨ 



                                - 21 -



몫 ⠭ ,   ᪮   室

讥 ⢮ ଠ樨  䠩 ⥬  

筮 ०, ⠪    筮 뢠 ⮫쪮

 ଠ樨.



     㣮 稭  ⮣  ⨧筮 ⥬,

 ६  믮 ᪮쪮 ᮢ 

몫祭 ⠭     ⥬. ᮡ 

ᠥ ஢,   ६ ࠡ⠥ ᪮쪮

짮⥫.



      , ।祭  ࠢ쭮

몫祭 ⥬ -  shutdown(8)  halt(8), ᯮ 

⠫ /sbin.    ᯮᮡ  ਬ.



     ᫨ ⥬ ⠭  ,  ࠡ⠥ 

짮⥫,  筮  ࠡ  ணࠬ, ࠡ

 㠫 ᮫, 室  ⥬  짮⥫ root

(  祭묨  ⨬ 짮⥫, ⮫쪮  ⮬

砥 㦭 ३  ୥ ⠫   ஡ 

஢ 䠩 ⥬), ⥬ 믮  halt

 shutdown -h now (   ⠭ প,

 ⠭  ࠬ now   '+'  ᫮

,  祭  㤥 襭 ࠡ ⥬) 

 halt.



     ᫨  ,  ஬ ⠭ ⥬, ࠡ⠥

६ ᪮쪮 짮⥫,   ᯮ짮

 shutdown  ᫥饬 ଠ:



shutdown -h +time message,



     time  ६,  祭 ண ࠡ ⥬ 㤥

襭,  message - ᮮ饭,  ஬  稭

몫祭. pp,



root# shutdown -h +10 'We will install a new disk.  System should

> be back on-line in three hours.'



                                - 22 -





    믮 ⮩  ।।  짮⥫,

ࠡ饣  ⥬,   㤥 몫祭 १ 10 .

饭 뤠   ନ,  ࠡ 짮⥫,

 xterm.



Broadcast message from root (ttyp0) Wed Aug 2 01:03:25 1995...



We will install a new disk. System should

be back on-line in three hours.

The system is going DOWN for system halt in 10 minutes !!



     뤠 ᮮ饭 ⮬᪨  ᪮쪮 ࠧ

। ४饭 ࠡ ⥬   ࠧ   ⪨

ࢠ.  ᯮ짮 halt  ⠭ প,

⮬  ணࠬ । ਬ  짮⥫᪨

⥬.



     砭: 䠩 /etc/inittab ᮤন , 믮騥

 몫祭 ⥬.



     ᫥ ᪠  ४饭 ࠡ ⥬,

  䠩 ⥬ (஬ ⥬ root),

蠥 믮  ᮢ  ணࠬ-, ⥬

 䠩 ⥬ root   ࠡ 蠥.

᫥ ⮣ 뤠 ᮮ饭,  ஬ ,  

⪫ ⠭. 쪮 ᫥ ⮣ ⠭  

 ⪫祭.



           

ᮮ⢥騬 ࠧ. ਬ,  ०   

, 蠥  ࠡ  ⥬ ᠥ   

     ⮫쪮 , 

祣  ।  몫 ⠭. ᫨   

⠪ 쥧 (ਬ 諠   ),   

ணࠬ update ࠡ ଠ쭮,  訬 ਠ⮬ 㤥

 ᪮쪮 ,  update(8)  ࠭  ᪥

ଠ, ࠭  -  ⮫쪮 ᫥ ⮣ 몫



                                - 23 -



⠭.



      몫  ᫥ ⭮ 믮

 sync(8),  뢠   ᮤন , ,

᫥ ४饭 饭  , 몫 . ᫨ 

 몫祭 ࠡ  ணࠬ 뫠 襭,  

楤  筠 믮  shutdown. ,

䠩 ⥬  ,   ਢ  

஡, 易  䫠 'clean filesystem' ⥬ ext2fs. 

 砥 ᯮ짮 ⮣ ᯮᮡ  ४.



                    3.4  १㧪 ⥬



      १㧪   ⨣ ⥬ ४饭

ࠡ ⥬, 몫祭 ⠭  祭 ᭮. 

⮩ ᯮᮡ -  㪠  shutdown १㧨

⥬ ⠭  -r. ਬ,  ⮣  ᯮ짮

 shutdown -r now.   ᯮ짮  reboot.



              3.5  짮⥫᪨ ० ࠡ



      shutdown  ⠪ ᯮ짮  ॢ

⥬  짮⥫᪨ ०,  ஬  ⥬  

  ஬ 짮⥫ root,  ᯮ 

ࠡ  ᮫.   ਬ 

⨢ 楫,  믮    

ᯮ짮 ଠ쭮 ࠡ ⥬.



               3.6  ᪥  ⥭ 㧪



      ᥣ   㧪 ⥬  ⪮

᪠. ਬ,  ࠢ ⠭  LILO 稪

⥬  㤥 㧨.  ⠪   

㣮 ᯮᮡ 㧪.  ᮭ ஢ 筮 

믮  ᪥.



     設⢮ ࠭塞 ᨩ Linux   ६

⠭ ⥬ ᮧ 㧮 ᪥.   ⠪



                                - 24 -



᪥ ᮤঠ ⮫쪮  , ।,   ࠭

  ᯮ짮 ணࠬ, 室騥 

⠭ ᪠.   ணࠬ 뢠 筮,

ਬ,  ॡ ⠭  䠩, ᮧ

  ணࠬ,     ᪠.



     ⮬   室  ᮧ ᯥ樠쭮

஥ ᪠.  㬥樨 "Bootdisk HOWTO" ᮤন

室 ଠ  ᮧ  ᪠.



      㧪  ᯥ樠쭮 ஥ ᪠ 

ᯮ짮 ਢ,  ஬ ᬮ஢  ᪥, 

- 㣨 楫.   ᮧ  㤮⢠,

᫨    ⮫쪮  ᪮. , ᫨

   ꥬ ,  㧨 

  RAM  ( ⮣ , ᯮ  ᪥ 

 ᪮䨣஢ ᮮ⢥騬 ࠧ).  

ᯮ짮 ᪮  㣨 楫.

.

                                - 25 -







       4  ᯮ짮 ᪮  㣨 ன

               ࠭ ଠ樨



      ⠭ ⥬    䨣樨 筮

  ஡  ᪠. 㦭 ⠭ 䠩

⥬  ᪠ ⠪, ⮡    ࠭ 䠩,  ⠪

१ࢨ஢ ࠭⢮  㣨 ⥩ 樮

⥬.



      ⮩  ᬠਢ   . 筮, ᫨

⥬ 㦥 ⠭,  - ஡  ᪠ 

쭥襬   , ஬ p  ᪥⠬.  ⠭

 ᪠   ன ᫥   ⮩ .



      ஢ ᪮   ᫥騥

஡:



     ଠ஢ ᪠ ( 饥 ६ ଠ஢

 易⥫쭮 楤ன   ⨯ ᪮).



      ᪠, ᫨  㤥 ᯮ짮  ࠧ

楫.   稭 ࠧ -  ࠭ ࠧ

樮 ⥬   ᪥. 㣠 稭 - ࠭

짮⥫᪨  ⥬ 䠩  p p, 

頥 १ࢭ ஢  ⠭,  ⠪ 

⥬ 䠩  ०.



      䠩 ⥬  ᮮ⢥饬 ᪥ 

ࠧ.  ⥬ Linux  祣  ,    

⠭ 䠩 ⥬. 쪮 ᫥ ⮣  ࠡ 

䠩.



     ஢ ࠧ 䠩 ⥬  ନ஢

  ⠫,  ⮬᪨ ⠪  

(䠩 ⥬, 㥬 ,   p

஢).



                                - 26 -





       6 ᬠਢ  p樨 ᪮  ࠡ

 㠫쭮 ,  ⠪ 㦭   ࠡ  ᪠.



      ⮩  ᬠਢ ,  室

  ࠡ  ⪨   ᪠.  ᮦ 

 ᬠਢ ᯮ짮  ⥫  ਢ

  ᪮.



                          4.1   ன



      ⥬ UNIX,  ᫥⥫쭮  Linux,   ⨯

ன:  ன⢠   㯮 (⠪  ᪨)

 ᨬ ன⢠ (⠪   ⥫ 

᫥⥫ ),     

᫥⥫묨,   -   㯮. 

ন ன⢮ ।⠢  䠩 ⥬ 䠩

ன⢠.  믮 権 ⥭    

䠩, ந室  묨  ன⢮,  ஥

㪠뢠  䠩.  ᯮᮡ 㯠  ன⢠ 

 ᯮ짮 ᯥ樠 ணࠬ ( ⠪ ᯥ樠 ⮤

ணࠬ஢, ⠪  ࠡ  뢠ﬨ). ਬ, 

ᯥ⪨ 䠩  ਭ, ᯮ ᫥ :



ttyp5 root ~ $ cat filename > /dev/lp1

ttyp5 root ~ $



     ,  ᯥ⪨ 䠩 ᯮ ᯥ樠쭠

ணࠬ (筮 lpr(1)),  ஫ ⮪ 㯠

䠩    䫨 権, ਬ,

 ⪥ ᯥ   ਭ p ᪮쪮

ࠧ 䠩.   ᯥ⪨,  䠩 㯠

⮬᪨.   奬 ࠡ⠥ 設⢮ ன.

  䠩 ன ஡  祭 ।.



        ன⢠ ⮡ࠦ  䠩  䠩 ⥬

( ⠫ /dev), ᫮ 㦨    ls(1)

  䠩 ன. ᫥ 믮  ls -l



                                - 27 -



 ࠭ 뢮 ᯨ᮪ 䠩, 祬  ࢮ 

ᮤন ⨯ 䠩  ࠢ 㯠  . ਬ, 

ᬮ 䠩, ᮮ⢥饣 ᫥⥫쭮 ,

ᯮ ᫥ :



ttyp5 root ~ $ ls -l /dev/cua0

crw-rw-rw-   1 root       uucp        5,   64  Nov  30    1993    /dev/cua0

ttyp5 root ~ $



      ᨬ  ࢮ , .. 'c', 뢠 ⨯

䠩,   砥 ᨬ쭮 ன⢮.   䠩

ᯮ ᨬ '-',  ⠫ - 'd',  

ன - 'b' (. p㪮⢮   ls(1)  

஡ ଠ樨).



     稥 讣 ⢠ 䠩 ன ᮢᥬ 

砥,   ன⢠  ᠬ  ⠭. 稥

䠩 /dev/sda   祬    ᮢᥬ  砥,  

 ⠭ ⪨  SCSI.  ।ᬮ७ 

祭 ⠭ ணࠬ   㤮 (

室 ᪠ 㦭 ࠬ  ᮧ 䠩  

ன).



                         4.2  ⪨ ᪨



      ⮬ ࠧ ᬠਢ ନ, 易 

ᯮ짮 ⪨ ᪮.



     ⪨  ⮨    ᪮쪨 㣫 ⨭,

   ஭ ன   ਠ,

ᯮ㥬  ࠭ ଠ樨.   ஭

।ᬮ७ ,  뢠  뢠

ଠ. ⨭     筮  ᪮

3600 ⮢  ,     p ᯮ

 ᮪ ᪮.  ६  ࠤ

孮 ⨭,       窥

孮.





                                - 28 -



     ࠫ  (CPU)  ⪨  

ଠ樥 १ ᪮ ஫.  頥 奬

饭  ࠡ  ᪮, ⠪  ஫  ࠧ ⨯

᪮   ஥  ᯮ짮  䥩 

裡  ஬. ⮬, ਬ,  뢠 ᥪ

 ᯮ짮 ᥣ     ᫮

᫥⥫쭮⥩ ᪨ ᨣ  ⮣, ⮡

६   㦭 樨, ᨭ஭஢ 饭

᪠  뢠     . ( ᠬ ,

䥩  ஬  ஫஬ ⮦ 筮 ᫮,

   ⮫쪮,  ᪮쪮     ᯮ짮

஫). ஫ ⠪ 믮   㣨

㭪樨, ⠪  p ଠ樨  ⮬᪠

  ᥪ஢.



        ,   室

  ࠡ ⪮ ᪠. 筮 孮  

業᪨ , 뢠 ஦  , ,

 ᢮ ।,   ᥪ.  ࠧ 㦭 

㪠 㦭 権  ᪥   । ᪮

࠭⢠  䠩.  宦 㦭 ଠ樨  ᪥

筮 ਬ୮ ᫥ : "孮 3, ஦ 5,

ᥪ 7". 筮 ⢮ ᥪ஢  ஦  

 ஦  ᪥,    ன⢠  譨

 ࠧ頥 襥 ⢮ ᥪ஢ ( ᥪ 

    䨧᪨ ࠧ, ⮬    ஦

頥  ᥪ஢). ⠭ ࠧ ᥪ ࠢ 512

.    ஢ 묨, ꥬ  

 ᥪ.



      孮 ࠧ  ஦ ( ᥪ) ⠪

ࠧ,   ६饭   孮 

- ஦,  ⠫ 孮⥩ 

⠭  ⮩  ஦. 㯭  ⠪ ஦

뢠 樫஬.  ६饭    ஦

(樫)  㣮 ॡ - ⢮ ६. 

ࠧ, ᫨ ࠧ ,     ᥣ

ந ࠧ (ਬ, 䠩),   樫, 



                                - 29 -



室  ६饭  ⯠.  蠥

ந⥫쭮 ࠡ ᪠.  ᥣ ।⠢

 ࠧ 䠩  ࠧ. , 

࠭  ࠧ   ᪥, 뢠 ࠣ஢묨.



     ⢮ 孮⥩ ( ,   ਭ樯  

 ), 樫஢  ᥪ஢ ᨫ쭮 ࠧ砥  ࠧ

ன. 㯭 ⠪ ࠬ஢ 뢠 ன

᪠,  ࠭  ᯥ樠쭮 ,  ⠭ ன

ᯮ .   뢠 CMOS RAM, 㤠

樮 ⥬  뢠 ଠ  ६ 

㧪   ६ ⠭ ࠩ.



      ᮦ, BIOS ஥ ⠪,   ।⠢

 㪠 ஦,  ன ॢ蠥 1024, 

  CMOS RAM,   쥧 ࠭祭  ᪮

 ꥬ.  襭 ⮩ ஡ ஫ ⪮

᪠ ।  ࠢ ଠ   ᪠

 ८ࠧ , ।⠢塞 ஬,  ,

ᮮ⢥饥 ॠ쭮. ਬ, ⪨   

 8 , 2048 ஦  35 ᥪࠬ  .   ६ 

஫  ⢥ত,    16   1024

஦  35 ᥪࠬ  ,  ॢ ।  ࠭ 

CMOS RAM ᫠ ஦  ८ࠧ  㬥 

   㤢  ஦. ८ࠧ ᮢ

᪠ ।⠢ 樮 ⥬   ᪠, 

᫮ ࠧ饭 ॡ㥬 ଠ樨   樫 

㢥祭 ந⥫쭮.



     ८ࠧ ᯮ ⮫쪮  IDE ᪮.  SCSI

᪠ ᯮ   ਬ ᫥⥫쭮 

ᥪ ( ஫ ८ࠧ   , 樫

 ᥪ ᪠)  㣮 ⮤  ଠ樥  ஬.

,     ।⠢  ॠ쭮

 ᪠.



       ⥬ Linux   ⭠ ଠ 

 ᪠,   䠩 ⥬  ᯮ ࠧ饭



                                - 30 -



⤥ 䠩  ।  樫.  ⮣

ਬ ࠧ饭 䠩  楯窠 ᫥⥫쭮

ᯮ ᥪ஢,   ਡ⥫쭮 

ந⥫쭮.  ஡ ᫮  

ᯮ짮 ᯥ樠 ⥩ ஫, ⠪ 

७ ஢  㣨 ⮬᪨ 㭪権.



      ⪨  ।⠢ ⤥ 䠩.  IDE

᪮ 筮  ⮫쪮  ⠪ 䠩.   

/dev/hda  /dev/hdb ᮮ⢥⢥.  SCSI ᪮ ᯮ

䠩 /dev/sda  /dev/sdb  ..  祭 ਬ

  㣨 ⨯ ᪮.  ன  ⪨ ᪮

।⠢   楫 ,  ᬠਢ ࠧ

(  ᠭ )  ⮬  ⠢ 㤠

९ ࠧ ᪠  ଠ  , ᫨  

筮 ஦.  ⪨ ᪮ 筮 ᯮ

 㯠  ଠ樨  MBR ( ⠪ ᬮ७ ).



                         4.3   ᪨



       ⮨   ⨭, ⮩   

 ஭ ਠ,  ⮬,   ⨭ 

⪮ ᪥.  ᠬ ᪥   , 

⠭  ਢ. ᪥  ࠢ   ⨭,

⠭  ⪮ ᪥, ⮫쪮 ᪥  ꥬ 

ਢ  ᯮ짮  ࠡ  ࠧ묨 ᪠,  

६  ⪨     ன⢮.



       ⪨ , ᪥   ஦  ᥪ

(  ᮮ⢥騥 ஦  ࠧ ஭ ⠢

樫),    , 祬  ⪮ ᪥.



     ᪮  ࠡ  ᪮쪨 ⨯ ᪥.

ਬ, ਢ  3.5   ࠡ  ᪠  720  

1.44 .    ᯮ짮 ࠧ ⨯ ᪮, ࠡ

ᠬ ਢ  ࠧ砥,  ⮬  樮 ⥬

  ।⠢  ꥬ ᪠,  ⢮

䠩 ன  ࠡ  ਢ   ᪮.



                                - 31 -



pp, 䠩 /dev/fd0H1440 ᮮ⢥ ࢮ ਢ (fd0)

ଠ 3.5   ᪥⮩  3.5  ᮪ ⭮ (H)

ꥬ 1440  (1440), ..  p  묨

᪥⠬  3.5 .



      䠩  ਢ  ᪮ 쭮 ᫮,

⮬  ⥬ Linux  ᯥ樠 ⨯ ன⢠,

 ⮬᪨ । ⨯ ᯮ㥬  ᪠.

⮤ । 砥  ᫥⥫쭮 ⥭ ࢮ

ᥪ ⠢ ᪥  p ࠧ ᯮᮡ

⥭,   ,    㤥 ࠢ쭮 ⠭.

⢥,    ᭠砫 ଠ஢.

⮬᪨ ன⢠  /dev/fd0, /dev/fd1  ..



     ࠬ  ⮬᪨ ன,  ᯮ

 㯠  ,   ⠭   ணࠬ

setfdprm(8).       , ਬ,

᫨ ᯮ ᪥ ⠭⭮ ꥬ (.. ᪥

 ⠭⭮ ⢮ ᥪ஢  ஦)  ᫨

। ⨯ ᪠  - 稭  ࠡ⠥ 

ᮮ⢥騩 䠩 ன⢠ .



                       4.4  ଠ஢



     ଠ஢ -    ᯥ樠 ⬥⮪ 

 孮,  ᯮ  ࠧ ஦

 ᥪ஢. । ଠ஢ ᪠  孮 ⮨ 

ᬥ ࠧ  ᨣ.  ଠ஢  ᨣ

㯮冷稢  ந室 ନ஢ ஦  ᥪ஢. 

⢨⥫쭮,   ᫮  室  ࠬ ⮩

. 㦭  ⮫쪮 ,     ᯮ짮, 

     㤥 ଠ஢.



      ࠡ  MS-DOS, ଠ஢ ⠪ 砥  ᥡ

 ᮧ 䠩 ⥬.     

ᮢ饭, ᮡ  ࠡ   ᪠.  ᫨ 㦭

ᤥ ࠧ࠭祭,  ⢨⥫ ଠ஢ 뢠

ଠ஢   ஢,  ᮧ 䠩 ⥬ -



                                - 32 -



ଠ஢  ᮪ ஢.  ࠡ  ⥬ UNIX (

⠪  ⮩ )    ⨩  ᯮ짮

 ଠ஢ , ᮮ⢥⢥, ନ஢ 䠩

⥬.



      IDE   SCSI ᪮ ଠ஢ ந

  ⮢ , 筮,  ॡ ७ ⮩

楤, ⮬ 設⢮  ।  ⮬ 뢠. 

⢨⥫쭮, ଠ஢ ᪠  ਢ  襭

 ࠡ, ਬ,  稭 ⮣,    

ଠ஢ ᯥ樠 ࠧ  ᯥ祭 

  ᥪ஢.



