      
                                                                 
                           UNIX                       
                                                                 
      

      
                                                                 
                                                         
                                                                 
      

      짮⥫ ⥬  ᢮  ⠫, p  -
뢠 _砫_ ⠫  _譨_. p 室  ⥬  -
    p    襬 筮  ⠫.    -
砫쭮 ⠫ 짮⥫ p  ⥬ p "$HOME".

     ⠫,  p  p⠥  饥 p 뢠 _⥪-
騬_  _p稬_ (current working directory).   ⥪饣  -
 稭  䠩. p ᮧ  䠩,   ⠪  㤥
p饭  ⥪饬 ⠫. ᫥ 室  ⥬      ⠫
 ⥪騬.

     ⠫  ᮤp  p㣨  ⠫  (⠫).  ⮬
⢥ ᯮᮡ p⠢ p樨 ⠫   䠩  -
 _p_ ⠫.  p 室 ⮣  p,  稭  
p,    㦭 䠩.

     ⠫  ᯥ樠 䠩, p ᮤp  䠩,
p饭  ⮬ ⠫,  ⠪  ⠫  뫪  .
 ⭮襭  ⠫,  ⥪騩  ⠫    _p⥫᪨_
(parent directory).   祭  ⠫  ᯮ  ᫥騥
⥬ :

  Ŀ
    . (窠)      - ⥪騩 ⠫                              
    .. ( 窨) - p⥫᪨ ⠫, pᯮ    
                     p   p.                       
  

      UNIX-⥬  ᫥騥 ⠭p ⠫:

    Ŀ
      /bin - ⠫  譨  ⥬.            
                                                              
      /dev - ⠫ 䠩, p p⠢  䠩  
             ⥬ p p⢠.                    
                                                              
      /etc - ⠫ 䠩 pp ⥬            
                                                              
      /tmp - ⠫  p 䠩                     
    


      
                                                                 
                             "PWD"                        
                                                                 
      


      "pwd" (print working directory -  p祣  ⠫)
 㧭  ⥪饣 ⠫:

                             Ŀ
                               $ pwd  
                                      
                               /      
                             

..  饥 p  室  p ⠫.

     ᫨   p ⢨  䠩 ⥬   "p﫨"
  ,  室, p p  , p  뢥-
  p   ⥪饣 ⠫, 稭  p.

     ᫨   ⥪饣 ⠫  p 㤥 뤠  -
᪮ ᮮ饭 ⨯: "Cannot open.." ("  ..")   "Read
error in.." ("訡 뢠 .."),      p諮  p襭
䠩 ⥬.  ⮬ 砥  p  ⥬ -
pp  ⠩ ᭨ p稭 ⮣ p襭.


      
                                                                 
                              "CD"                        
                                                                 
      


      "cd" ᯮ  ᬥ  ⥪饣  ⠫,  ..  
p室  p㣮 ⠫   p   ppp
"shell" (  CD  DOS-⥬).   ⢥  p㬥  ⮩
 㪠  ⠫,  p   p. pp:

 Ŀ
  $ cd /stand - p  ⠫ "/stand", .. ᤥ  ⥪騬 
 

     ᫨   p  ⠫,  "/"  㪠뢠.  -
⨬  室   ⠫  "/usr"        p    ⠫
"local", p  ⠫ ⮣ ⠫.  ⮬ 砥  
 믮 ᫥騥 ⢨:

                            Ŀ
                              $ pwd       
                              /usr        
                              $ cd local  
                              $ pwd       
                              /usr/local  
                            

      p ⠫ "/usr/local" ⠫ ⥪騬.

     ᫨   "cd"  p㬥⮢,     p    ᢮
 (砫) ⠫. p ⮬ ᯮ  ⥬  p
"$HOME".

                            Ŀ
                              $ cd   
                              $ pwd  
                              /root  
                            

     p  ᪮쪮 pp ᯮ짮 ⮩ :

  Ŀ
    $ cd ..       - p  p⥫᪨ ⠫ (   
                      ⠫ p  p)              
                                                                  
    $ cd ../..    -    ⠫ p  p     
                                                                  
    $ cd /        - p  p ⠫                    
                                                                  
    $ cd ../local - p  p⥫᪨ ⠫  p   
                     ⠫ "local"                        
  


      
                                                                 
                                             
                                                                 
      


     ᫥ p⪮ ⢠  ⥬ p    p
  ⠫. 筥  p ⠫:

   Ŀ
    $ cd /                                                  
    $ ls -l                                                 
   Ĵ
    total 937                                               
    -rw-r--r--   2 root  wheel     757 Apr  3 15:03 .cshrc  
    -rw-r--r--   2 root  wheel     234 Nov 22 12:30 .profile
    drwxr-xr-x   2 root  wheel     512 Apr  3 14:57 bin     
    drwxr-xr-x   3 root  wheel    6656 Apr 10 09:29 dev     
    drwxr-xr-x   1 root  wheel   16384 Apr 10 09:30 dos     
    drwxr-xr-x   8 root  wheel    1536 Apr  4 15:24 etc     
    -rw-r--r--   1 root  wheel  909159 Nov 22 04:08 kernel  
    drwxr-xr-x   2 bin   bin       512 Mar 31 14:09 lkm     
    drwxr-xr-x   2 root  wheel     512 Mar 30 13:33 mnt     
    dr-xr-xr-x  19 root  wheel     512 Apr 10 09:30 proc    
    drwxr-xr-x   2 root  wheel     512 Apr  4 15:38 root    
    drwxr-xr-x   2 bin   bin      1536 Apr  3 15:16 sbin    
    drwxr-xr-x   3 root  wheel    1536 Apr  4 15:40 stand   
    drwxr-xr-x   2 root  wheel     512 Apr 10 09:29 tmp     
    drwxr-xr-x  12 root  wheel     512 Mar 30 16:22 usr     
    drwxr-xr-x  17 root  wheel     512 Nov 22 10:44 var     
   

      ᠬ p ⠫ 䠩 쭮 .    p-
 -  䠩 "kernel", p  p ⥬.  p    ᠬ
饬 ᫥ -  pp, p pᯮp裂 ppᠬ ⥬  
p⠢  짮⥫.   짮⥫    -
᪠ ᢮ pp, p ᪮, p,  騬
p⢠  .., ᯥ稢 p 䠩 ⥬.

     p室  pᬮp ⠫, p  p᪨   -
 UNIX-⥬.  p  p⪨  ᯨ᮪    ᮮ⢥饥
ᠭ:

/bin         ⠫ ᭮ pp ⥬.

/dev         ⠫ 䠩, p p⠢  䠩 ⥬
             p p⢠.

/etc         ⠫ 䠩 pp ⥬ (root).

/etc/rc       , 믮塞 p p㧪 (- ⨯
             AUTOEXEC.BAT).

/etc/passwd   p 짮⥫.

/etc/group    ᢥ  p㯯 짮⥫.

/root        ⠫ 짮⥫ "root".

/tmp         ⠫  p 䠩, ᮧ p 믮
             pp.

. ⠫ /tmp ⮬᪨ 頥 p p㧪  ⥬,
           ⮬   頩   -  䠩.

/usr        ⥬ 짮⥫.   p 䠩
            pp 짮⥫.

   Ŀ
    $ cd /usr                                             
    $ ls -l                                               
   Ĵ
    total 17                                              
    drwxr-xr-x   2 bin   bin    5120 Apr  4 15:24 bin     
    drwxr-xr-x  20 bin   bin    2048 Mar 31 14:13 include 
    drwxr-xr-x   2 bin   bin    1536 Mar 31 14:13 lib     
    drwxr-xr-x   4 bin   bin    1024 Mar 31 14:13 libexec 
    drwxr-xr-x   3 root  wheel   512 Mar 30 12:54 local   
    drwxr-xr-x   2 bin   bin     512 Mar 31 14:13 mdec    
    drwxr-xr-x   2 bin   bin     512 Nov 22 10:44 obj     
    drwxr-xr-x   2 bin   bin    2048 Mar 31 14:14 sbin    
    drwxr-xr-x  18 bin   bin     512 Apr  4 15:11 share   
    drwxr-xr-x   2 bin   bin     512 Apr  4 15:38 src     
   

/usr/bin         ⠫ pp  짮⥫.

/usr/include     ⠫ 䠩 pp -pp.

/usr/include/sys ⠫ ⥬ 䠩 pp -pp.

/usr/local       ⠫  p p pp.

/usr/bin         ⠫ p ⥬ pp.

/usr/src         ⠫ 室 ⥪⮢ pp.

/var             ⠫ ⥬ p, ⮢ 騪
                 짮⥫, p ⠫ UUCP  ..

   Ŀ
    $ cd /