     ଠ㥬 ᪨  ⠢  ᯥ樠쭮

ணࠬ, ⮬  ७ 䥩  ࠧ ਢ

ࠧ.  ணࠬ 筮 ࠯  奬 BIOS

஫  ⠢ ⤥쭮  ணࠬ  MS-DOS. 

      ᯮ짮  ⥬ Linux.



      ६ ଠ஢   㦥 娥 

 ᥪ,     ᯮ짮  쭥襩

ࠡ.  㭪樨   䠩 ⥬.  

ᮧ 让 ࠧ ᪠,  砥  ᥡ ⮫쪮

娥 .  䥪⨢  讬 ⢥  ,

⠪   ࠡ 䠩 ⥬   

㤭, 易  ࠧ஬ ᯮ㥬 .



      ଠ஢ ᪥ ᯮ ணࠬ fdformat(8).

 ⢥ ࠬ 㪠뢠 䠩 ன⢠. ਬ,

᫥  ᯮ  ଠ஢ 筮 ᪥

ࠧ஬ 3.5  ᮪ ⭮  ࢮ ਢ  

᪮:



ttyp5 root ~ $ fdformat /dev/fd0H1440

Double-sided, 80 tracks, 18 sec/track. Total capacity 1440 kB.

Formatting ... done

Verifying ... done

ttyp5 root ~ $



                                - 33 -





     ᫨  ଠ஢ ᯮ ⮬᪮

ன⢮ (ਬ, /dev/fd0),  ᭠砫 㦭 㪠

ࠬ ⮣ ன⢠   ணࠬ setfdprm(8). 

祭 ⠪  १,   ।饬 ਬ, 㦭

믮 ᫥騥 ⢨:



ttyp5 root ~ $ setfdprm /dev/fd0 1440/1440

ttyp5 root ~ $ fdformat /dev/fd0

Double-sided, 80 tracks, 18 sec/track. Total capacity 1440 kB.

Formatting ... done

Verifying ... done

Double-sided, 80 tracks, 18 sec/track. Total capacity 1440 kB.

Formatting ... done

Verifying ... done

ttyp5 root ~ $



     筮  㪠  䠩 ன⢠, 

ᮮ⢥ ⨯ ଠ㥬 ᪠.



     ணࠬ fdformat ⠪ ᯮ   

.  ࠡ뢠 宩  ᪮쪮 ࠧ. ᫨ ஡

 祭 쥧 (吝 ࠡ 孮

뢠/뢠 , 宩 ⠪  ࠧꥬ

஫),  fdformat த ᢮ ࠡ,  

ॠ쭮 訡 ࢥ  ஢ન.  ⮡ࠦ

  訡  ନ. ᫨ ᯮ syslog, 

ᮮ饭 㯠  䠩 /usr/adm/messages. fdformat  ᮮ頥

ᯥ䨪 訡 (筮    祭, ⠪  ᪮

 쭮 襢 ன⢠     ⠢

஡).



ttyp5 root ~ $ fdformat /dev/fd0H1440

Double-sided, 80 tracks, 18 sec/track. Total capacity 1440 kB.

Formatting ... done

Verifying ... read: Unknown error

ttyp5 root ~ $





                                - 34 -



      badblocks(8) ᯮ  ᪠   

 ᪥  ࠧ ᪠ (  ᪨).  

ଠ , ⮬   ᯮ짮  ஢ન

  䠩 ⥬.  ᫥饬 ਬ

ᬠਢ ஢ઠ 3.5  ᪥   娬

.



ttyp5 root ~ $ badblocks /dev/fd0H1440

718

719

ttyp5 root ~ $



     ணࠬ 뢮    .  

䠩 ⥬  ।⢠, 騥 

ᯮ짮 ⠪ .  ⠪ 楫  ᯨ᮪

  ,  樠  ⠭

䠩 ⥬    ஢  쭥襬.

ࢨ    ந  믮 

mkfs ( 樠 䠩 ⥬),  ᫥饬

஢ઠ ந   ணࠬ badblocks,  䨪

ᯨ᪠ -    fsck.    ᬮ७

.



                       4.5  ᪮ ࠧ



      ⪨    ࠧ  ᪮쪮 ࠧ,

祬  ࠧ ।⠢ ⠪,  ᫨   

⤥ .  ᯮ, ਬ,  ࠡ 

 樮 ⥬   ᪥.  ⮬ 

樮 ⥬ ᯮ  ࠡ ⤥ ࠧ  

  㣨.  ࠧ,  ࠧ ⥬

  ⠭   ⪮ ᪥.  ᯮ짮

ࠧ   砥   室  ਮ⥭

ண ᪠.



       ᪮ ࠧ  ।ᬮ७.  設⢥

砥  ⮣  室, ⠪   ꥬ 筮

.



                                - 35 -





            4.5.1  MBR, 㧮 ᥪ  ⠡ ࠧ



     ଠ  ࠧ ⪮ ᪠ 室  ࢮ

ᥪ (..  ࢮ ᥪ ࢮ ஦ ࢮ ᪠). 

ᥪ 뢠 MBR (᮪饭  Master Boot Record) ⮣

᪠.  㧪  BIOS 㦠    

믮. MBR ᮤন  ணࠬ,  뢠

⠡ ࠧ, 室 ⨢ ࠧ (.. ࠧ, ⬥祭

 㧮)  뢠  ᥪ ⮣ ࠧ, 

뢠 㧮 ᥪ஬ (MBR ⠪  㧮

ᥪ஬,   믮 ᯥ樠 㭪樨  ⮬ 

⤥쭮 ).  ᥪ ᮤন  

ணࠬ, ,  ᢮ ।, 뢠 砫 

樮 ⥬, ᯮ  ⮬ ࠧ,  ⥬

믮 .



     奬 ࠧ  ஥  㤮    BIOS.

 ⮫쪮 ⠭, ண ਤন 讥 ⢮

樮 ⥬.   ⥬ ন ,  

 ᪫祭ﬨ.  ⥬ ন ࠧ,

   ᥣ  ࠧ  ᪥  ᯮ ᢮

७ 奬 ࠧ  । ᯮ㥬 ࠧ.

 樮 ⥬ ଠ쭮 ࠡ  㣨 ⥬

( Linux),  室  ⮬  ᪥.  

樮 ⥬,   ন ࠧ,  

 ⠭   㣨 ⥬   ᪥.



       ।஦ ᫥  ⠡ ࠧ.

᫨  ⠡ - ࠧ ।,   䠩

⠭  ࠭ (ᯮ祭 ⠡ ࠧ  

ࠢ   ணࠬ fdisk).



               4.5.2  ७  ᪨ ࠧ



     砫쭮,  奬 ࠧ ⪮ ᪠  PC

᪠ ᯮ짮 ⮫쪮  ࠧ.  ᪮ ⮣

 筮, 筮  稭 ⮣,   



                                - 36 -



ࠡ ॡ   樮 ⥬ (ਬ,

Linux, MS-DOS, OS/2, Minix, FreeBSD, NetBSD, Windows/NT  ..),

  ᭮ - ⮣,   ⥬ ᯮ

᪮쪮 ࠧ. ਬ,  ⥬ Linux swap- 

ᥣ ࠧ頥  ⤥쭮 ࠧ (   ᭮ ࠧ

Linux)  襭 ᪮  (. ).



      襭 ⮩ ஡ 뫠 ࠧࠡ⠭ 奬,

ᯮ ७ ࠧ.   ࠧ ᭮

ࠧ  ࠧ. ᭮ ࠧ, ࠧ ⠪ ࠧ,

뢠 ७ ࠧ,  ࠧ 뢠

᪨ ࠧ.  㭪樮 ⠪ ,   ᭮

ࠧ, ࠧ稥 ⮨  奬  ᮧ.



       pp p ᪮ ᪠  p.  

ࠧ   ᭮ ࠧ, ன   ࠧ  

᪨.  ᪠  ᯮ .  , 

楫,   ᭮ ࠧ  ᢮ 㧮 ᥪ.



  

   MBR                                  

  Ф

   㧮 ᥪ                   

  --------------------------------------  ᭮

                                        

     ࠧ                  ࠧ

                                        

  Ф

   㧮 ᥪ                              

             

   ᯮ㥬 㧮 ᥪ     ᪨

  --------------------------------------           

                                           ࠧ  

     ࠧ                          

                                                    ७

  

   ᯮ㥬 㧮 ᥪ                  ࠧ

  -------------------------------------- ᪨



                                - 37 -



                                                   

     ࠧ                  ࠧ  

                                                   

  Ф

                                        

   ᯮ㥬 ᪮ ࠭⢮ 

                                        

  Ф

   㧮 ᥪ                   

  --------------------------------------  ᭮

                                        

     ࠧ                  ࠧ

                                        

  嬬





                        4.5.3     ࠧ



      ࠧ ( 室  MBR, 㣨 ᯮ

 ७ ࠧ) ᮤঠ     ࠧ,

 㪠뢠 ⨯ ࠧ.   ।

樮 ⥬,  ᯮ ࠧ   祣 

ᯮ   砩 ࠧ饭  ⥬ 

 ࠧ. ,  ⢨⥫쭮, 樮 ⥬

  ⨯ ࠧ. ਬ, ⥬ Linux  

 ।⠢   ⢮. 㦥 ⮣, 

⥬ ࠢ쭮   ( ࠩ , 

ᨨ DR-DOS  ᠬ   ⮣ ,  ⫨稥

 㣨).



        ⠭⮢,  祭 

⮢,   饯ਭ 祭 ਢ  ⠡

.   ଠ ।⠢ ணࠬ Linux fdisk.



0 ⮩ ࠧ          40 Venix 80286          94 Amoeba BBT

1 DOS 12-⭠ FAT      51 Novell               a5 BSD/386

2 XENIX root             52 Microport            b7 BSDI fs

3 XENIX usr              63 GNU HURD             b8 BSDI swap-



                                - 38 -



4 DOS 16- (<32)     64 Novell               c7 Syrinx

5 ७            75 PC/IX                db CP/M

6 DOS 16- (>=32)    80 Old MINIX            e1 DOS

7 OS/2 HPFS              81 Linux/MINIX          e3 DOS r/o

8 AIX                    82 Linux swap-   f2 DOS ⥫

9 AIX 㧮        83 Linux                ff BBT

a OS/2 㧮       93 Amoeba



                4.5.4    ⪮ ᪠



       ணࠬ,  ᮧ  㤠

ࠧ.  設⢠ 樮 ⥬  ᢮

ᮡ⢥  ࠧ㬭 ᥣ 짮  ⠪

ணࠬ.  ᥣ  ணࠬ 뢠 fdisk (  

砥 Linux). ᮡ ࠡ   ᬮ७  

㪮⢥.  cfdisk  fdisk, ⮫쪮  ࢮ

ᯮ ࠭ 䥩.



      p  IDE ᪠, 㧮 ࠧ (ࠧ, 

஬ 室 䠩, ᯮ㥬  㧪  ᠬ )

  ᯮ  ।  1024 樫஢,

⮬   ६ 㧪 ࠡ  ᪮ ந室 १ BIOS

(। 室 ⥬  饭 ०),  BIOS  

஢  樫ࠬ,   , 祬 1024. 

।⠢  ᯮ짮 㧮筮 ࠧ, 

筮 ᯮ  ।  1024 樫஢. 

⮤ ࠡ⠥   ,   䠩, 뢠 ।⢮

BIOS, 室  । 1024 樫஢.    ᤥ

쭮 ᫮,  p ⮣ ⮤  ४.

 ।㣠,  ᫥ ࠣ樨  뢠

ᮤন    ⥬ ⠭ 㦠. ⮬

᫥ 㤮⮢  ⮬,  㧮 ࠧ ᯮ 

।  1024 樫஢.



      ᫥ ᨨ BIOS    IDE ᪮

 ⢨⥫쭮  p  樫ࠬ,  

ॢ蠥 1024.





                                - 39 -



      ࠧ  ᮤঠ ⭮ ⢮ ᥪ஢,

⠪   ⥬ Linux ᯮ  ࠧ஬  1 , ..

 ᥪ. ⭮ ⢮ ᥪ஢ ਢ  ⮬, 

᫥   㤥 ᯮ짮.      , 

p ᪥ fdisk 㤥 뤠 pp.



       ࠧ ࠧ 筮 ॡ ᭠砫

ᤥ १ࢭ  ᥩ 室 ଠ樨, 㤠

ࠧ, ᮧ  ࠧ,  ⥬ ⠭  ࠭

ଠ   ࠧ.   ணࠬ  MS-DOS

  fips,    ꥬ ࠧ 

१ࢭ ஢,   㣨 䠩 ⥬  p

室 p.



                  4.5.5   ன  ࠧ



      ᭮  ७ ࠧ ᮮ⢥

⤥ 䠩 p⢠.  ᮣ襭   

䠩, ஥ ⮨    ࠧ   䠩

ᠬ ᪠. 1-4 ࠧ  ᭮묨 ( ᨬ 

⮣, ᪮쪮  ᭮ p),  5-8 - ᪨

( ᨬ  ⮣,   ᭮ ࠧ 

⭮). ਬ, /dev/hda1 ᮮ⢥ ࢮ ᭮

ࠧ ࢮ IDE ⪮ ᪠,  /dev/sdb7 - 쥬

७ ࠧ ண SCSI ᪠.





                     4.6    ⥬



              4.6.1   ⠪ 䠩 ⥬?



      ⥬ -  ⮤   , 

ᯮ 樮 ⥬  ࠭ 䠩  ᪥

  ࠧ.  䠩 ⥬ ⠪ , 뫠 

ࠧ  , ᯮ㥬  ࠭ 䠩  ⨯ 䠩

⥬.



     㦭  ࠧ  ᪮  ࠧ 



                                - 40 -



⠭   䠩 ⥬.  ணࠬ

(ਬ, ணࠬ ⠭ 䠩 ⥬)  饭 

  ࠧ ᯮ אַ   ᥪࠬ. ᫨ 

⮬  뫠 䠩 ⥬,   㤥 쥧

०. 設⢮ ணࠬ   ᪮

।⢮ 䠩 ⥬, , ᫥⥫쭮,  ࠡ 㤥

襭, ᫨  ࠧ  ᪥  ⥬  ⠭

( ⨯ 䠩 ⥬  ᮮ⢥ ॡ㥬).



     । ⥬,  ࠧ     ᯮ짮 

⢥ 䠩 ⥬,    樠஢, 

ॡ㥬  ७ᥭ   .   뢠

ᮧ 䠩 ⥬.



      襩  䠩 ⥬ UNIX 室 ,  

 ᮡ 祭  ࠧ. ᭮묨 ﬨ

: 㯥࡫,  ਯ (inode),  ,

 ⠫  ᢥ .  㯥࡫ ᮤন ଠ

 䠩 ⥬  楫, ਬ,  ࠧ (筠 ଠ

  ⨯ 䠩 ⥬).  ᭮ ਯ

࠭  ଠ  䠩, ஬  .  䠩

࠭   ⠫,   ஬ ਯ. 

⠫ ᮤন  䠩   ᭮ ਯ

ᮮ⢥饣 䠩.  ⮬ ਯ ࠭ 

᪮쪨  ,  ᯮ  ࠭ ᠬ

䠩.  inode   ⮫쪮  ᪮쪨 ஢ 

, , ᫨ ॡ 襥 ⢮,  ࠭⢮

 㪠⥫    ᪨ 뤥.  

뢠 ᢥ묨.  ⮣, ⮡   , 㦭

᭠砫     ᢥ .



      䠩 ⥬ UNIX 筮   ᮧ

  䠩 (  ᤥ    lseek(2), .

㪮⢮).  砥,  䠩 ⥬ ।⠢

 ଠ  ⮬,   -   䠩 ᮤঠ

㫥 ,   ⢨⥫쭮  ⮣  뤥

ᥪ ( 砥,  䠩 㤥  ᪮쪮 

  ᪥).   ᯮ ᮡ  



                                - 41 -



 ணࠬ, ⥪ Linux,      

㣨 ⤥ . ( ॠ ࠭ ᯥ樠쭮

祭  ᢥ   ᭮ ਯ  

 .  ᯥ樠쭮 祭 뢠,   

 䠩    ࠧ饭 , ᫥⥫쭮,  

䠩  .)



     ᯮ짮  筮 䥪⨢.   

騬 ᪮ ࠭⢮  200 ,  ७

뢠,  ਬ     4 . , 

७ ஢  ⥬,  뫮 ⠭

⭮⥫쭮  ணࠬ  ⢮ 䠩  . ⮤

७  ᬮ७  ਫ B.



                      4.6.2    䠩 ⥬



     Linux ন ᪮쪮 ⨯ 䠩 ⥬. 

   ᬮ७ .



minix     ⠥ ᠬ ன  ᠬ  䠩 ⥬,

 筮 ࠭祭  ᢮  ( 䠩

  ६ ࠬ,   䠩

࠭祭 30- ᨬ)  㯭 ꥬ (ᨬ 64  

 䠩 ⥬).



xia       ஢  ⥬ minix,  ன 㢥祭

ᨬ쭠   䠩  ࠧ 䠩 ⥬,  

 p   ⥩.



ext2        㭪樮묨 ﬨ 䠩

⥬  ᥬ⢠ ᮢ⨬  Linux.   

⠥ ᠬ ୮ ⥬.  ࠧࠡ⠭  ⮬

ᮢ⨬  ᫥騬 ﬨ, ⮬  ⠭ 

ᨨ  ⥬  ॡ ⠭  .



ext       ।  ⥬ ext2,  ᮢ⨬  ᫥騬

ﬨ.  饥 ६  祭 । 砥  

 ⠢塞 ⥬, .. 設⢮ 짮⥫ ᥩ



                                - 42 -



 ⥬ ext2.



        ᬮ७ ,  Linux 祭 প

  䠩 ⥬  ᯥ祭  䠩 

㣨 樮묨 ⥬.  䠩 ⥬ ࠡ

⠪,   ᠭ , ஬ ⮣,   㭪樮

   ⥫쭮 ࠭祭  ࠢ 

ﬨ, 筮 ।⠢塞묨 䠩묨 ⥬ UNIX.



msdos     ᯥ稢 ᮢ⨬  ⥬ MS-DOS ( ⠪

OS/2  Windows NT).



umsdos      ࠩ 䠩 ⥬ MS-DOS

 Linux ⠪ ࠧ,   ࠡ  Linux, 

 ࠡ   䠩 ⠭⭮ , ᬮ

ࠢ 㯠  䠩, 뫮,  짮⥫, ஬

ਭ 䠩,  ⠪ ஢  䠩 ன. 

 ᯮ짮  ⥬ MS-DOS, ⠪,  ᫨ 

 뫠 ⥬ Linux.  ࠧ, ᪫砥 室

ᮧ ⤥쭮 ࠧ  Linux.



iso9660   ⠭⭠ 䠩 ⥬  CD-ROM. 쭮

୮ ࠧ⨥ ⠭ CD-ROM, 믮 Rock Ridge',

஥ ᯥ稢 ⮬ প  䠩

⠭⭮ .



nfs       ⥢ 䠩 ⥬, ᯥ稢 ࠧ

 䠩 ⥬  ᪮쪨 ࠬ 

।⠢ 㯠   䠩   設.



hpfs       ⥬ OS/2.



sysv       ⥬ System V/386, Coherent  Xenix.





       䠩 ⥬ proc,  筮

㯭 १ ⠫ /proc.  ⢨⥫쭮,   

䠩 ⥬,     ᫮ 㦨 ࠧ.



                                - 43 -



 ⥬     । ࠬ

 ,  ⠪,  ᯨ᮪ ᮢ ( ). 

  룫  䠩 ⥬   

஢ 묨 ।⢠ ࠡ  䠩 ⥬.

ਬ,  祭 ᯨ᪠  ᮢ, ᯮ

᫥ :



ttyp5 root ~ $ ls -l /proc

total 0

dr-xr-xr-x   4 root     root            0 Jan 31 20:37 1

dr-xr-xr-x   4 liw      users           0 Jan 31 20:37 63

dr-xr-xr-x   4 liw      users           0 Jan 31 20:37 94

dr-xr-xr-x   4 liw      users           0 Jan 31 20:37 95

dr-xr-xr-x   4 root     users           0 Jan 31 20:37 98

dr-xr-xr-x   4 liw      users           0 Jan 31 20:37 99

-r--r--r--   1 root     root            0 Jan 31 20:37 devices

-r--r--r--   1 root     root            0 Jan 31 20:37 dma

-r--r--r--   1 root     root            0 Jan 31 20:37 filesystems

-r--r--r--   1 root     root            0 Jan 31 20:37 interrupts

-r--------   1 root     root      8654848 Jan 31 20:37 kcore

-r--r--r--   1 root     root            0 Jan 31 11:50 kmsg

-r--r--r--   1 root     root            0 Jan 31 20:37 ksyms

-r--r--r--   1 root     root            0 Jan 31 11:51 loadavg

-r--r--r--   1 root     root            0 Jan 31 20:37 meminfo

-r--r--r--   1 root     root            0 Jan 31 20:37 modules

dr-xr-xr-x   2 root     root            0 Jan 31 20:37 net

dr-xr-xr-x   4 root     root            0 Jan 31 20:37 self

-r--r--r--   1 root     root            0 Jan 31 20:37 stat

-r--r--r--   1 root     root            0 Jan 31 20:37 uptime

-r--r--r--   1 root     root            0 Jan 31 20:37 version

ttyp5 root ~ $



( ⢨⥫쭮,    ᪮쪮 䠩, 

ᮮ⢥ ᠬ, ,  ਬ  㪮祭.)



      ⥬ /proc  뢠 䠩,     

  ᪮.   ⮫쪮  ।⠢

   ⪥ 饭  -  , ᮧ



                                - 44 -



⫥,    - ,  

⢨⥫쭮   ⠪.  ᫨  䠩 /proc/kmem

 ᪮쪮 ,      ᪥.



             4.6.3   䠩 ⥬ ⠭?



     筮  ᫠  p ᪮쪨 ࠧ 䠩

⥬.  饥 ६  ୮ ⠥ ⥬

ext2fs , ,  訬 롮஬.  ᨬ 

ࠧ ࠬ஢ (᪮, ந⥫쭮, ,

ᮢ⨬  .)  ,  ⠭ 㣮

䠩 ⥬ 㤥  ਥ ਠ⮬.



                  4.6.4  ⠭ 䠩 ⥬



      ⥬ ⠭, .. 樠, 

  mkfs(8).  ⢨⥫쭮,  ⤥

ணࠬ   ⨯ 䠩 ⥬.  mkfs ⮫쪮

᪠ ॡ㥬 ணࠬ  ᨬ  ⨯

⠭ ⥬.  䠩 ⥬ 㪠뢠 

 樨 -t fstype.



     ࠬ, । ணࠬ, 뢠 mkfs, ᫥

ࠧ.     ᬮ७  ( 

஡ ଠ樨 . 㪮⢮).



-t fstype     뢠 ⨯ 䠩 ⥬.



-c            ந    , ᮮ⢥⢥,

樠 ᯨ᪠  .



-l filename   뢠 砫 ᯨ᮪    䠩

filename.



      ⠭ 䠩 ⥬ ext2  ᪥, ᯮ

᫥ ᫥⥫쭮 :



ttyp5 root ~ $ fdformat -n /dev/fd0H1440



                                - 45 -



Double-sided, 80 tracks, 18 sec/track. Total capacity 1440 kB.

Formatting ... done

ttyp5 root ~ $ badblocks /dev/fd0H1440 1440 > bad-blocks

ttyp5 root ~ $ mkfs -t ext2 -l bad-blocks /dev/fd0H1440

mke2fs 0.5a, 5-Apr-94 for EXT2 FS 0.5, 94/03/10

360 inodes, 1440 blocks

72 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user

First data block=1

Block size=1024 (log=0)

Fragment size=1024 (log=0)

1 block group

8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group



360 inodes per group

Writing inode tables: done

Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

ttyp5 root ~ $



       । ᪥ ଠ (ࠬ -n

।頥 ஢  稥  ). ⥬

ந       badblocks,

뢮 ன ७ࠢ  䠩 bad-blocks. , ,

䠩 ⥬ ⠭  樠樥 ᯨ᪠ 

 .



      ᯮ짮 badblocks,  mkfs  

㪠 ࠬ -c,     ਬ, ᬮ७ .



ttyp5 root ~ $ mkfs -t ext2 -c /dev/fd0H1440

mke2fs 0.5a, 5-Apr-94 for EXT2 FS 0.5, 94/03/10

360 inodes, 1440 blocks

72 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user

First data block=1

Block size=1024 (log=0)

Fragment size=1024 (log=0)

1 block group

8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group

360 inodes per group



                                - 46 -





Checking for bad blocks (read-only test): done

Writing inode tables: done

Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

ttyp5 root ~ $



      ࠬ -c  㤮, 祬 ਬ 

badblocks,   ᯮ짮 室  ஢ન 䠩

⥬ ᫥  ⠭.



     ⠭ 䠩 ⥬  ⪨    ࠧ

筠 ⠭  ᪥, ᪫ ଠ஢.



                 4.6.5    ஢  ஢



     । ࠡ⮩  䠩 ⥬,   

ᬮ஢.  ⮬ 樮 ⥬ 믮 

⢨, ᯥ稢騥 㭪樮஢ 㥬 ⥬. 

  䠩  ⥬ UNIX ਭ  

⠫,    ᯥ稢 ࠡ  䠩

⥬,   ⠫ 㦥 ᬮ஢.



     ᬮਬ  ࠧ 䠩 ⥬. ᫨  ᫥

⥬ (2-  3-) ᮮ⢥⢥ ᬮ஢  ⠫ /home

 /usr ࢮ ⥬,   ⮣ ࠧ 䠩 ⥬ 

 ன ⠫ (4).



1]                  2]                   3]



/  bin      /  abc      /  bin

                                           

    椤 dev          椤 liw          椤 etc

                                           

    椤 home          ftp           lib

    

    椤 etc

    

    椤 lib



                                - 47 -



    

     usr



4]

/  usr

       

       椤 lib

       

       椤 etc

       

        bin

    

    椤 lib

    

    椤 etc

    

    椤 home

       

       椤 ftp

       

       椤 liw

       

        abc

    

    椤 bin

    

     dev





      ਬ, ᬮ७ , ,   ᤥ.



ttyp5 root ~ $ mount /dev/hda2 /home

ttyp5 root ~ $ mount /dev/hda3 /usr

ttyp5 root ~ $



      mount(8) ਭ  ࠬ.    -

䠩 ன⢠, ᮮ⢥騩   ࠧ,  ஬

࠯ 䠩 ⥬.  ࠬ஬  



                                - 48 -



⠫,  ஬ 㤥 ஢ ⥬. ᫥ 믮

  ᮤন 䠩 ⥬ ⮡ࠦ  ⠫

/home  /usr ᮮ⢥⢥.   ᪠,  ࠧ

/dev/hda2 ᬮ஢  ⠫ /home,  /dev/hda3 -  ⠫

/usr.  ࠧ稥  䠩 ன⢠, /dev/hda2, 

㥬 ⠫, /home.  ன⢠ ।⠢ 

 '' , ᯮ  ᪥,  㥬 ⠫ -

 䠩.  ⠫ 뢠 㧫 ஢.



     㥬 ⠫  易⥫쭮   , 

  ⢮.   䠩,   ᯮ,

 㯭 ᫥ ஢ 䠩 ⥬. (

࠭ 䠩  ⠪ 㯭,  䠩, 騥 ⪨

뫪  㣨 ⠫,  㯭  ᯮ짮 

뫮.)  ࠧ,  ࡠ     

  . ਬ,   ⠫ /tmp

ᨬ᪮ 뫪  ⠫ /usr/tmp.  㧪 ⥬,

 䠩 ⥬ /usr  ᬮ஢, ⠫ ࠧ頥 

⥬ root. ᫥ ⮣,  /usr ᬮ஢, ⠫ /usr/tmp,

ᯮ  䠩 ⥬ root, ⠭ 㯭.

᫨  /usr/tmp    ⥬ root,  ।

஢ /usr ᮧ  p  ६묨 䠩 㤥

.



       䠩 ⥬  ,  mount

᪠  樥 -r, ᫥ 祣 ஢ ந 

० read-only. ᫥ ⮣  ᥪ  ⪨ ,

 䨪 ६ 㯠  䠩  ᭮

ਯ. ஢  ⮩   ᯮ 

ࠡ  ⠪ ன⢠,  CD-ROM.



      :   ࠧ  ᠬ ࢠ

䠩 ⥬ (.. ⥬ root), ⠪  祢,   

  ᬮ஢  - . ⥬ root

  ६ 㧪, ⮬ ⠥,   ᥣ

⠭ (᫨    뫠 ⠭,    ᬮ

 㧨).  䠩 ⥬, ᯮ㥬 

஢ root,  ஥  ,  ⠭ 



                                - 49 -



 LILO  rdev.



     筮 ᭠砫 ⥬ root   ० read-only.

⥬ ᪠ ணࠬ fsck(8)  ஢ન  楫⭮ 

᫨   浪,  ⥬  ᭮  ०

read-write. fsck  ᫥ ᪠  ᬮ஢ 䠩

⥬, ⠪  , ந   믮, 

ਢ  p ⥬.   ⥬ root ᭠砫

  ० read-only,  ᫥  ஢ન  

   ࠭  ୮ ஢.



       ⥬   㣨 䠩 ⥬,

   ᬮ஢  ६ 㧪.  ᯨ᮪

ᮤন  䠩 /etc/fstab (. 㪮⢮  fstab(5)).



     ᫨ 䠩 ⥬  ࠡ   ॡ,  

  ஢.  ⮣ ᯮ  umount(8)

  ࠬ஬.     䠩 ன⢠, ⠪  㧥

஢. ਬ,  ஢ ⠫,

ᬮ७  ।饬 ਬ, ᯮ ᫥騥

:



ttyp5 root ~ $ umount /dev/hda2

ttyp5 root ~ $ umount /usr

ttyp5 root ~ $



     ᫥ ࠡ  ᪮ ᫥  ࠧ ਬ 

, ⠪   ஢ ⥬   㢥७,

  뫨 ᠭ  ,   ⠫  .



      믮 権 ஢  ஢

ॡ 稥 ࠢ 㯠 짮⥫ root. , 

짮⥫ 쭮  ࠡ  ᪮   襭

⮩ ஡  ᪮쪮 ᯮᮡ:



      ᥬ ஫ 짮⥫ root.  ᠬ ⮩, 

  訩 室.   ᯮ짮  

⥬,  㦤   (筮  祭 



                                - 50 -



- ).



     ਬ - ணࠬ (ਬ, sudo(8)),

 ᥬ ᯮ짮  mount.  ⠪  訩

ᯮᮡ  稭 宩 ,   ਬ 

।⠢ p ࠢ root  짮⥫.



     ਬ  mtools, ᯮ㥬 ⮫쪮  ࠡ 

䠩 ⥬ MS-DOS  믮 樨 ஢.

ᯮ ⮫쪮   ,  ᪮ ਬ 

ࠡ  ᪠ ⥬ MS-DOS.



      ᯨ᮪ 䠩 ன, ᯮ㥬  ࠡ 

 ᪠,  㯭 㧫 ஢   㦭묨

ﬨ  䠩 /etc/fstab.



     ᫥ ⮤   ॠ ⥬   䠩

/etc/fstab ᫥饩 ப:



/dev/fd0 /floppy msdos user,noauto



     砫 㪠뢠 䠩 ன⢠, ⥬ ⠫, 

  ன⢮, ⨯ 䠩 ⥬  樨.

 noauto 頥 ⮬᪮ ஢  砫쭮

㧪 ⥬.  user   짮⥫

஢ 㪠 䠩 ⥬ ,  稭 

⥬, 頥 믮 ணࠬ  ࠡ  䠩

ன, ᯮ  ᬮ஢ ⥬. ᫥ ⮣,

 짮⥫  믮 ᫥ :



ttyp5 root ~ $ mount /floppy

ttyp5 root ~ $



      ஢ ⥬ ᯮ  umount 

ᮮ⢥騬 ࠬࠬ.



           4.6.6   প ࠡᯮᮡ 䠩 ⥬





                                - 51 -



      ⥬  筮 ᫮ ꥪ, ⮬

  㭪樮஢ 蠥.  ஢ન 楫⭮ 

ࠡᯮᮡ 䠩 ⥬ ᯮ  fsck(8).

  騥 p㤭 易  ॡﬨ 

⠭,   㤮  訡 

(ਬ, ४⭮ 몫祭 ⥬).



     設⢮ ⥬ ᪮䨣஢ ⠪ ࠧ, 

 fsck ᪠ ⮬᪨  㧪 ⥬,

⮬    㦥 (, ,

ࠢ) । ⥬,  ⥬ 㤥 ᯮ짮.  

० 䠩 ⥬  ਢ    

㣨 襭  㭪樮஢. , ᫨ 䠩

⥬ 쭮   ꥬ,   ஢ઠ  

஥ ६,  ⠪    祭 ।, 

᫨ ⥬ 뫠 몫祭 ४⭮, p ।

⮤   ஢ન 䠩 ⥬.   

易  ⥬,  ᫨  䠩 /etc/fastboot,  

஢ப  ந. ன ⮤ 砥  ⮬,  

䠩 ⥬ ext2  ᯥ樠 䫠, ࠯ 

㯥࡫,  ᯮ   pp⭮

஢ ⥬ p ᫥ 몫祭 ⥬. 

 ᯮ  ணࠬ e2fsck (  fsck

 䠩 ⥬ ext2fs)   譥 ஢ન

䠩 ⥬, ᫨ 䫠  楫⭮ ⠭ ( 

⥬ 뫠 pp⭮ ஢). 樮஢ ⮤,

ᯮ饣 䠩 /etc/fastboot,   䠩, ᪠

 㧪 ⥬,   ६  ਬ  e2fsck

ࠡ⠥   砥 (. 㪮⢮  e2fsck(8)  

஡ ଠ樨).



     ⮬᪠ ஢ઠ ᯮ ⮫쪮  䠩

⥬, ⠭  ६ 㧪.  ஢ન 㣨

⥬  fsck  믮 ⤥쭮.



     ᫨ fsck 室 ࠢ,  

⠭,   ॡ 㡮   

ࠡ 䠩 ⥬   ⨯.   ॡ



                                - 52 -



१ࢭ .  ଠ  ⥬   ᠬ

  १ ⥫७樨, 易  ⥬ Linux.

  p ணࠬ debugfs(8), ᮧ Theodore

T.



      fsck  ᯮ짮 ⮫쪮  ஢

⥬ ( ᪫祭 ⥬ root, ᬮ஢  ०

read-only  ६ 㧪), ⠪    ࠡ ᯮ

אַ     ଠ  ᥭ - 

 䠩 ⥬   㯭 樮 ⥬,

, 筮, ਢ  襭  ࠡ.



      ᫥ ஢     

 badblocks.   믮 뢮 ᯨ᮪ ஢

  .  ᯨ᮪   ᯮ짮

ணࠬ fsck  ᥭ    䠩

⥬   ᯮ짮    ࠭

ଠ樨.  ᫥饬 ਬ    ᤥ.



ttyp5 root ~ $ badblocks /dev/fd0H1440 1440 > bad-blocks

ttyp5 root ~ $ fsck -t ext2 -l bad-blocks /dev/fd0H1440

Parallelizing fsck version 0.5a (5-Apr-94)

e2fsck 0.5a, 5-Apr-94 for EXT2 FS 0.5, 94/03/10

Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes

Pass 2: Checking directory structure

Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity

Pass 4: Check reference counts.

Pass 5: Checking group summary information.



/dev/fd0H1440: ***** FILE SYSTEM WAS MODIFIED *****

/dev/fd0H1440: 11/360 files, 63/1440 blocks

ttyp5 root ~ $



                     4.7  ᪨  䠩 ⥬



       ᪨  ࠧ ᯮ  䠩 ⥬.

ਬ, ࠧ swap-  ᮤন 䠩 ⥬. 

᪮ ᯮ  ० 樨 筮 ⥫,



                                - 53 -



⮬ tar-䠩   㣮 䠩 뢠

।⢥    ᯮ짮 - 䠩

⥬.  ⠪ ᯮ짮  讥 २⢮ 

᢮ ࠭⢥ ( ⠭ 䠩 ⥬ 

 ᪮ ࠭⢠ ᯮ  ⥬ 楫) 

ᮢ⨬  㣨 ⥬. ਬ, 䠩 ଠ tar

 ⠭   ⥬,   ६  䠩

⥬  ࠧ ଠ ࠧ. ᪥ ७

㧪 ⥬ Linux ⠪   ᮤঠ 䠩 ⥬.



       稭 ᯮ짮 אַ 㯠   (

ਬ 䠩 ⥬)  ᮧ . ਬ, ᫨

 ᮤন 筮 ० 䠩 ⥬,  

 ᫥ ᮧ   । ⥬,  

- ᤥ.  ⮣  ᯮ짮 ணࠬ dd(1).



ttyp5 root /usr/tmp $ dd if=/dev/fd0H1440 of=floppy-image

2880+0 records in

2880+0 records out

ttyp5 root /usr/tmp $ dd if=floppy-image of=/dev/fd0H1440

2880+0 records in

2880+0 records out

ttyp5 root /usr/tmp $



     砫  dd 믮   ᪥  䠩

floppy-image,  ⥬ 뢠  ⭮  

(।,  । 믮 ᫥  뫠

⠢ 㣠 ᪥).



             4.8  । ᪮ ࠭⢠



                 4.8.1   奬 ࠧ ᪮



     쭮 ᫮ ࠧ   ᪮쪮 ࠧ 訬

ࠧ, ⠪     쭮  䠪஢.



     筮 ᯮ ⤥ ࠧ    䠩

⥬ root,  ᮤন ⠫ /bin, /etc, /dev, /lib,



                                - 54 -



/tmp   㣨, ॡ㥬  ଠ쭮 㧪 

᪠ ⥬.  ࠧ, ,  㦭  ᪠ ⥬

-  䠩 ⥬ root.  䠩 ⥬ /usr, 

⠫ 짮⥫ (筮 ⠫ /home)   swap-

ᯮ ⤥ ᪨   ࠧ.  ⠫

 짮⥫᪨ 䠩 砥 ᮧ १ࢭ ,

⠪  筮  ॡ ࠭ ࠡ稥 ணࠬ

(ᯮ  ⠫ /usr).   ࠧ ⥬

/usr  ᪮쪨 ࠬ   ( ᯮ짮 NFS)

 㬥襭 饣 ᯮ㥬 ᪮ ࠭⢠.



      ⪨ ᪮ 讣 ꥬ  ᥣ ᯮ짮

 ࠧ.  ᯮ짮 讣 ᪠ 筮  ࠧ

 ᪮쪮 㯭 ࠧ. ᫨  ⥬ ᯮ

᪮쪮 ᪮, , , 娬 ਠ⮬ 㤥

⠭ 䠩 ⥬ root ( /usr)   , 

 ⠫ 짮⥫ -  㣮.



                4.8.2  ॡ  ᪮ ࠭



      ⠭ Linux 㤥 ।⠢ ଠ 

ॡ㥬 ᪮ ࠭⢥  ࠧ筮 䨣樨

⥬. ⤥쭮 ⠭ ணࠬ ⠪ 

ᯮ짮  奬.   ।  

᪥.



      , ᯮ㥬  䠩 짮⥫,

  ࠪ ࠡ.  ,   

⠫ 㦭 ᯮ짮    ࠭⢠, 

쭮 ॡ㥬 ꥬ  ࠧ ⥬ ᨫ쭮 .

 ⥩襩 ࠡ⪨ ⥪⮢   ॡ

ᥣ ᪮쪮 ,   ६  㣨, ࠡ騬 

묨 ᪨ ਫﬨ,  ॡ 

.



     饭 swap- ᬮ७  ࠧ 6.5.







                                - 55 -



              4.8.3   ਬ । ⪮ ᪠



      ᬠਢ   ⠭  ꥬ 109

.    ᯮ  ꥬ 330 . 

ᬠਢ   祬  ᪨ 뫨 ࠧ.



       (109 )  ࠧ ᫥騬 ࠧ. 

 뫨 ⠭ ⥬ MS-DOS  Linux.  ⮬, 

DOS ᯮ짮 ࠧ ꥬ 20 , 10-  ࠧ 

।祭  swap-  ⠢訥 79  뫨 ⤠ 

⤥ ࠧ,  ࠭  䠩, 室  ࠡ

Linux.



     㣮  ࠧ஬ 330   ࠧ ᫥騬 ࠧ:



5        䠩 ⥬ root

10       swap-

180      䠩 ⥬ /usr

120      䠩 ⥬ /home

15       ⥫ ࠧ



        4.8.4   ᯮ짮 ⥫쭮 ᪮ ࠭⢠



      ᪮ ࠭⢠  ⥬ Linux 쭮

,  ࠩ  ᫥ ⠭ 㦭 㤮.

ॡ㥬  ଠ,  砥 室, ⥬

ᮧ ࠧ  ⠭ 䠩 ⥬ ( 뫮

ᬮ७ ). ᫥ ⮣  ᮮ⢥騥 ப

 䠩 /etc/fstab,   ⮬᪨ ஢

⥫ ࠧ  .



               4.8.5  ⮤ ࠭ ᪮ ࠭⢠



     訩 ⮤ ࠭ ᪮ ࠭⢠ -  

⠭ ᯮ㥬 ணࠬ.   㤠

ᯮ㥬 䠩, ⠪  㦭   X11 

 ⥪  C++.





                                - 56 -



       ।   ᯮ짮 ᦠ⨥

䠩.  ணࠬ, ⠪  gzip(1)  zip(1),

騥 ந  䠩  ⠫. ⥬

gzexe ᦨ  ࠧ 䠩 ⭮  짮⥫. 

ᯥਬ⠫쭠 ⥬ DouBle ந  䠩

⭮  ᯮ  ணࠬ.

.

                                - 57 -







                  5    ⠫



      ⮩  ᬮ७   ⠢騥

 ⠫ ⥬ Linux, ᭮  ⠭ FSSTND.

    뢠 ࠧ 饩 

⠫  ⤥ 䠩 ⥬    楫.



                          5.1  



       ᭮  ⠭ 䠩 ⥬ Linux FSSTND

ᨨ 1.2,  饭  ⪨ ⠭⨧஢

࣠  ⠫  ⥬ Linux.   

ᯮ짮  祭 ࠧࠡ⪨  ७ ணࠬ

ᯥ祭  Linux,  ⠪ ஢ Linux ⥬. 

ᮧ FSSTND ᤥ ⪠ ᫥ ࠤ  騬

ᯥ⨢ ࠧ Unix,  ᡫ Linux ⥬  

ᨮ묨 Unix ⥬.



        ⠪ ஡ ᠭ,  FSSTND.

⮬ ⥬      

  ᯥ⮢.



        ᬠਢ ଠ 䠩  㣨

஡, ⠪  楫  -  ᤥ  ᥩ ⥬

⭮⥫쭮 䠩 ⥬.



     ஥  ⠫ 砫쭮 । 

ࠧ  ⤥ ,     ࠧ

 ⤥쭮 ᪥   ࠧ.  ᯮ 

祭 ஫ ꥬ ᪠, ᮧ १ࢭ  

㣨 易⥩ ⥬ . ᭮묨 ﬨ

 䠩 ⥬ root, /usr, /var  /home. 

⠫ ࠧࠡ뢠 ⠪  ࠡ  ,  

।   ⥩ ।⢮ -

ன⢠ (ਬ, CD-ROM)    ᯮ짮 NFS.





                                - 58 -



      ᬠਢ 祭 ࠧ ⥩ 

⠫.



      ⥬ root ( 筮 室  쭮

᪥,    p㦥    p ᪠

⥬) ᮤp  䠩, 室  p㧪  ᪠

⥬ ⠪,  ᫥ ⮣   ᬮp  p㣠

䠩 ⥬.  ⠪ ᮤp p⢠  ⠭

p 䠩 ⥬   p  pp묨 ﬨ.



      䠩 ⥬ /usr 室  , pp,

⥪, p p㪮  p㣨 䠩, p㥬 

p쭮 㭪樮p ⥬.    䠩 ⮩

⥬    ᯥ    ⤥쭮 設

     p 筮 p ⥬.  

pp  䠩  ,    쭮 䥪⨢

p襭    ᪮ pp⢠  p

p p襭 p pp ⥬.  ᫨ /usr

pᯮ  쭮 ᪥,     ᬮp 

p read-only    砩 p.



      ⥬ /var ᮤp p 䠩, 塞 

p p ⥬, ⠪  p ⠫ ( ,

⥩  ..), p 䠩, pp p

p㪮,  ⠪ p 䠩. 筮  p  /var

  ⥬ /usr,  ⮣ 뫮  

ᬮp /usr  p read-only.



      䠩 ⥬ /home 室  ⠫

짮⥫. 饭 /home  ⤥쭮 ⠫  䠩

⥬ p頥 pp p p樨. p 㢥祭

ꥬ p樨    p  ᪮쪮 ⤥

䠩 ⥬ (pp, /home/students  /home/staff).



       p ⠢騥  뢠 䠩묨

⥬,  ⢨⥫쭮   易⥫쭮  

p饭  ⤥ 䠩 ⥬.   

室   ⥬, ᫨ ᯮ 짮⥫᪨



                                - 59 -



p p. pp ⠫ ⠪   p 

p,  ᨬ  ꥬ ᪮ pp⢠  

pp  p 楫.  ⮫쪮 ⮡ ⠭p

 䠩 ᮮ⢥⢮ ⢨⥫쭮.



      䠩 ⥬ UNIX  䠩 p㯯p  

祭 (  室   , 䠩  - 

p㣮, 㬥 -  p쥬  ..). p⨢ ⮬

 p饭 䠩  ᨬ  ⮣   pp

 ⭮,    䠩, ⭮騥  pp Emacs

室   ⠫,  䠩 TeX -  p㣮  ..

 ⮫쪮 p  pp 䠩 (⠫, 

p 室 pp, 筮 ᮤp  ﭭ 䠩,

⠪ 䠩, 塞  p p),     

᪥ (pp,  p㪮⢠  pp).



                      5.2   ⥬ root



      ⥬ root    pp, ⠪ 

 ᮤp  䠩  .   ꥬ 䠩

⥬  祬 p   , ⥬  p⭮

 p. ᫨ ⥬ root p,  筮 

砥,  砫쭠 p㧪 p  (p

⤥ ⮤, pp p  ᪥).



     p ⠫ 筮  ᮤp - 䠩,  

  室 ⥬ 䠩 p (筮  뢠

/vmlinuz), p㦠   p p ⥬.  ⠫

䠩 pᯮ  ᫥ ⠫:



/bin            , p㥬 p p㧪 ⥬ 

ᯮ㥬 묨 짮⥫ﬨ.



/sbin            ,   /bin, ⮫쪮 室騥  

 p祭  짮⥫  騬 p.



/etc             䨣p樮 䠩.





                                - 60 -



/root            ⠫ 짮⥫ root.



/lib            ⥪, ᯮ㥬 pp 

䠩 ⥬ root.



/lib/modules    p㦠 㫨  p.



/dev             p.



/tmp            p 䠩.



/boot           , ᯮ㥬 砫 p稪

(.. LILO).  ᥣ, p ⥬ 䠩 p

pᯮ  ⮬ ⠫,  p. ᫨  䠩

筮 ,  p㬭 ᥣ p  ⠫ 

⤥쭮 p ᪠. p㣮 p稭  㦨 , 

䠩 p   pᯮ  p p 1024 樫p

⪮ IDE ᪠.



/mnt             p  p 䠩 ⥬.

 ⠫   p  ᪮쪮 ⠫

(pp, ⠫ /mnt/dosa  ᯮ짮  㯠 

᪮  p 䠩 ⥬ MS-DOS,  /mnt/exta - 

㯠  ⥬ ext2fs).



/proc, /usr,     p p㣨 䠩 ⥬.

/var, /home



                     5.2.1  ⠫  /etc



      ⮬ ⠫ ᮤp 쭮  p

䨣p樮 䠩. p   pᬮp . 

⠪ pᯮ 䠩, ᯮ㥬  䨣pp .

 p ᠭ     "㪮⢮ ⥢

pp  Linux".



/etc/rc  /etc/rc.d  /etc/rc?.d       䠩,

믮塞 p ᪥ ⥬  p ᬥ  p p.



                                - 61 -



. p㪮⢮   init   p p樨.



/etc/passwd         짮⥫,  p ᮤp

p   짮⥫,  饬 , 筮

⠫, p p  p㣨 . p ⮣ 䠩

pᬮp  p㪮⢥   passwd(5).



/etc/fdprm         pp ᪮, p

p . ⠭ pp setfdprm(1).



/etc/fstab        ᮪ 䠩 ⥬, ⮬᪨

p㥬  p ᪠ ⥬  mount -a (

᪠   䠩 /etc/rc   ). 

⥬ Linux  ⠪ ᮤp p  swap-,

⮬᪨ ⠭  swapon -a (. p㪮⢮

  mount(8)   p p樨).



/etc/group         䠩 /etc/passwd, ⮫쪮 

ᮤp p  p㯯,    짮⥫ (. ⠪

p㪮⢮  group(8)).



/etc/inittab      䨣p樮 䠩 init(8).



/etc/issue        뢮 pp getty p p襭

login. 筮  ᮤp p⪮ ᠭ ⥬.



/etc/magic        䨣p樮 䠩  file(1).

p ᠭ p p⮢ 䠩, p  p

  p ⨯ 䠩.  . p㪮⢠  magic(8)

 file(1).



/etc/motd         饭 , ⮬᪨ 뢮 p

ᯥ譮 祭  ⥬.  ᯮ 

pp 짮⥫    p ⥬.



/etc/mtab         ᮪ ᬮp   

䠩 ⥬. 砫쭮 ⠭ 묨 䠩 p

᪥,  ⥬ ⮬᪨ p  mount.



                                - 62 -



ᯮ p 室 祭 㯠  ᬮp

䠩 ⥬ (pp,  df(1)).



/etc/shadow          짮⥫. ᯮ

 ⥬   p. p ⮬ p  䠩

/etc/passwd p頥  /etc/shadow, p  㯥 

⥭ ᥬ, p 짮⥫ root.  ᫮  ⥬.



/etc/login.defs   䨣p樮 䠩  login(1).



/etc/printcap      ,   /etc/termcap, ⮫쪮 ᯮ

p p  pp. p  䠩 p祭.



/etc/profile, /etc/csh.login, /etc/csh.cshrc

  䠩 믮 窠 Bourne  C shell p

᪥ ⥬,    ⥬ ⠭ 

 짮⥫.   p p樨 . p㪮⢠

ᮮ⢥ 祪.



/etc/securetty    p p,  p 

  ⥬ 짮⥫ root. 筮  ⮫쪮

p㠫 ᮫,  ᫮  ⥬ p  

.



/etc/shells       ᮪ p 祪.  chsh(1)

  p  ⮫쪮  室騥  ⮬

䠩. p ftpd, p⠢騩 p  FTP, pp

稥 窨 짮⥫  䠩 /etc/shells   

  ⥬,     㤥   ⮬ 䠩.



/etc/termcap        ᮢ⨬ p. 

室 escape-᫥⥫쭮  p ⨯

p,   p pp  p ⨯

p.   p p樨 . p㪮⢠

termcap(5), curs_termcap(3)  terminfo(5).



                       5.2.2  ⠫ /dev





                                - 63 -



      ⮬ ⠫ 室 䠩 p.  

䠩 ᮮ⢥ ᯥ樠 , pᬮp 

p .  p ᮧ  p ⠭

⥬,  ⥬   䠩 /dev/MAKEDEV. 

/dev/MAKEDEV.local ᯮ p ᮧ  䠩

p  뫮 (.. ,   ᮮ⢥ ⠭p

MAKEDEV).



                   5.3   ⥬ /usr



     筮 䠩 ⥬ /usr 筮   ꥬ,

⠪   pp ⠭  .  p 

⠫ /usr 頥 㤠  p ⠭ ⥬. ⤥쭮

⠭  pp  p㣨 䠩 p 

⠫ /usr/local. p ⠫ ⥬ /usr

pᬮp  (  p p樨 . ᠭ

⠭p FSSTND).



/usr/X11R6      䠩, ᯮ㥬 ⥬ X Windows. 

p饭 ⠭  pp, 䠩 ⥬ X Windows

p  ⤥쭮 pp ⠫, p 室 

/usr/X11R6  筠 pp /usr.



/usr/X386       ,   /usr/X11R6, ⮫쪮  pᨨ X11

 5.



/usr/bin       p᪨  ,  p 室

 /bin  

/usr/local/bin.



/usr/sbin      , ᯮ㥬 p pp ⥬

  p祭  p饭  䠩 ⥬ root

(pp,  室 設⢮ pp-pp).



/usr/man, /usr/info, /usr/doc       p㪮, 㬥樨

GNU Info  p㣠 㬥.



/usr/include   砥 䠩 ⥪  몠 .



                                - 64 -





/usr/lib       塞 䠩   pp  ⥬,

 p 䨣p樮 䠩.



/usr/local      p ⤥쭮 ⠭  pp 

p㣨 䠩.



                    5.4   ⥬ /var



      䠩 ⥬ ᮤp 䠩, 塞 p p쭮

p饩 ⥬.  ᯥ筠   p  

  p    ᪮쪨 設.



/var/catman  p ⠫  pp㥬 p p㪮.

筨  p  ⠫ /usr/man/man*.

p p㪮⢠ ⠢  pp . 

pᯮ   /usr/man/cat*. ⠫ p㪮⢠ p

pᬮp   pp. ⥬   

⠫ /var/man  p p pᬮp  pp 

㦤.



/var/lib     , 塞 p p쭮 㭪樮p

⥬.



/var/local   塞   pp, ⠭ 

/usr/local.



/var/lock    -饫.  pp p p饭 

- 䠩 p⢠ ᮧ  䠩-饫. p㣨

pp p p饭  - p ᭠砫 pp

稥 䠩-饫  ⮬ ⠫,  ⥬ 㦥 p

  ⮬ p.



/var/log     p 䠩 p pp,  ᮡ login

(/var/log/wtmp, 㤠 뢠  祭  室 

⥬)  syslog (/var/log/messages,  筮 p 

ᮮ饭 p  ⥬ pp).





                                - 65 -



/var/run     , p  p ᮮ⢥

⢨⥫쭮 ⮫쪮  p pp㧪 ⥬.

pp, 䠩 /var/run/utmp ᮤp p  짮⥫,

祭  ⥬   .



/var/spool   ⠫, ᯮ㥬  p , ⥩,

p  pp,  ⠪  p㣨 .   

 ⤥ ⠫  /var/spool, pp, ⮢

騪 짮⥫ p  /var/spool/mail.



/var/tmp     ⠫  p 䠩, pp p

筮   p ⢮ p , 祬 

/tmp.



                   5.5   ⥬ /proc



      ⥬ /proc  p㠫쭮  

⢨⥫쭮     ᪥. p ᮧ  

 p. ⥬ /proc p⠢ p 

⥬ (砫쭮 ⮫쪮  p -   ).

p   䠩  ⠫ pᬮp . 

p p  pp  ᮤp 䠩 ⥬

/proc    p㪮⢥  proc(5).



/proc/1              ⠫, ᮤp騩 p  p

p 1.   p  ⤥ ⠫ 

/proc,  p   ᫮ 䨪p.



/proc/cpuinfo        p  pp, ⠪  ⨯

pp,  , p⥫쭮  p.



/proc/devices        ᮪ pp p, p 

饥 p.



/proc/dma            ⢮     DMA.



/proc/filesystems     ⥬, p  p.





                                - 66 -



/proc/interrupts     ⢮    pp뢠.



/proc/ioports        ⢮    p

/뢮.



/proc/kcore          ⮡p 䨧᪮  ⥬ 

 . p ⮣ 䠩 筮 ⠪ ,    

p, ⮫쪮      ᠬ , 

pp   p 㯥   pp.  p

p ⮣ 䠩 㤠-,      ᪥.



/proc/kmsg           饭, 뤠 p.  ⠪

pp  syslog.



/proc/ksyms           ᨢ.



/proc/loadavg        pp筠 p㦥 ⥬.



/proc/meminfo        p  ᯮ짮 , 

䨧᪮ ⠪  swap-.



/proc/modules        ᮪ 㫥 p, p㦥  

.



/proc/net            p  ⥢ p⮪.



/proc/self           ᪠ 뫪  ⠫ p,

饣  p  /proc. p ⪥ 

p pᮢ  - p  /proc, 

 뫪  p ⠫.  砥 

pp  ᮡ⢥ ⠫ p.



/proc/stat           筠 ᪠ p  p

⥬.



/proc/uptime         p,  祭 p ⥬ 室

 p祬 ﭨ.





                                - 67 -



/proc/version        p p.



       䠩   ⥪⮢ p, p

   ᮡ⢥.   pp, p 

⮫쪮 pp ⠪ 䠩  p, 㯭  ⥭, 

 p⠢ p 㭪樨. pp, pp free

뢠 䠩 /proc/meminfo  pp 祭, 㪠 

,   ( ⠪ p⠢ p

⥫ p).

.

                                - 68 -







                       6   p 



      ⮩  pᬠp  p 

⥬ Linux,   p㠫쭠   ᪮ p. 

ᠭ 祭  㭪樮p,  ⠪ ,  室

p   ⥬ pp.



                   6.1   ⠪ p㠫쭠 ?



     ⥬ Linux p ᯮ짮 p㠫쭮 ,

  ᯮ짮 ᪮ ᪠  pp p⨢

  襭  ꥬ. p 뢠   ᮤp

⥪饣 ᯮ㥬  . p ᢮

   ᯮ짮  p㣨 楫. p p饭 

, p 뫨 ⠬ 砫쭮,  뢠 p⭮. 

 ⢨  pp  짮⥫, ⮫쪮

pp, 믮塞  Linux,  p㦨 訩 pp

㯭    ,  p   p 

p p  . 筮 p饭  ⪮ 

 (pp  p p浪), 祬  p⨢ ,

⮬ pp 믮  ⠪ p.  ⪮ ᪠,

ᯮ㥬  ⢥ p㠫쭮 , 뢠 swap

.



     Linux  ᯮ짮  swap    䠩,

⠪  ⤥ p ᪠. ᯮ짮 ᪮ p

p,   pp swap 䠩  p, 祬

p ( 室  p ᪠   ⠭

   pp ). ᫨ p㥬 pp swap 

⥭,  ᫥ ᯮ짮 p ᪠, ᫨   ⮬ 

㢥p,   ᭠砫 ᯮ짮 swap 䠩, p

p ⥬,  ⥬ ᮧ swap p p

ꥬ.



     Linux ⠪  p ᯮ짮 ᪮쪮

swap p / swap 䠩. p 室 p



                                - 69 -



ᮧ ⠭p⭮ ꥬ swap ,  ⠭

⥫ swap 䠩,  ﭭ ᯮ짮 ᥣ

ꥬ.



                     6.2   swap 



     Swap 䠩   䠩  祬  뤥 

p.  祭 ⮫쪮 ,   䠩  ᮤp p 

  ⮢  믮  mkswap(8). 

 p  쭮 ᪥     pᯮ 

䠩 ⥬, ᬮp p NFS.



     ⢨ p  swap 䠩 祭 .   䠩

ppp ᪮ pp⢮ ⠪ p,  p 

p p    ᪠ ⤥ ᥪp  ..

p p ᯮ  pp  ⮣ 䠩 ᥪp.

稥 p  䠩 砥,   㪠  

pp ᥪp,  ᭨ ᪮p  묨.



      ᫥饬 pp ,  ᮧ swap 䠩, 

ᮤp騩 p.



ttyp5 root ~ $ dd if=/dev/zero of=/extra-swap bs=1024 count=1024

1024+0 records in

1024+0 records out

ttyp5 root ~ $



      /extra-swap   swap 䠩,   pp 㪠 ᫥

pp count=.  䥪⨢ ⠭ ꥬ ⮣

䠩 p p, ⠪  p p  p栬 

4   . ᫨ pp swap 䠩  p⥭ p, 

᫥ ᪮쪮    ᯮ짮묨.



     Swap p ⠪ ᮡ  ⫨砥  p㣨 p. 

 ᮧ ⠪    p㣮 p, ⮫쪮 ⢥

⫨稥 ⮨  ⮬,    ᮤp - 䠩

⥬.  ⠭ ⨯ swap p p 82 (Linux

swap),   ᯨ᮪ p ⭥,    



                                - 70 -



室  p.



     ᫥ ᮧ swap 䠩  p ᫥   

砫 p ⥬ p, p ᯮ p.

 ⮣ p  mkswap(8).



ttyp5 root ~ $ mkswap /extra-swap 1024

Setting up swapspace, size = 1044480 bytes

ttyp5 root ~ $



      ,  swap    ᯮ. 

,  p   ᯮ  p  p㠫쭮

.



     p  Linux p稢 pp  swap 

127.5 ⠬.   ᮧ swap  襣

pp,   ᯮ짮 ⮫쪮 p 127.5 . 

 ᮧ  16 swap ⥩  騬 ꥬ  2 .



               6.3  ᯮ짮 swap pp⢠



     樠p swap  㯠  ⢨ ⮫쪮

᫥ ᪠  swapon(8).   p p

p, p  ⮬,  swap  ᯮ짮. 

⢥ pp 㪠뢠   swap , ⠪ 

㪠 p swap 䠩 ᫥ 믮 ᫥

:



ttyp5 root ~ $ swapon /usr/tmp/temporary-swap-file

ttyp5 root ~ $



     Swap   ⠭ ⮬᪨ ⥬

㪠   䠩 /etc/fstab.



/dev/hda8 swap swap defaults



     ᪠ p p㧪 ⥬  䠩, 믮

 swap -a, p ⠭  swap , 㪠 



                                - 71 -



䠩 /etc/fstab. ⮬  swapon 筮 ᯮ 

⠭ ⥫쭮 swap .



      祭 p樨  ᯮ짮 swap ⥩

p  free(1), p 뢠 騩 ꥬ

ᯮ㥬 swap pp⢠.  p 㯭

p  top(1)  䠩 ⥬ proc, 䠩

/proc/meminfo.  筮 ᫮  p 

ᯮ짮 ⤥쭮 swap .



     Swap    ⪫祭 ᫥ 믮 

swapoff(8). 筮  ⮬  室,  ᪫祭

p swap ⥩. 砫  p, 室騥  ⮩

, 뢠 p⭮  ; ᫨    

䨧 ,   뢠  - p swap

. ᫨  p㠫쭮   墠⠥  p 

p,  p室 ᡮ ⥬.    free

᫥ pp 稥 ᢮  p ⪫祭 swap

.



      swap , ⮬᪨ ⠭  

 swapon -a,   ⪫祭  swapoff -a. 

p ⪫砥 ⥩ ᯮ 䠩 /etc/fstab. 

swap , ⠭ p,  ⢮묨.



       ᯮ짮 让 ꥬ swap  

  筮    䨧᪮ . ,

pp,  p    p p swap

,  ⥬ 让 p, 騩  䨧᪮

, p蠥 ᢮ p  ᢮ . ,

ᠭ  swap ,  p p⭮    

p,    p, ⮬ 䨧᪠  

⠢ ᯮ㥬  ⥫쭮 p.



       6.4   swap ⥩  p㣨 p樮묨

            ⥬



     p㠫쭠  ᯮ   p樮



                                - 72 -



⥬.    p ⮫쪮 ⮣,  ⥬ 

p (      ᯮ짮 ᪮쪨

⥬ p),   swap , p ᯮ㥬 

騩 , p  ᪮ pp⢮. 

䥪⨢  p  swap  

᪮쪨 p樮묨 ⥬.   ,  

p  ⥬. p p HOWTO ᮤp

 p  ⮬ p.



                  6.5  饭 swap pp⢠



      ᠭ,  p쭮 p swap :



1.  業 騥 p  .  訩 ꥬ

, p  p  ⤥  p, 

 㬬p p    pp, p 

 p 饭. pp, ᫨ ⠭ ⥬ X,

 ᫥ p  8  swap ; gcc 室 

᪮쪮  (p 䠩 p 祭  ,

  ᪮쪨 ⪮ ,  筮 墠⠥

p )  .. p ᠬ  ᥡ ᯮ 

   窨   p㣨 訬 ⨫⠬

 p ᪮쪮 ⥭  ( , 

 ).  ᫥    ꥬ,

  p㡠 業. ᫨  ⥬ p

p⠥ ᪮쪮 짮⥫,   

⥫ p . (, ᫨  짮⥫

᪠  pp      p,  騥 p

 筮  㤢, ⠪   pp 

pp ⥪  㡫p.)  free(8)  ps(1)

 p  ᫥ p  .



2.  襭  ᫥, p  p饬

㭪 (業 pp pp   訡筮, ⮬ 

筮 ᪠   p 㦭 pp), 㦭

㤮⮢p  稨 ⥫쭮 pp⢠.  ⮣

   p . ( p ᫨誮 ,

祬 ᫨誮    swap ,   室 



                                - 73 -



p㢥祭  p饭 ᥣ ᪠  swap , ⠪ 

ᯮ㥬 pp⢮ p  p ᪮ ꥬ 

䥪⨢ p饭. .   㢥祭 swap .)

 祭 祭  p㣫   p 

᫥饣 .



3. p  ᫥, p  p 㭪, 

᪠, ᪮쪮 ᥣ p .  p饭 swap

 ᫥  pp 䨧᪮   祭

ꥬ p㥬 . 祭 p  㤥 p㥬

pp swap . ( p p UNIX ⠪ p

p  䨧 , ⮬ 祭, 祭 

p 㭪,    ⠭ p 

㦭.)



4. ᫨ 祭 ꥬ swap   , 祬 ꥬ

䨧᪮  ( ᪮쪮 p), , ᪮p ᥣ, ᫥

㢥  pp,  p⥫쭮 㤥 ᫨誮

.



                         6.6  ᪮ p



     ⥭  ᪠  ,  p  㯮 

.  ⮬  쭮       ᪠

뢠 ᪮쪮 p  ⭮⥫쭮 p⪨ p⪨

p. pp,  p ᭠砫  p

ᮮ饭, ⥬ p㧨   pp p ᮧ 뢠,

᫥ ⮣, pp p⪨   p   p

p p  . ⥬ p⭮ 뢠 p樨

 ᪠   ᫥饣 p     p,  

  p,  㢥 ᪮p , p

p 뢠.  뢠 ᪮ p樥,  

, ᯮ㥬   楫, - ᪮ p.



       ꥬ ,  ᮦ, p祭,  ᪮

p 筮    祭  pp.  p

p,  ᯮ㥬  p  

᢮  p㣮 p樨.



                                - 74 -





     ᪮ p ⠪ p⠥   .  

p, ᠭ   ᪮p 뢠 ᭮

(pp, 室 ⥪ pp ᠭ  䠩,  ⥬ ⠭

p).  p㣮 p, ᫨  ⮫쪮  

p   뢠   ,   蠥 ᪮p 

 ᪮ pp,  p    . 

   p  䮭 p,  

믮 p㣨 pp.



      設⢠ p樮 ⥬  ᪮ p

(   뢠  p㣮),      p

 ᠭ  p⬠. p   뢠  pאַ

, ..  뢠   p (, 筮,

 p  p). p㣨 뢠  p⭮ , ..

    p . p  p⭮

  䥪⨢, 祬  pאַ,    ᪫ 

訡: p  p  ⪫祭 ⠭, ,

p  p,  ᥣ p.   p 

p 䠩 ⥬. ⮬  ᫥ 몫 ⠭

p  pp⥫쭮 ᪠ ᯥ樠쭮 p楤p

p襭 p.  sync(8) 뢠 ᮤp p 

  ⮣, ⮡ 㤮⮢p,    pᥭ 

.  p樮 UNIX ⥬  pp,

믮  䮭 p, p 믮  sync

 30 ᥪ㭤, ⮬ 筮   p 

室.  ⥬ Linux  ⥫쭠

pp-, p 믮  sync   

      p ᥩ ⥬

 p  묨  ᪮,    砥 

⠭p⭮  sync.



      ⢨⥫쭮, p p  䠩,  , p

 襩 楩  p樥  ᪮ (

⥬ Linux   筮 p 1 KB).   p 

p p  ⠫, 㯥p , p㣠 p

䠩 ⥬,  ⠪ , 뢠  ᪮,  

䠩 ⥬.



                                - 75 -





     䥪⨢ p樨  ᭮ p ꥬ

p. 쪨 p p᪨   먣p:  p

⮫쪮  p樨,   p p 祬  

ᯮ짮 p. p᪨ pp p  ꥬ

뢠  뢠 ,  ⠪   p

   p樨.



     ᫨ ᯮ p 䨪p ꥬ,   

᫥ , ⠪    p  ⥫쭮

㬥襭 ᢮   㢥祭  묨 

  swap  ( ⠪  p ⥬). 

㢥祭 䥪⨢ ᯮ짮 䨧᪮ , Linux

⮬᪨ ᯮ   ᢮ ꥬ  p 

㬥蠥 , ᫨  p pp.



      Linux  p 믮 - ⢨ 

ᯥ祭 㭪樮p ᪮ p.  p

pp  ⮬᪨  ᪫祭 ⮣, 

㦭 ᫥  ᮮ⢥騬 몫祭 ⥬  

⥫ p p  ᪥⠬.

.

                                - 76 -







               7  祭  室  ⥬



      ⮬ p 뢠 ⢨, p p室 p

祭  ⥬  室  .  p pᬮp

p p pᮢ, p  䮭 p,

p 䠩, 䨣p樮 䠩  ..



             7.1  祭  ⥬ p p



     p 祭 p p  p p p init

pp 稥 pp getty   ᮥ (

᮫). Getty p訢 p,  p 祭 p,

  ⮢ 짮⥫   祭 (筮 

砥,  짮⥫ - p  p).

-  p室, getty 뢮  p p襭

(室饥  䠩 /etc/issue)  p訢  짮⥫,

p p pp login  ⢥ pp. Login

p訢 p  ᮯ⠢   . ᫨ 

ᮮ⢥ p p,  login ᪠ ,

᪮䨣pp   짮⥫,  p

p襭 p. init   p襭  ᪠ p

 getty   p.



      p,  init ᮧ ⮫쪮  p

(ᯮ ⥬ 맮 fork(2)),  getty  login 

믮 pp  ⮬ p (ᯮ ⥬ 맮

exec(3)).



      ᫥⥫  ᯮ ⤥쭠 pp

 ᫥ ᮥ.  getty p  ᪮p

ᮥ  p㣨  ⠭,  筮  

dial-in ᮥ,   pp   p 

祭.



      ᪮쪮 pᨩ pp getty  init  p

 ᢮ ⮨⢠  ⪨.   pᨨ 



                                - 77 -



pp  ᯮ㥬 ⥬,  ⠪ p㣨  pᨨ (

ᯮ짮   ᪠ Linux Software Map).



              7.2  祭  ⥬ p 



      p, pᯮ   , 筮 ᮥ

 䨧᪨ . p ᮥ p , pp,

믮塞   p, ᯮ㥬  ᮥ,

 p ⠪ 뢠 p㠫쭮 ᮥ.  

pp 믮  p  ⮣ ᮥ,  

p ⮫쪮 ⨬ pp.  ⮬  ᮥ 

 䨧᪨,   ⥬   ᪮쪮

p㠫 ᮥ ᯮ  䨧᪨ . 

p, ᪮쪮 pp  뢠  

㤠묨 p  类 ⢨  

.    ᯮ짮  

᪮쪨 p, p ⮬ p㠫쭮 ᮥ

 ⮫쪮   ⥬,  p㣨 p

pp ᮥ,  p     ⭮襭.



     p㠫 ᮤ  p ⪥ ⠭ 裡

  pp, 믮騬  p p. 

      p,

pᯮ  ,   p㣮 p,  

쭮 讥 ⢮ ⥭樠 p㠫 ᮥ.

 裡  ⨬ ⮤ ᪠ ⤥쭮 pp getty  

⥭樠쭮 祭  p.



      ⤥ p, ᫥騩  ⥢

祭.   p  祭  ⥬

(.. ⠭  p㠫쭮 ᮥ  p㣨

p),   ᪠  p, p뢠騩 

祭,  p p ⠥ ᫥ p㣨

祭.



      ⢨⥫쭮,  ᪮쪮 p⮪ 裡 

⥢ 祭.  릭묨    telnet 

rlogin.     祭,  



                                - 78 -



p㣨  p㠫 ᮥ (pp,  FTP,

Gopher, HTTP  p㣨 ⥢ 㦡). 뫮  䥪⨢

ᯮ짮 ⤥쭮 p  ᫥ p

⨯ ᮥ.  ⮣ ᯮ  p,

p騩 ⨯ ᮥ  ᪠騩 ᮮ⢥

pp  ⠭ ᮥ.  p 뢠

inetd (  p p樨 . 㪮⢮ ⥢

pp ⥬ Linux).



                  7.3   믮 pp login



     pp login p 䨪 짮⥫

(pp ᮮ⢥⢨ p   짮⥫) 

⠭ 砫  짮⥫ ⥬  p

㯠  ᫥⥫쭮   ᪮ pp 窨.



      砫쭮 ⠭  뢮  p

ᮤp 䠩 /etc/motd (᮪p饭  Message Of The Day -

ᮮ饭 )  pp p .   p,

ᮧ 䠩 .hushlogin  筮 ⠫.



     ᫨  䠩 /etc/nologin,  p 

祭  ⥬.  䠩 筮 ᮧ ⠪

pp  shutdown(8)   묨. pp login

pp 稥 ⮣ 䠩, ᫨  ,  ᮥ

pp뢠. ᫨ 䠩  ⮩,  p 室  p

뢮  ᮤp.



     Login 뢠  㤠 ⪨ 祭  ⥬

 ⥬ p 䠩 (  p syslog). 㤠

⠪ 頥 p  祭  ⥬ 짮⥫

root.



     ᮪ 짮⥫, 祭  ⥬   ,

室  䠩 /var/run/utmp.  pᯮ p 

짮⥫   p ( ⥢ ᮥ) p

 ᯮ,  ⠪ p㣠  p. pp who,

w    ᯮ  䠩  祭 ᯨ᪠



                                - 79 -



짮⥫, 祭  ⥬.



      ᯥ 祭  ⥬ 뢠  䠩

/var/log/wtmp. ꥬ ⮣ 䠩  p  p, ⮬

  p᪨ 㤠, pp,  ᯮ짮

p cron  ⠭   , 믮塞 

.  last ᯮ 䠩 wtmp.



       䠩 (utmp  wtmp) p  筮 p (.

p㪮⢮  utmp(5))   㯭  pᬮp  ᯥ樠

pp p.



                             7.4  X    xdm



     砭: ⥬ X p 祭  ⥬ p

xdm,  ⠪   xterm -ls.



                         7.5  p 㯠



       짮⥫ 筮 p  䠩

/etc/passwd.  p p ᯮ ⥬ ⥭

p,   p p  䠩 /etc/shadow.   

訬 ⢮ p  pp 짮⥫

ᯮ NIS  - p㣮 ⮤ p  

짮⥫.   ᯮ짮 奬 ⮬᪮

p ⮩    業p쭮 p  

⠫.



        짮⥫ p  ⮫쪮 p,  

p㣠 ⥫쭠 p  짮⥫, ⠪  

p , pᯮ   ⠫  p稥

窨.   p   饤㯭, ⠪, ⮡

 짮⥫   p. ⮬ p p 

p . ᫨  -   

p p,   ᮧ  p  ⥬

⥬ ᯮ짮 p p⮣p᪨ ⮤  

p  ⢨⥫쭮 祭  ⥬. ⥬ ⥭

p  筮  ᮧ  権



                                - 80 -



⥬ p饭 p  p㣮 䠩, 㯭  ⥭

⮫쪮 짮⥫ root (p ⠪ p  p

).



       㢥p,   p  ⥬ pp,

.. ᫮ p. pp crack   ᯮ짮

  p   p, p  ,

p   室騬.  pp  

饭   騪, ⠪  ⥬ pp  楫

 ᯮ짮 pp p. p  

⠭   pp passwd(1).



       p㯯 짮⥫ p  䠩 /etc/group.

 p  ⥬ ⥭ p  ᮤp  䠩

/etc/shadow.group.



     짮⥫ root 筮     ⥬ 

設⢠ p, 祭  ,  ⮫쪮 p

p, 㪠  䠩 /etc/securetty.  ᮧ

室 祭 䨧᪮ 㯠  ⨬ p.

 ⠪    ⥬   p㣮

p  p㣨 짮⥫,  ᯮ짮  su 

祭 p root.



                       7.6   窨



     p ᪥ 窨 ⮬᪨ 믮  

᪮쪮 p ⠭ 䠩.  窨

ᯮ p 䠩.  p p樨 . p㪮⢠

 ⨬ 窠.



     設⢮ 祪 ᭠砫 ᪠  騩 䠩,

pp, 窠 Bourne (/bin/sh)    믮 䠩

/etc/profile,      믮 䠩 ~/.profile. 

䠩 /etc/profile ⥬ pp 㪠뢠 ⠭

 窠   짮⥫,  ⭮, p

窨 PATH  p.   p  䠩 ~/.profile ᯮ

  ⠭ 짮⥫  㠫쭮 p



                                - 81 -



窨.

.

                                - 82 -







                            p A



            p  p⪠  ⥬ EXT2



      p ᠭ Remy Card (card@masi.ibp.fr),

Theodore Ts'o (tytso@mit.edu),  Stephen Tweedie

(sct@dcs.ed.ac.uk), p  pp稪 䠩

⥬ ext2. p  p  㡫 p ᥤ

p ᪮ 㭠p 㬠  Linux, ISBN 90

367 0385 9.



                              



     Linux  Unix- p樮 ⥬, p

ᯮ  p PC-386. p  뫠 p⠢

 pp  p樮 ⥬ Minix   p pᨨ

砫 p ⮫쪮 䠩 ⥬ Minix.  ⮩ 䠩

⥬   p쥧 p祭: p 

 16 묨,  p稢 ᨬ ꥬ 䠩

⥬  64 ,  ⠪ ⠫ ᮤp   p祭

pp   䠩   p 14 ᨬ.



      pp⠫  p   䠩 ⥬, p

祭  ⠭p⭮ p Linux.  䠩 ⥬, "Extended

File System" (Ext fs)  "Second Extended File System" (Ext2fs),

᭨  ᠭ p祭  p⠢ 

.



       p㤥  뢠 p 䠩 ⥬ Linux. 

p p⠢ ᭮ 楯樨 p 䠩 ⥬

Unix.  p⠢ p  p㠫쭮 䠩 ⥬

(VFS)  Linux,  ⠪ pᬮp  p 䠩 ⥬

Ext2fs  p⢠ p  .  祭  p⠢

p⥫ pp⨪ 䠩 ⥬ Linux  BSD.



                A.1  p p 䠩 ⥬ Linux



                                - 83 -





     p pᨨ Linux 뫨 pp⠭   p樮

⥬ Minix. 뫮  p p ᪨  

⥬, 祬 pp  䠩 ⥬, ⮬ Linus

Torvalds p訫  p  Linux 䠩 ⥬ Minix. 

 p  䠩 ⥬ 뫠 筮 䥪⨢

pp p⮬  ⭮⥫쭮 訬 ⢮ 訡.



      p祭, 易  pp 䠩 ⥬

Minix, 뫨 쭮 ᮪, ⮬ ⠫ 뢠 

pp⪮  䠩 ⥬  Linux.



      p饭 p  䠩 ⥬  p Linux,

뫠 pp⠭ p㠫쭠 䠩 ⥬ (VFS). p砫쭮

VFS 뫠 ᠭ Chris Provenzano,  ⥬ pᠭ Linus

Torvalds p  ⥣p樥  p.  㤥 pᬮp 

p A.3.



     ᫥ ⠭  p VFS,  p 1992  뫠

pp⠭  䠫 ⥬ EXTfs (Extended File System) 

  p Linux 0.96c.   䠩 ⥬ 뫨

  ⢥ p祭 ⥬ Minix:  ᨬ

ꥬ  ⨣ 2 ,  ᨬ쭠   䠩 -

255 ᨬ.  뫮 ⨦  p  䠩

⥬ Minix,  p p   p⢮. 

뫮 p p쭮 㯠, 䨪樨 ᭮

pp  䨪樨 祥 p  䠩. 

䠩 ⥬ ᯮ짮 易 ᯨ᪨  pp

᢮묨   묨 pp,  ᨫ쭮 﫮

 p⥫쭮 ⥬:  p ᯨ᪨ ⠭

㯮p冷祭묨  ppp묨,  p 

pp 䠩 ⥬.



     襭  p    ﭢp 1993 

-pᨩ   䠩 ⥬: Xia  EXT2fs (Second

Extended File System).  襩 , 䠩 ⥬ Xia 뫠

᭮  Minix c  ᪮쪨  ⥩. 

᭮  뫮  p  묨  䠩,



                                - 84 -



p ᪮ p 襣 ꥬ  p p 祥

p  䠩.  p㣮 p, EXT2fs 뫠 ᭮ 

EXTfs  ⢮ 襭  .  ⠪ 

  饣 p.  ⥬ p

pᬮp  p A.4.



      뫨 饭   䠩 ⥬, 㭪樮쭮

 뫨 p⥫쭮 p. ⥬ Xia 뫠  , 祬

EXT2fs,    樨.  p   p

p 뫨 p㦥 訡  ⥬ EXT2fs,  

讥 ⢮  ⥩  襭.  饥

p 䠩 ⥬ EXT2fs  祭   ⠫

⠭p⮬ -䠪 䠩 ⥬ Linux.



      ᫥饩 ⠡ ᮤp  p 

㭪樮 , p⠢塞 p묨 䠩묨

⥬.



------------------------------------------------------------------------------

                        Minix FS        Ext FS         Ext2 FS        Xia FS

------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ᨬ ꥬ       64             2            4           2 

䠩 ⥬



ᨬ쭠        64             2            2          64 

䠩



ᨬ쭠       16/30 ᨬ.      255 ᨬ.      255 ᨬ.   248 ᨬ.

 䠩



p p 祥                                            

p 

䠩



 pp                                         



塞 pp                                              





                                - 85 -





 p樨                                                ?



               A.2   ᭮ 楯樨 䠩 ⥬



      䠩 ⥬ Linux 砥  ᥡ ᪮쪮

᭮ 楯権, 易  p樮 ⥬ Unix: 䠩

p⠢ ᪭묨 pp (inode), ⠫ 

p 䠩, ᮤp騥 ᯨ᮪ ᥩ,    p⢠

  ⢫ p⢮ pᮢ p 䠩 p.



                     A.2.1   pp



      䠩 p⠢ pp, 뢠 

pp.  pp ᮤp ᠭ 䠩, p

砥  ᥡ ⨯ 䠩, p 㯠, 楢, 祩

p  䠩, pp, 㪠⥫   . p

 , ppp  䠩, p  

᭮ pp. p p 짮⥫ p樨

/뢮  䠩, p pp ⥪饥 ᬥ饭  p

, ᯮ  p  ⢥ 㪠⥫  ⠡

pᮢ ,  ⥬ p p㥬 p

/뢮.



                           A.2.2  ⠫



     ⠫  ⠬ pp᪮ p. 

⠫  ᮤp 䠩  ⠫.



     ⠫ -  䠩 ⤥쭮 ⨯.  ⢨⥫쭮,

⠫  䠩, ᮤp騩 ᯨ᮪ ᥩ.  

ᮤp p ᭮ pp   䠩. 

- p ᯮ   䠩, p   ⠫

ᮮ⢥騩 p ᭮ pp. ᫥ ⮣,  

䠩 뫮 pp  p ᭮ pp, 

pp 頥    ⥬ ᯮ  ᫥

p.





                                - 86 -



                            A.2.3  뫪



     楯 䠩 ⥬ Unix 砥  ᥡ ⨥

뫪.   pp   易  ᪮쪨

 䠩. pp ᮤp , p饥 ᫮, 

p 樨p 䠩.  뫪 砥 

ᮧ  ⠫,  p ᭮ pp

㪠뢠  p㣮 pp,  㢥祭 稪 뫮 

pp. p 㤠 뫪 p 㬥蠥 稪 뫮 

㤠 pp, ᫨  稪 ⠭ p .



      뫪 뢠 ⪨   ᯮ짮

⮫쪮 p  䠩 ⥬ ( ᮧ 뫪 

䠩  p㣮 䠩 ⥬).  ⮣, ⪠ 뫪

 㪠뢠 ⮫쪮  䠩 (⪠ 뫪  ⠫ 

p  横  䠩 ⥬).



      設⢥ Unix ⥬    ⨯ 뫮. 

뫪, ᮤp騥 ⮫쪮  䠩, 뢠 ᨬ᪨.

p p⪥ p ⠪ 뫮,  p pp  

䠩   pp, p   뫪 

ᮤp pp (..   䠩 祭)  

ppp   䠩.   ᨬ᪠ 뫪 

㪠뢠   pp,   ᮧ 뫮 

䠩, pᯮ  p㣮 䠩 ⥬.  뫪 

㪠뢠  䠩  ⨯,   騩.

᪨ 뫪 p ᯮ, ⠪     

p祭, p   ⪨ 뫮.   

p ꥬ  ᪥,  pᯮ  pp 

 .  ᯮ짮  p  p

p p pp   䠩   pp,

 易  ⥬,  p p⪥ ᨬ祪 뫪 p

  ppp   䠩.



                         A.2.4   ன



      Unix- 樮 ⥬   ன⢠

⢫ १ ᯥ樠 䠩.  䠩  



                                - 87 -



  䠩 ⥬.   ⮫쪮 窮 㯠 

ࠩ ன⢠.



       ⨯ 䠩 ன: ᨬ  .

 ᯮ짮 ᨬ쭮 ⨯,   

묨  ன⢮ ⮫쪮  ᨬ쭮 ०,   ६ 

䠩 ன 筮 ⨯  ந  ⮫쪮

  ᯮ짮 .   /뢮  䠩

ன⢠,   ७ࠢ  ࠩ

ᮮ⢥饣 ன⢠.   䠩 ᮮ⢥

訩 ,  । ⨯ ன⢠,  訩 ,

 । ᠬ ன⢮.



                    A.3  㠫쭠  ⥬ (VFS)



                             A.3.1  ਭ樯 ࠡ



      ⥬ Linux ᮤন , 믮騩 㭪樨

㠫쭮 䠩 ⥬,  ᯮ  ࠡ 

䠩.   ࠡ뢠   䠩  뢠

室 㭪樨 ᮮ⢥饩 䠩 ⥬ 

믮 樨 /뢮.



      堭 ࠡ  䠩  ᯮ 

Unix- 樮 ⥬  饭 ꥤ 

ᯮ짮 ᪮쪨 ⨯ 䠩 ⥬.



      -  뤠 ⥬ 맮, 易 

ࠡ⮩ 䠩 ⥬,  뢠 㭪, ᯮ 

VFS.  㭪 ந ⢨,  ᨬ  

䠩 ⥬,  ७ࠢ 맮  㭪樨 ⮩ 䠩

⥬,  믮 樨, 易   ன.

, ॠ騩 樨  䠩 ⥬, ᯮ 㭪樨

  饭  ன⢠ /뢮.



                           A.3.2    VFS



     VFS ᮤন  㭪権,   ন 



                                - 88 -



䠩 ⥬.  䥩 ⮨  鸞 権, 

 ६ ⨯ ꥪ⮢: 䠩 ⥬, 

ਯ   䠩.



     VFS ᮤন ଠ   ⨯ ন 䠩

⥬.  ᯮ ⠡,  ᮧ  ६

樨 .    ⠪ ⠡ ᮤন ⨯

䠩 ⥬:  砥  ᥡ  ⨯ 

㪠⥫  㭪, 뢠  ६ ஢ ⮩

䠩 ⥬.  ஢ 䠩 ⥬ 뢠

ᮮ⢥ 㭪 ஢.  㭪 ᯮ 

뢠 㯥࡫, ⠭ ७ ६  

ਯ ᬮ஢ ⥬  VFS. ᫥ ⮣,  ⥬

ᬮ஢, 㭪樨 VFS ᯮ  ਯ  㯠 

楤ࠬ ᯮ㥬 䠩 ⥬.



     ਯ ᬮ஢ 䠩 ⥬ ᮤন  ᥡ

 ଠ: ଠ,    

⨯ 䠩 ⥬, 㪠⥫  㭪樨, ᯮ㥬 

믮 権  䠩 ⥬   ,

ᯮ㥬 ⮩ ⥬. ⥫  㭪樨, ᯮ 

ਯ 䠩 ⥬,  VFS   

७ 㭪 䠩 ⥬.



      VFS ᯮ   ⨯ ਯ஢:  inode 

ਯ ⮣ 䠩.    ᮤন ଠ,

易  ᯮ㥬묨 䠩  ஬ 権, ᯮ㥬

 䠩 ⥬.   ६  ਯ inode ᮤন

㪠⥫  㭪, ᯮ㥬  ⭮襭   䠩

(ਬ, create  unlink),  ਯ 䠩 ᮤন

㪠⥫  㭪, 騬 ⮫쪮  묨 䠩

(ਬ, read  write).



           A.4   ⥬ EXT2 (The Second Extended File System)



                        A.4.1   ।뫪 ᮧ



      ⥬ EXT2 뫠 pp⠭  楫 p



                                - 89 -



訡, p㦥  p饩 ⥬ EXT (Extended File

System). p  ᮧ 﫠 楫 pp  䠩

⥬, p 䠩 pp ⥬ Unix 

p⠢ ⥫ .



     p,   ⥬ EXT2 㤥 

p⥫쭮.  p,   㤥 祭

p筠 ⥬,  㬥 p p  p 

⥭ᨢ ᯮ짮.  ⮬ , EXT2  

 pp  pp 䠩 ⥬.



                  A.4.2  ⠭p  EXT2fs



     ⥬ EXT2fs p ⠭p ⨯ 䠩 Unix:

 䠩, ⠫, 䠩 p  ᨬ᪨ 뫪.



     EXT2fs  p 䠩묨 ⥬, ⠭묨 

祭  ᪮ p.   p  p 砫쭮

p稢 ᨬ ꥬ 䠩 ⥬  2 ,  

 VFS 㢥稢  p  4 .  p, ⥯p

  p ᪮ 讣 ꥬ 

室 ᮧ 讣 ⢠ p.



     EXT2fs p  䠩 让 . 

ᯮ p  ᥩ  ⠫. ᨬ

pp  䠩 p 255 ᨬ. p 室 

p   㢥祭  1012.



     EXT2fs ppp p ⢮  

짮⥫ root. 筮  5 %  饣 ⢠, 

 ⥬ pp  墠⪨ ꥬ

⪮ ᪠ p   p⮩ pᮢ p㣨

짮⥫.



                A.4.3  ⥫  EXT2fs



        ⠭p  Unix, EXT2fs

p⠢ p ⥫ , 筮 



                                - 90 -



p 䠩묨 ⥬ Unix.



      p   p p p p

 p 䠩.  ⠭ p  䠩  ⠫.

 p 砥, 䠩, ᮧ  ⮬ ⠫, ᫥

 p.



      p p ⥬   ⠭

p ᮡ, 易  䠩묨 p⠬. 

mount  pp p ᮡ ᮧ

䠩.  䠩 ⥬  ᮡﬨ BSD, 䠩 ᮧ 

⥬  䨪p p㯯,    p⥫᪮ ⠫.

ᮡ System V ᪮쪮 ᫮. ᫨  ⠫  setgid

⠭,  ᮧ 䠩 ᥤ 䨪p p㯯

⮣ ⠫,  ⠫ ᫥ 䨪p p㯯  

setgid.  p⨢ 砥, 䠩  ⠫ ᮧ  ᭮

䨪p p㯯 뢠饣 p.



      ⥬ EXT2fs  ᯮ짮 ᨭp 䨪

,  ⥬ BSD.  mount  pp

㪠뢠 ⮡   ( pp,  ⮢,

ᢥ    ⠫) 뢠   ᨭp

p  䨪樨.    ᯮ짮  ⨦

᮪ ⭮  p樨,  ⠪ p  襭

p⥫쭮.  ⢨⥫쭮,  㭪 筮 

ᯮ, ⠪  p 襭 p⥫쭮, 

 p  p  짮⥫, p 

 p pp 䠩 ⥬.



     EXT2fs  p ᮧ 䠩 ⥬ p pp

᪮ .    pp 1024, 2048  4096

. ᯮ짮  讣 ꥬ p  ᪮p

p権 /뢮 (⠪  㬥蠥 ⢮ pᮢ 

), , ᫥⥫쭮,  襬 p饭 .  p㣮

p, ᯮ짮  讣 ꥬ p  p

᪮ pp⢠. 筮 ᫥  䠩 ᯮ

   p p樨, ⮬  㢥祭 ꥬ

, 蠥 ꥬ p塞 ᪮ pp⢠.



                                - 91 -





     EXT2fs  ᯮ짮 ᪮p ᨬ᪨

뫪. p p ⠪ 뫮,   䠩 ⥬

 ᯮ.  䠩 祭 p    ,

  ᠬ ᭮ pp.  pp 

p ᪮ pp⢮  ᪮p p ᨬ᪨

뫮. 筮, pp⢮, ppp  pp,

p祭, ⮬   뫪   p⠢ 

᪮p. ᨬ쭠   䠩  ᪮p 뫪

p 60 ᨬ.  襬 饬 p pp 

奬  䠩 讣 ꥬ.



     EXT2fs ᫥  ﭨ 䠩 ⥬. p ᯮ

⤥쭮   㯥p  樨 ﭨ 䠩

⥬. ᫨ 䠩 ⥬ ᬮp  p read/write,

  ﭨ ⠭  'Not Clean'. ᫨  

p  ᬮp   p read-only,  

ﭨ ⠭  'Clean'.  p p㧪 ⥬ 

pp ﭨ 䠩 ⥬,  p ᯮ

 p 室 pp 䠩 ⥬. p

⠪ 頥    p 訡. p p p

ᮮ⢥⢨, 䠩 ⥬ 砥  'Erroneous'.

pp pp 䠩 ⥬ p  p 

pp ⥬,  ᫨  ﭨ  

⢨⥫쭮 'Clean'.



     ⥫쭮 pp p 䠩 ⥬ 

 p  p p㤭, ⮬ EXT2fs 砥 

ᥡ  ⮤  pp pp ⥬.  㯥p

ᮤp 稪 p ⥬.  稪

㢥稢  p,  ⥬ p  p

read/write. ᫨  祭 ⨣ ᨬ쭮 ( ⠪

p  㯥p),  pp p 䠩 ⥬

᪠  pp,  ᫨  ﭨ  'Clean'.

᫥ p pp  ᨬ p  pp

⠪ p  㯥p.   ⨣ ᨬ

p  pp,  ﭨ 䠩 ⥬

pp  ᪠  pp.



                                - 92 -





     ⥬ EXT2fs ᮤp p⢠   p. pp

tune2fs  ᯮ짮  :



⢨ p p㦥 訡. p p p

ᮮ⢥⢨, 䠩 ⥬ 砥  'Erroneous' 

  믮   p ᫥ ⢨: p

믮, p  䠩 ⥬  p

read-only    p, pp㧪 ⥬ 

pp 䠩 ⥬.



ᨬ쭮 祭 p.



ᨬ쭮 p  pp.



⢠ ᪨ , ppp  짮⥫ root.



     樨, 㪠뢠 p p,  ⠪

ᯮ짮   ⢨ p p 訡

p.



     ᯮ짮 p⮢  짮⥫ 㤠

ᥪp 䠩. p 㤠  䠩,  , p

p ᯮ짮  p饭 ⮣ 䠩, 뢠

砩 p.  pp頥 祭 㯠 

p饬 ᮤp ⮣ 䠩 p, p 

᪮ pp.



      ⥬ EXT2fs  뫨   ⨯ 䠩,

  䠩 ⥬ 4.4 BSD.  p ⨯ 

ᯮ짮 ⮫쪮  ⥭:    p  

 㤠.   ᯮ짮   

䨣p樮 䠩. p㣮 ⨯ 䠩,  䠩, p

  p  p ,     ⮫쪮

   ⮣ 䠩.  ⠪ ⨯ ⠪  

 㤠  p.   ᯮ짮 

⢥ p 䠩, p  ⮫쪮 㢥稢 

ꥬ.



                                - 93 -





                       A.4.4  ᪠ pp



      䨧 pp ⥬ EXT2fs ᨫ쭮 﫮

p⨥ 䠩 ⥬ BSD.  ⥬ p  p㯯

. p㯯     p㯯 樫p BSD

FFS. , p㯯     䨧᪮ pᯮ

  ᪥, ⠪  ᮢp p ⨬p 

᫥⥫쭮 ⥭  p뢠  p樮 ⥬ ᢮

䨧 pp.



      p㯯  ᮤp ⥫  

p쭮 p樨 䠩 ⥬ (㯥p  pp

䠩 ⥬),  ⠪ ᮤp  䠩 ⥬ (p

⮢, p  pp,  ⠡ pp 

 ).



     p p㯯   訬 ⨦ 

 ⥬, ⠪  p pp 㡫p 

 p㯯 ,  p頥 ⠭ ⥬ p

p   㯥p.  pp  

 ᮪ p⥫쭮, ⠪  㬥蠥 pﭨ

 ⠡楩  pp   , 

p p饭  ⥫ p p

/뢮.



      ⥬ EXT2fs ⠫ p⠢  易 ᯨ᪨ 

ﬨ p .   ᮤp p ᭮

pp,  ,  䠩   . p

ᥩ  p   p  䠩 

묨   䥪⨢ ᯮ ᪮ pp⢮.



                   A.4.5   ⨬ p⥫쭮



     ⥬ EXT2fs ᮤp  㭪権, ⨬p 

p⥫쭮,    襭 ᪮p 

p樥 p ⥭   䠩.





                                - 94 -



     EXT2fs ⨢ ᯮ ᪮ p.   

 ⠭, p 뤠 p p樨 /뢮  ᪮쪮

p冷 pᯮ .  p, p ⠥

㤮⮢p,  ᫥騩 , p   ⠭,

㦥 p㦥  ᪮ p.  p樨 筮

p p ᫥⥫쭮 뢠 䠩.



     ⥬ EXT2fs ⠪ ᮤp 讥 ⢮ ⨬権

p饭 p樨. p㯯  ᯮ  ꥤ

ᮮ⢥  pp   . p

ᥣ ⠥ p    䠩  

p㯯, ⠪     pp.  p祭 

㬥襭 p饭  p p 뢠 pp

 ᮮ⢥   .



     p    䠩, EXT2fs p p頥  8

ᬥ  p p饭  .  ⮤ 

 ᮪ p⥫쭮 p ᨫ쭮 p㦥

⥬.  ⠪  p ᬥ   䠩,

 㪮p  ᫥饥 ⥭.



                         A.5  ⥪ EXT2fs



      p饭 ᯮ짮 ppᮢ EXT2fs  pp

p묨 pp ⮩ 䠩 ⥬, 뫠 pp⠭

⥪ libext2fs.  ⮩ ⥪ ᮤp 㭪樨,

p  ᯮ짮  p   

䠩 ⥬ EXT2 ⥬ pאַ 㯠  䨧᪮

p.



     設⢮ ⨫ EXT2fs (mke2fs, e2fsck, tune2fs, dumpe2fs,

debugfs,  p.) ᯮ  ⥪.  ᨫ쭮 p頥

䨪  ⨫, ⠪     

⥫ ⥩  䠩 ⥬ EXT2fs  

p ⮫쪮  ⥪ EXT2fs.



       p䥩 ⥪ EXT2fs 筮 p 

p,        ᠭ pp,



                                - 95 -



 p p p pאַ   䠩 ⥬.

pp, ⥪ EXT2fs ᯮ짮  p p 

4.4 BSD  ⠭ p ⨫. p ᤥ

祭    樨  p  Linux (p諮

 ᪮쪮 㭪権,   䠩 ⥬,

 맮  ⥪ EXT2fs).



     ⥪ EXT2fs p⠢   p ᪮쪨

ᮢ. p  -  p樨, 易  䠩

⥬.  pp  p  p 䠩

⥬,     ⮢, ᮧ  䠩

⥬  ᪥.  ⠪ 㭪樨 pp ᯨ᪮

  䠩 ⥬.



     p  p権 p⠥  ⠫. pp,

ᯮ ⥪ EXT2fs,  ᮧ  pp

⠫, ⠪    㤠   ⠫.

 㭪樨  p  ᭮ pp 

 䠩, ⠪  p   䠩  㪠 pp.



     ᫥  p権 pp  묨 ᪨p.

   ⠡ pp,  

 pp, pᬮp   㪠 pp.

 p 㭪権 p饭  ᢮  

pp.



                    A.6  p⢠ ⥬ EXT2fs



      ⥬ EXT2fs 뫨 pp⠭  p⢠

p.  p⢠ ᯮ  ᮧ, 䨪樨 

pp樨  ᮮ⢥⢨  䠩 ⥬ EXT2fs.

pp mke2fs ᯮ  ⠭ ᪮ p,

ᮤp饣  䠩 ⥬ EXT2fs.



     pp tune2fs   ᯮ짮  p

pp 䠩 ⥬.  뫮 pᬮp  p A.4.3,

      p  騥 訡,

ᨬ쭮 ⢮ p ⥬, ᨬ



                                - 96 -



p  pp ⥬  ⢮ ᪨ ,

ppp  짮⥫ root.



     ,  p p⢮  pp

pp 䠩 ⥬. E2fsck p祭  p

ᮮ⢥⢨  䠩 ⥬ ᫥ p⭮ p襭

p ᥩ ⥬. 砫쭠 p pp e2fsck ᭮ 

pp Linus Torvald fsck  䠩 ⥬ Minix. ,

⥪ p pp pᠭ  ᯮ짮 ⥪

EXT2fs    p   p 襥

⢮ 訡  ⥬ p  pp,  p 

p砫쭮 pᨥ.



     pp e2fsck pp뢠 ⠪ p, ⮡ 

믮﫠  ᨬ쭮 ᪮p.   pp pp

䠩 ⥬ p  p㧪 ᪠,  ᫥

⨬p p p e2fsck ⠪ p, 

p饭  pp 䠩 ⥬ p  

p. ,  ⮬ , p冷 pp  pp 

⠫ 믮   p   㬥襭 p

p饭  ᪮ ⥫.



      p p室 e2fsck p  ᥬ 

pp 䠩 ⥬  pp  pp 

⤥  ⥬.  p, p ⮬ p 

pp p㣨 ꥪ 䠩 ⥬.   楫 ⠪

pp  pp ⢮ ⨯ pp塞 䠩,

 ⠪ ᮮ⢥⢨    pp   

騬 p.  p p室 pp p ⮢,

㪠뢠騥 ᯮ짮   pp.



     ᫨ e2fsck 室  , p p ᮤp 

 祬  pp,  ᪠ p室  1B  1D 

᭥ ᮮ⢥⢨ -  ⥬ 㢥祭 p塞

,  㤠    pp.



     p p室   ᥣ p, ⠪  

 pp   ⠭    pp.



                                - 97 -



 㬥襭 p p権 /뢮  ᫥

p室,  室 p ⠥  p.

pp p⮩ ⮩ 奬     ⠫

䠩 ⥬.  祭 ⮩ p樨,  p p室

뢠  pp pp  ⠫ 䠩

⥬.



      p p室 ⠫ pp  ⤥ 

䠩 ⥬.   ⠫ pp ⤥쭮, 

뫪  p㣨  ⠫.   e2fsck

pp   ⠫  p   pp 

 p浪 p⠭, ⠪ p 㬥 p 㯠 

.  ⠫ p  pp ᮮ⢥⢨

⢨⥫쭮  ᥩ    ᮤp 뫪 

pp  騬 p ( 뫮 p  p

p室).



      p  ⠫   pp ⠫,

pp ⢮ ᥩ '.'  '..',   p

pp   '.' ᮮ⢥ ⥪饬 ⠫. (p

pp   '..'  p  p쥣 p室.)



      p 믮 p p室, p,

ᮮ⢥ p⥫᪮ ⠫, p  p.



      ,    p p室 p

  p樨 /뢮  ᪮.  p,

p㥬  p쥣, ⢥p⮣  ⮣ p室, ᮤp 

, , ⠢訥 p室 p㦠 pp  

 5-10% p  饣 믮 e2fsck.



      p쥬 p室 pp 裡 ⠫. E2fsck

pp   ⠫  p  p,

ᯮ p, 祭  p p p室. 

 pp  '..'   ⠫.  ⠫,

 ᫥ pp   騥 裡  p,

  ⠫ /lost+found.





                                - 98 -



      ⢥p⮬ p室 e2fsck pp 稪 뫮 

 ᭮ pp ⥬ pᬮp  pp 

p 稪 뫮 ( p p  p

p室)  p 稪, 祭 p 뫨 ᫥

 p p  p쥣 p室.  㤠 䠩 

㫥 稪 뫮 ⠪   ⠫ /lost+found.



     , ,  ⮬ p室 e2fsck pp ᮮ⢥⢨

ᥩ p樨  䠩 ⥬.  p p ⮢

  pp, p 뫨 祭  p

p室,  ⢨⥫묨 祭ﬨ , p 室,

p  ᪥ ᮮ⢥騬 p ppp.



     p㣨  p⢮  ⫠稪 䠩 ⥬.

Debugfs -  魠 pp,  p 

⠭ ﭨ 䠩 ⥬.  , 

 p⨢ p䥩ᮬ  ⥪ EXT2fs,  

p᫨p p   맮 㭪権 ⥪.



     Debugfs   ᯮ짮  p p

pp 䠩 ⥬, p筮 ⠭ p

⥬  ᮧ ᫮ ⮢  e2fsck.  ᮦ, 

pp  p 䠩 ⥬, ᫨    

짮.   ⮣ p⢠ 筮 p

㭨⮦ 䠩 ⥬. ⮬ debugfs p뢠 䠩

⥬  p read-only  㬮砭.  㯠  p

read/write ᫥ 㪠  -w.



                    A.7   ᫥ p⥫쭮



                         A.7.1   ᠭ ⮢



      ᫥ p⥫쭮 䠩 ⥬ 뫨

饭 .  p  p p,

᭮  pp i486-DX2,   16    420 

IDE ᪠. p 䠩 ⥬ EXT2fs, Xia fs (Linux

1.1.62)  䠩 ⥬ BSD Fast  ᨭp  ᨭp

p (⥬ FreeBSD 2.0 Alpha - ᭮  pᨨ 4.4BSD



                                - 99 -



Lite).



     뫨 饭  p . p   -  

Bonnie  ᪮p p権 /뢮  䠩 讣

pp.  p  ꥬ 䠩  ⠭  60 . 

뢠  䠩 ᨬ쭮, ⥬ p뢠 

ᮤp 䠩, ᫥ ⮣  뢠 筮, 

⥬ ᮤp 뢠 ᨬ쭮  筮.  Andrew

 pp⠭  Carneggie Mellon University  pp 

University of Berkeley  p ⥬ BSD FFS  LFS. 

p 砥   䠧: ᮧ pp ⠫,

ᮧ  , ppᨢ pp  

䠩, pp     䠩  p

᪮쪮 䠩.



                   A.7.2    Bonnie



       Bonnie   ᫥饩 ⠡:



----------------------------------------------------------------------------

           ᨬ쭠  筠     p ᨬ쭮  筮

            (/)  (/) (/)     ⥭ (/) ⥭ (/)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

BSD Async    710           684          401          721           888

BSD Sync     699           677          400          710           878

Ext2 fs      452          1237          536          397          1033

Xia fs       440           704          380          366           895

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------



      筮 p訥 p 筮 /뢮:

⥬ EXT2fs 먣p뢠  p⥫쭮 p㣨 ⥬.

 易  ⨬樥, 祭  p楤p p饭.

 p室 ⠪ 筮 p,  p稭 ⮣, 

 p  㯯 p. ᮪ ᪮p ⥭ 易

 ⥬,   뫨 pp  䠩, ⮬  p

 p   뢠ﬨ  ⨬

pp⥫쭮 뢠  p⠥.





                               - 100 -



      p㣮 p,  ⥬ FreeBSD p ᨬ쭮

/뢮 p⥫쭮 .   易  ⥬,

 FreeBSD  Linux ᯮ p p楤p ᮮ⢥ C

⥪.  ⮬ ,  FreeBSD ᪮p ᥣ 

⨬p ⥪ ᨬ쭮 뢠  ⮬ 

p⥫쭮 ᪮쪮 .



                   A.7.3    Andrew



       Andrew   ᫥饩 ⠡:



----------------------------------------------------------------------------

               p室 1    p室 2     p室 3     p室 4     p室 5

                   p  pp     ⮢   

                                              pp

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

BSD Async      2203         7391         6319         17466        75314

BSD Sync       2330         7732         6317         17499        75681

Ext2 fs        790          4791         7235         11685        63210

Xia fs         934          5402         8400         12912        66997

----------------------------------------------------------------------------



      p  p室 뢠,  Linux

먣p뢠 p ᨭp  묨. p ᮧ ⠫

 䠩, ⥬ BSD ᨭp 뢠 pp  

⠫.  p,  ᨭp p 

FreeBSD    p.



      p쥬 p室 祭  Linux  BSD 祭 宦.  

p  p⥫쭮  BSD ,  p 

 䠩  VFS ⥬ Linux p  p.



      ⢥p⮬  ⮬ p室 Linux p⠥ p FreeBSD,

 ᭮  p稭 ᯮ짮 ꥤ p

p. ꥬ p  p p 室  

 , 祬  FreeBSD,  ᯮ 䨪p

ꥬ. p p⮢ ⥬ EXT2fs  Xia fs 뢠,

 ⨬, 祭  EXT2fs, ⢨⥫쭮 ᯮ:



                               - 101 -



p  p⥫쭮  ⥬ ⠢  5-10 %.



                             A.8  祭



      ⥬ EXT2   p ᯮ㥬 

p㣠 짮⥫ Linux.  p⠢ ⠭p

 Unix  ⥫ 㭪樨.  ⮣, p

⨬樨, 祭  p,  뢠 ⫨ p

 p⥫쭮.



     ⥬ EXT2fs 砥  ᥡ 㭪樨, 騥 

 . p  p  pp⪮

pp  饩 䠩 ⥬: ᯨ᮪ p

㯠, ᮮ⢥騩 ⠭p Posix, ⠭ 㤠

䠩  ᦠ⨥ 䠩  p쭮 ⠡ p.



     砫 ⥬ EXT2fs 뫠 ⥣pp  p Linux, 

⥯p  ⨢ p  p㣨 p樮 ⥬.

EXT2fs ⠪   ⠢饩 p樮 ⥬

Masix, p    pp뢠   p.



                              p



      p ⥬ EXT2fs  p⢠   p  ᭮

뫨 ᠭ p ⮩ . p p㣨  ⠪

p ⨥  pp⪥ ⥬ EXT2fs,  p

 , ⠪  p묨 ⮢묨 p楤p. p

p ᥬ,  p ⨥  pp⪥  

.

.

                               - 102 -







                   p B   ᫥ p



      ⮬ p 室 p᭠  pp,

ᯮ㥬  ᫥ ⥭樠 p  䠩 ⥬. 

, 㤠 뫠  pp, 室  室

⥪ (sag/measure-holes/measure-holes.c).



int process(FILE *f, char *filename) {

    static char *buf = NULL;

    static long prev_block_size = -1;

    long zeroes;

    char *p;



    if (buf == NULL || prev_block_size != block_size) {

            free (buf);

            buf = xmalloc (block_size + 1);

            buf [block_size] = 1;

            prev_block_size = block_size;

    }

    zeroes = 0;

    while (fread(buf, block_size, 1, f) == 1) {

            for (p = buf; *p =='\0'; )

                  ++p;

            if (p ==buf+block_size)

                  zeroes += block_size;

    }

    if (zeroes > 0)

            printf ("%ld %s\n", zeroes, filename);

    if (ferror(f)) {

            errormsg (0, -1, "read failed for '%s'", filename);

            return -1;

    }

    return 0;

}

.

                               - 103 -







             p    ᮪  p Linux



      ᯨ᮪ 䠩 p ⢥p H. Peter Anvin

(Peter.Anvin@linux.org)     

ftp://ftp.yggdrasil.com/pub/device-list/devices.tex. 

⠫쭮 ⥪ ᠭ Peter'.



                          .1  



      ᯨ᮪ ⠫  ᪠  p Linux Rick

Miller', p  pp⨫    p  

  1993 .  ᯨ᮪ pp p p

p,  ⠪ p  䠩 p ⠫

/dev.



      ᯨ᮪ 㯥 p FTP c ftp.yggdrasil.com 

⠫ /pub/device-list.  䠩 - devices.format,  format

   ᫥: txt (ASCII), tex (LaTeX), dvi (DVI)  ps

(PostScript).



      㬥  뫪  Linux Filesystem Standard

(FSSTND). FSSTND 㯥 p FTP  tsx-11.mit.edu  ⠫

/pub/linux/docs/linux-standards/fsstnd.



      p饭 p襣  襣 p p頩 

.  ᫨    ⥫쭠 p,

   p, 㪠 ,     p 

.



       ⪮ (68k) ⭮ ⮫쪮  pᨨ Linux/68k.



.2   p訥 p



0               p⢠   (㧫 p NFS,

                p  p䥩)

1       char    p⢠ 



                               - 104 -



        block   RAM 

2       char    ppp  PTY <tytso@athena.mit.edu>

        block   ⥫   ᪠

3       char    ppp  PTY <tytso@athena.mit.edu>

        block   p p䥩 MFM, RLL  IDE ⪮ ᪠ / CD-ROM

4       char    p p⢠ TTY

5       char    p⨢ p p⢠ TTY

6       char    p⢠ p쭮 pp

7       char    p⢠ 㯠  p㠫쭮 ᮫

8       block   p⢠ SCSI ᪠

9       char    p⢠ SCSI 筮 ⥫

        block   ⠢ ᪮ p⢠

10      char     ᫥⥫쭠 , p 㭪樨

11      block   p⢠ SCSI CD-ROM

12      char     ⥫ QIC-02

        block   p p⭮ 맮  MSCDEX CD-ROM

13      char    pp⥫

        block   8- MFM/RLL/IDE pp

14      char    㪮 

        block   p p⭮ 맮 ⪮ ᪠ BIOS

15      char    ⨪

        block   CD-ROM Sony CDU-31A/CDU-33A

16      char    ppp  ᪠p

        block   CD-ROM Gold Star

17      char    ᫥⥫쭠  Chase (pp뢠)

        block   Optics Storage CD-ROM (pp뢠)

18      char    ⥫쭠 ᫥⥫쭠  Chase

        block   Sanyo CD-ROM (pp뢠)

19      char    ᫥⥫쭠  Cyclades

        char      Double

20      block   ⥫쭠 ᫥⥫쭠  Cyclades

        char    Hitachi CD-ROM (pp뢠)

21      block   Generic SCSI 

22      char    ᫥⥫쭠  Digiboard

        block   p p䥩 MFM, RLL  IDE ⪮ ᪠ / CD-ROM

23      char    ⥫쭠 ᫥⥫쭠  Digiboard

        block   Mitsumi CD-ROM

24      char    ᫥⥫쭠  Stallion



                               - 105 -



        block   Sony CDU-535 CD-ROM

25      char    ⥫쭠 ᫥⥫쭠  Stallion

        block   p CD-ROM Matsushita (Panasonic/SoundBlaster)

26      block   p CD-ROM Matsushita (Panasonic/SoundBlaster)

27      char     ⥫ QIC-117

        block   p⨩ CD-ROM Matsushita (Panasonic/SoundBlaster)

28      char    ppp ᫥⥫쭮  Stallion

        block   ⢥p CD-ROM Matsushita (Panasonic/SoundBlaster)

        block   ACSI  (68k)

29      char    pᠫ p p

        block   Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes CD-ROM

30      char    iBCS-2

        block   Philips LMS-205 CD-ROM

31      char    MPU-401 MIDI

        block   ROM /  flash 

32      block   Philips LMS-206 CD-ROM

33      block   Modular RAM 

34-223           pp

224-254         쭮 祭

255             ppp



                       .3  訥 p



0               p⢠   (㧫 p NFS, p

p䥩)



1       char    p⢠ 



                1  /dev/mem        䨧᪮ 

                2  /dev/kmem       p㠫쭮  p

                3  /dev/null     ⮥ p⢮

                4  /dev/port       p⠬ /뢮

                5  /dev/zero     筨 ⮣ 

                6  /dev/core       뫪  /proc/kcore

                7  /dev/full     p  p頥 ENOSPC

        block   RAM-

                1  /dev/ramdisk      RAM-





                               - 106 -



2       char    ppp  PTY  (tytso@athena.mit.edu)

        block   ᪮

                0  /dev/fd0     p pp, p 1, ⮮p

                1  /dev/fd1     p pp, p 2, ⮮p

                2  /dev/fd2     p pp, p 3, ⮮p

                3  /dev/fd3     p pp, p 4, ⮮p

              128  /dev/fd4     p pp, p 1, ⮮p

              129  /dev/fd5     p pp, p 2, ⮮p

              130  /dev/fd6     p pp, p 3, ⮮p

              131  /dev/fd7     p pp, p 4, ⮮p



      㪠 㦭 p ᫥   p

p⢠ ᫥饥 ᫮



                0  /dev/fd?       p ⮮p

                4  /dev/fd?d360   5.25 , 360K, p 360K

               20  /dev/fd?h360   5.25 , 360K, p 1200K

               48  /dev/fd?h410   5.25 , 410K, p 1200K

               64  /dev/fd?h420   5.25 , 420K, p 1200K

               24  /dev/fd?h720   5.25 , 720K, p 1200K

               80  /dev/fd?h880   5.25 , 880K, p 1200K

                8  /dev/fd?h1200  5.25 , 1200K, p 1200K

               40  /dev/fd?h1440  5.25 , 1440K, p 1200K

               56  /dev/fd?h1476  5.25 , 1476K, p 1200K

               72  /dev/fd?h1494  5.25 , 1494K, p 1200K

               92  /dev/fd?h1600  5.25 , 1600K, p 1200K



               12  /dev/fd?u360   3.5 , 360K,  ⭮

               16  /dev/fd?u720   3.5 , 720K,  ⭮

              120  /dev/fd?u800   3.5 , 800K,  ⭮

               52  /dev/fd?u820   3.5 , 820K,  ⭮

               68  /dev/fd?u830   3.5 , 830K,  ⭮

               84  /dev/fd?u1040  3.5 , 1040K,  ⭮

               88  /dev/fd?u1120  3.5 , 1120K,  ⭮

               28  /dev/fd?u1440  3.5 , 1440K, ᮪ ⭮

              124  /dev/fd?u1600  3.5 , 1600K, ᮪ ⭮

               44  /dev/fd?u1680  3.5 , 1680K, ᮪ ⭮

               60  /dev/fd?u1722  3.5 , 1722K, ᮪ ⭮



                               - 107 -



               76  /dev/fd?u1743  3.5 , 1743K, ᮪ ⭮

               96  /dev/fd?u1760  3.5 , 1760K, ᮪ ⭮

              116  /dev/fd?u1840  3.5 , 1840K, ᮪ ⭮

              100  /dev/fd?u1920  3.5 , 1920K, ᮪ ⭮

               32  /dev/fd?u3200  3.5 , 3200K, p ⭮

              104  /dev/fd?u3200  3.5 , 3200K, p ⭮

              108  /dev/fd?u3520  3.5 , 3520K, p ⭮

              112  /dev/fd?u3840  3.5 , 3840K, p ⭮



               36  /dev/fd?CompaQ   p Compaq  2880K.



     砭: 㪢   p⢠ (d,q,h  u)

㪠뢠 ⨯ p p:  ⭮ 5.25

 (d), ⢥p ⭮ 5.25  (q), ᮪

⭮ 5.25  (h)  3.5  (u,  ⨯). 

p  3.5  p 㪢 D, H  E  ᯮ,

⠪    p    祭.



3       char   ppp  PTY (tytso@athena.mit.edu)

        block  p p䥩 MFM, RLL  IDE ⪮ ᪠

                CD-ROM

                0  /dev/hda     ᭮  ( CD-ROM)

               64  /dev/hdb     p  ( CD-ROM)



      㪠 p ᫥   p p⢠

᫥騩 p



               0  /dev/hd?       

               1  /dev/hd?1     p ᭮ p

               2  /dev/hd?2     p ᭮ p

               3  /dev/hd?3     p⨩ ᭮ p

               4  /dev/hd?4     ⢥p ᭮ p

               5  /dev/hd?5     p ᪨ p

               6  /dev/hd?6     p ᪨ p

               7  /dev/hd?7     p⨩ ᪨ p

                   ......

              63  /dev/hd?63    줥  ᪨ p





                               - 108 -



4       char  TTY p⢠

               0  /dev/console   ᮫

               1  /dev/tty1      p p㠫쭠 ᮫

                    .......

              63  /dev/tty63    줥 p p㠫쭠 ᮫

              64  /dev/ttyS0    p ᫥⥫ p

                    .......

             127  /dev/ttyS63   줥 ⢥p ᫥⥫ p

             128  /dev/ptyp0    p  ᥢ-tty

                    .......

             191  /dev/ptysf    줥 ⢥p  ᥢ-tty

             192  /dev/ttyp0    p p⥯ ᥢ-tty

                    .......

             255  /dev/ttysf    줥 ⢥p p⥯

                                ᥢ-tty



     ᥢ-tty  ᫥騬 p:



      ᥢ-tty   pty,  p⥯

 tty;



     ⢥p⮩ 㪢     p, q, r  s, p

㪠뢠    p p ᥢ-tty  16  ;



      ᨬ     0123456789abcdef, p

㪠뢠   p.



5       char   p⨢ TTY p⢠

               0  /dev/tty    饥 p⢮ tty

              64  /dev/cua0   p⢮ 맮, ᮮ⢥饥 ttyS0

                  .......

             127  /dev/cua63  p⢮ 맮, ᮮ⢥饥 ttyS63



6       char   p⢠ p p⮢ pp

               0  /dev/lp0    p p pp  (0x3bc)

               1  /dev/lp1    p p pp  (0x378)

               2  /dev/lp2    p⨩ p pp  (0x278)





                               - 109 -



        ⥬  p p 0x3bc, ⮬

p p⢮ pp    /dev/lp0 ⠪ 

/dev/lp1.



7       char   p⢠ 㯠  p㠫 ᮫

               0  /dev/vcs     ⮢   ⥪饩 p㠫쭮

                               ᮫

               1  /dev/vcs1    ⮢   tty1

                 ..........

              63  /dev/vcs63   ⮢   tty63

             128  /dev/vcsa    ⮢  p   ⥪饩

             p㠫쭮 ᮫

             129  /dev/vcsa1   ⮢  p   tty1

                 ..........

             191  /dev/vcsa63  ⮢  p   tty63



     砭:  p⢠ 㯭    ⠪   ⥭.



8       block   p⢠  SCSI ᪮

                0  /dev/sda    p SCSI 

               16  /dev/sdb    p SCSI 

               32  /dev/sdc    p⨩ SCSI 

                  ........

              240  /dev/sdp    ⭠ SCSI 



       ⠪  p   IDE ᪮ (.

p訩 p 3)  ᪫祭 ⮣,  ⢮ ᪨

p  SCSI ᪮ p祭  11    ( 59,

  IDE ᪮).



9       char    p⢠  SCSI  ⥫

                0  /dev/st0    p SCSI  ⥫

                1  /dev/st1    p SCSI  ⥫

                  .........

              128  /dev/nst0   p SCSI  ⥫

 p⪨  p p⨨ 䠩

              129  /dev/nst1   p SCSI  ⥫

 p⪨  p p⨨ 䠩



                               - 110 -



                   .........

        block   ⠢ ᪮ p⢠

                0  /dev/md0    p p㯯 p

                1  /dev/md1    p p㯯 p

                  .........



      pp ᯮ  ⮥ 䠩 ⥬

 ᪮쪨 䨧᪨ ᪠.



10      char     ᫥⥫쭠   p㣨 p⢠

                0  /dev/logibm     Logitech

                1  /dev/psaux     p   PS/2

                2  /dev/inportbm   Microsoft Inport

                3  /dev/atibm      ATI XL

                4  /dev/jbm       J-

                4  /dev/amigamouse      Amiga (68k)

                5  /dev/atarimouse      Atari (68k)

              128  /dev/beep      㪮 pp

              129  /dev/modrq     p p  p㧪 



11      block   CD-ROM  p䥩ᮬ SCSI

                0  /dev/sr0       p SCSI CD-ROM

                1  /dev/sr1       p SCSi CD-ROM

                ..........



     p䨪 /dev/scd ᯮ짮 p  /dev/sr.



12      char     ⥫ QIC-02

                2  /dev/ntpqic11   QIC-11,  p⪨ p p⨨ 䠩

                3  /dev/tpqic11    QIC-11,  p⪮ p p⨨ 䠩

                4  /dev/ntpqic24   QIC-24,  p⪨ p p⨨ 䠩

                5  /dev/tpqic24    QIC-24,  p⪮ p p⨨ 䠩

                6  /dev/ntpqic120  QIC-120,  p⪨ p p⨨ 䠩

                7  /dev/tpqic120   QIC-120,  p⪮ p p⨨ 䠩

                8  /dev/ntpqic150  QIC-150.  p⪨ p p⨨ 䠩

                9  /dev/tpqic150   QIC-150,  p⪮ p p⨨ 䠩



        block   MSCDEX CD-ROM  p callback



                               - 111 -



                0  /dev/dos_cd0    p MSCDEX CD-ROM

                1  /dev/dos_cd1    p MSCDEX CD-ROM

                  ..........



13      char    pp⥫

                0  /dev/pcmixer     /dev/mixer

                3  /dev/pcsp        /dev/dsp (8 )

                4  /dev/pcaudio     /dev/audio

                5  /dev/pcsp16      /dev/dsp (16 )

        block   8  MFM/RLL/IDE pp

                0  /dev/xda        p XT 

               64  /dev/xdb        p XT 



       ⠪  p   IDE ᪮ (.

p訩 p 3).



14      char    㪮 

                0  /dev/mixer       p

                1  /dev/sequencer   㪮 ᥪp

                2  /dev/midi00      p MIDI p

                3  /dev/dsp         p 

                4  /dev/audio       p , ᮢ⨬  Sun

                6  /dev/sndstat     p  ﭨ 㪮 

                8  /dev/sequencer2  ⥫ ᥪp

               16  /dev/mixer1      p p

               17  /dev/patmgr0     Patch p

               18  /dev/midi01      p MIDI p

               19  /dev/dsp1        p p  p 㪠

               20  /dev/audio1      p p, ᮢ⨬  Sun, 

p 㪠

               33  /dev/patmgr1     p patch p

               34  /dev/midi02      p⨩ MIDI p

               50  /dev/midi03      ⢥p MIDI p

        block     ⪨ ᪮ p BIOS   p callback

                0  /dev/dos_hda     p  (BIOS)

               64  /dev/dos_hdb     p  (BIOS)

              128  /dev/dos_hdc     p⨩  (BIOS)

              192  /dev/dos_hdd     ⢥p  (BIOS)



                               - 112 -





       ⠪  p   IDE ᪮ (.

p訩 p 3).



15      char    ⨪

                0  /dev/js0          p ⨪

                1  /dev/js1          p ⨪

        block   CD-ROM Sony CDU-31A/CDU-33A

                0  /dev/sonycd       CD-ROM Sony CDU-31A



16      char    ppp  ᪠p

        block   CD-ROM Gold Star

                0  /dev/gscd         CD-ROM Gold Star



17      char    ᫥⥫쭠  Chase (pp뢠)

                0  /dev/ttyH0        p p hase

                1  /dev/ttyH1        p p chase

                 ..........

        block   Optics Storage CD-ROM (pp뢠)

                0  /dev/optcd        Optics Storage CD-ROM



18      char    ⥫쭠 ᫥⥫쭠  chase

                0  /dev/cuh0     p⢮ callout, ᮮ⢥饥 ttyH0

                1  /dev/cuh1     p⢮ callout, ᮮ⢥饥 ttyH1

                 ........

        block   CD-ROM Sanyo (pp뢠)

                0  ?             CD-ROM Sanyo



19      char    ᫥⥫쭠  Cyclades

                32  /dev/ttyC0   p p Cyclades

                  .......

                63  /dev/ttyC31  p p p Cyclades

        block     Double

                0  /dev/double0   p ᦠ 

                  .......

                7  /dev/double7   쬮 ᦠ 

              128  /dev/cdouble0  ⮡p p ᦠ⮣ ᪠

                  .......



                               - 113 -



              135  /dev/cdouble7  ⮡p 쬮 ᦠ⮣ ᪠



     . 㬥  Double  p樨  ⮡p p⢠.



20      char    ⥫쭠 ᫥⥫쭠  Cyclades

               32  /dev/cub0      p⢮ callout, ᮮ⢥饥 ttyC0

                  ........

               63  /dev/cub31     p⢮ callout, ᮮ⢥饥 ttyC31

        block  CD-ROM Hitachi (pp뢠)

               0  /dev/hitcd      CD-ROM Hitachi



21      char   Generic SCSI 

               0  /dev/sg0        p p⢮ generic SCSI

               1  /dev/sg1        p p⢮ generic SCSI

                  ........



22      char   ᫥⥫쭠  Digiboard

               0  /dev/ttyD0       p p Digiboard

               1  /dev/ttyD1       p p Digiboard

                 .........

        block  p p䥩 MFM/RLL/IDE ⪮ ᪠ / CD-ROM

               0  /dev/hdc         ᭮  ( CD-ROM)

              64  /dev/hdd         p⥯  ( CD-ROM)



       ⠪  p   p

p䥩 (. p訩 p 3).



23      char   ⥫쭠 ᫥⥫쭠  Digiboard

               0  /dev/cud0        p⢮ callout, ᮮ⢥饥 ttyD0

               1  /dev/cud1        p⢮ callout, ᮮ⢥饥 ttyD1



        block  CD-ROM Mitsumi

               0  /dev/mcd         CD-ROM Mitsumi



24      char   ᫥⥫쭠  Stallion

               0  /dev/ttyE0       Stallion, p 0  0

               1  /dev/ttyE1       Stallion, p 1  0

                 ..........



                               - 114 -



              64  /dev/ttyE64      Stallion, p 0  1

              65  /dev/ttyE65      Stallion, p 1  1

                 ..........

             128  /dev/ttyE128     Stallion, p 0  2

             129  /dev/ttyE129     Stallion, p 1  2

                 ..........

             192  /dev/ttyE192     Stallion, p 0  3

             193  /dev/ttyE193     Stallion, p 1  3

                 ..........

        block  CD-ROM Sony CDU-535

               0  /dev/cdu535      CD-ROM Sony CDU-535



25      char   ⥫쭠 ᫥⥫쭠  Stallion

               0  /dev/cue0    p⢮ callout, ᮮ⢥饥 ttyE0

               1  /dev/cue1    p⢮ callout, ᮮ⢥饥 ttyE1

                 ..........

              64  /dev/cue64   p⢮ callout, ᮮ⢥饥 ttyE64

              65  /dev/cue65   p⢮ callout, ᮮ⢥饥 ttyE65

                 ..........

             128  /dev/cue128  p⢮ callout, ᮮ⢥饥 ttyE128

             129  /dev/cue128  p⢮ callout, ᮮ⢥饥 ttyE129

                 ..........

             192  /dev/cue192  p⢮ callout, ᮮ⢥饥 ttyE192

             193  /dev/cue193  p⢮ callout, ᮮ⢥饥 ttyE193

                 ..........

        block  p CD-ROM Matsushita (Panasonic/SoundBlaster)

               0  /dev/sbpc0    CD-ROM Panasonic pp 0 p⢮ 0

               1  /dev/sbpc1    CD-ROM Panasonic pp 0 p⢮ 1

               2  /dev/sbpc2    CD-ROM Panasonic pp 0 p⢮ 2

               3  /dev/sbpc3    CD-ROM Panasonic pp 0 p⢮ 3



26      char   墠稪 p

               0  /dev/wvisfgrab   墠稪 p Quanta WinVision

        block  p CD-ROM Matsushita (Panasonic/SoundBlaster)

               0  /dev/sbpcd0   CD-ROM Panasonic pp 1 p⢮ 0

               1  /dev/sbpcd1   CD-ROM Panasonic pp 1 p⢮ 1

               2  /dev/sbpcd2   CD-ROM Panasonic pp 1 p⢮ 2

               3  /dev/sbpcd3   CD-ROM Panasonic pp 1 p⢮ 3



                               - 115 -





27      char    ⥫ QIC-117

               0  /dev/rft0    p⢮ 0,  p⪮ p p⨨ 䠩

               1  /dev/rft1    p⢮ 1,  p⪮ p p⨨ 䠩

               2  /dev/rft2    p⢮ 2,  p⪮ p p⨨ 䠩

               3  /dev/rft3    p⢮ 3,  p⪮ p p⨨ 䠩

               4  /dev/nrft0   p⢮ 0,  p⪨ p p⨨ 䠩

               5  /dev/nrft1   p⢮ 1,  p⪨ p p⨨ 䠩

               6  /dev/nrft2   p⢮ 2,  p⪨ p p⨨ 䠩

               7  /dev/nrft3   p⢮ 3,  p⪨ p p⨨ 䠩

        block  p⨩ CD-ROM Matsushita (Panasonic/SoundBlaster)

               0  /dev/sbpcd8   CD-ROM Panasonic pp 2 p⢮ 0

               1  /dev/sbpcd9   CD-ROM Panasonic pp 2 p⢮ 1

               2  /dev/sbpcd10  CD-ROM Panasonic pp 2 p⢮ 2

               3  /dev/sbpcd11  CD-ROM Panasonic pp 2 p⢮ 3



28      char   ppp ᫥⥫쭮  Stallion

               0  /dev/staliomem0   /뢮 p  Stallion

               1  /dev/staliomem1   /뢮 p  Stallion

               2  /dev/staliomem2   /뢮 p쥩  Stallion

               3  /dev/staliomem3   /뢮 ⢥p⮩  Stallion

        block  ⢥p CD-ROM Matsushita (Panasonic/SoundBlaster)

               0  /dev/sbpcd12     CD-ROM Panasonic pp 3 p⢮ 0

               1  /dev/sbpcd13     CD-ROM Panasonic pp 3 p⢮ 1

               2  /dev/sbpcd14     CD-ROM Panasonic pp 3 p⢮ 2

               3  /dev/sbpcd15     CD-ROM Panasonic pp 3 p⢮ 3

        block  ACSI  (68k)

               0  /dev/ada         p ACSI 

              16  /dev/adb         p ACSI 

              32  /dev/adc         p⨩ ACSI 

               .........

             240  /dev/adp         ⭠ ACSI 

       ⠪  p   IDE ᪮ (.

p訩 p 3),  ᪫祭 ⮣,  ⢮ ᪨

p  ACSI ᪮ p祭  11 ( 59,   IDE

᪮).



29      char   pᠫ p p



                               - 116 -



               0  /dev/fb0current      p p p

               1  /dev/fb0autodetect

                 ..........

              16  /dev/fb1current     p p p

              17  /dev/fb1autodetect

                 ..........

     pᠫ p p  饥 p p

⮫쪮  pᨨ Linux/68k. p⢮ current ᯮ 

㯠  p  ⥪騬 pp襭,  p⢮ autodetect -

 pp襭, ⠭ p p㧪 ( 㬮砭). 訥

p 2-15  祭  p p ᯮ 

ᯥ p, p塞  p .  祭

 p   饣 ⠭p.

        block  CD-ROM Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes

               0  /dev/aztcd       CD-ROM Aztech



30      char   iBCS-2

               0  /dev/socksys       

               1  /dev/spx         p䥩 SVR3  쭮 ⥬ X

               2  /dev/inet/arp      

               2  /dev/inet/icmp     

               2  /dev/inet/ip       

               2  /dev/inet/udp      

               2  /dev/inet/tcp      

      㭪樮p iBCS-2 p 稥 뫪 /dev/nfsd 

/dev/socksys  뫪 /dev/XOR  /dev/null

        block  CD-ROM Philips LMS CM-205

               0  /dev/cm205cd     CD-ROM Philips LMS CM-205

     /dev/lmscd  p訬   ⮣ p⢠.

pp  p⠥  p CD-ROM CM-205MS



31      char   MPU-401 MIDI

               0  /dev/mpu401data  p  MPU-401

               1  /dev/mpu401stat  p ﭨ MPU-401

        block  ROM/ flash 

               0  /dev/rom0        p  ROM (p read-write)

                 ..........

               7  /dev/rom7        쬠  ROM (p read-write)



                               - 117 -



               8  /dev/rrom0       p  ROM (p read-only)

                 ..........

              15  /dev/rrom7       쬠  ROM (p read-only)

              16  /dev/flash0      p  flash  (read-write)

                 ..........

              23  /dev/flash7      쬠  flash  (read-write)

              24  /dev/rflash0     p  flash  (read-only)

                 ..........

              31  /dev/rflash7     쬠  flash  (read-only)

     p⢠, p騥  p read-write, p

p⭮ p , ᠭ  RAM, ⠪   

p⢠ flash RAM. p⢠, p騥  p read-only,

p ⮫쪮 ⥭.



32      block  CD-ROM Philips LMS CM-206

               0  /dev/cm206cd     CD-ROM Philips LMS CM-206



33      block  Modular RAM 

               0  /dev/ram0        p Modular RAM 

               1  /dev/ram1        p Modular RAM 

                 .........

             255  /dev/ram255       줥 ⮩ Modular RAM 



34-223          pp



224-254        쭮/ᯥp⠫쭮 祭



       䫨⮢  ᫥騬 pp, 

   ᯮ짮  p,  p 

樠 p.  p,  祭 MAX_CHRDEV

 MAX_BLKDEV  䠩 linux/include/linux/major.h  

 祬 ᠬ 让 p訩 p ᯮ㥬 p⢠.

 p, ᯮ饣   ᯥp⠫

p⢠, ᠬ p⮩ ᯮᮡ  ⠭  祭

p묨 256. ᯮ짮   砥, ᫨  祭

⠭ p 64 (⠭p⭮ 祭), 㤥 3K.



255            ppp



                               - 118 -





           C.4  ⥫ ꥪ  ⠫ /dev



      ⮬ p pᬠp ⥫ ꥪ,

p    ⢮  ⠫ /dev. ⥫쭮,

⮡ ᨬ᪨ 뫪 뫨  ⠪  p (᮫ 

⭮⥫),  㪠 . 뫪 p 

⪨  ᨬ᪨,  ᨬ  p㥬 ⨯ 뫪.

᫨ ,  ᫥ ᯮ짮 㪠 ⨯ 뫪.



                   C.4.1  易⥫ 뫪



     騥 뫪   ⠭   ⥬:



/dev/fd        /proc/self/fd      ᨬ᪠    pp 䠩

/dev/stdin     fd/0               ᨬ᪠     pp

⠭p⭮ 

/dev/stdout    fd/1               ᨬ᪠     pp

⠭p⭮ 뢮

/dev/stderr    fd/2               ᨬ᪠     pp

⠭p⭮ 訡



                    C.4.2  㥬 뫪



     , ⮡ ᫥騥 뫪 뫨 ⠭  ⥬:



/dev/XOR       null               ᨬ᪠    ᯮ iBCS-2

/dev/nfsd      socksys            ᨬ᪠    ᯮ iBCS-2

/dev/core      /proc/kcore        ᨬ᪠     ᮢ⨬

/dev/scd?      sr?                ⪠          p⨢ 

p  CD-ROM



                  C.4.3  쭮 ⠭ 뫪



     騥 뫪   ⠭  ᮮ⢥⢨

䨣p樨 ⥬.   p ꥤ pp 

饩 p⨪    p樥. , ᫨ 

뫪 ,    ᫥饥 祭:



                               - 119 -





/dev/mouse     p           ᨬ᪠     饥 p⢮ 

/dev/tape      p 筮    ᨬ᪠     饥 p⢮

               ⥫                           筮 ⥫

/dev/cdrom     p⢮ CD-ROM  ᨬ᪠     饥 p⢮ CD-ROM

/dev/modem     p         ᨬ᪠     饥 dialout p⢮

/dev/root      p⢮ root    ᨬ᪠      䠩 ⥬

                                                    root

/dev/swap      swap p⢮    ᨬ᪠     饥 swap p⢮



     p⢮ /dev/modem    ᯮ짮  ,

p p dialin ⠪   dialout, ⠪   

p  p  lock 䠩. ᫨ ᫮ ⠪

,  /dev/modem  㪠뢠  ᮮ⢥饥

(p⨢) p⢮ dialout.



                      C.4.4    p㡮p



      ⠫ /dev  室 ﭭ ᮪ 

p㡮p. 묨 p⢠  ᫥騥:



/dev/printer          ᮪           lpd ᮪

/dev/log              ᮪           syslog ᮪

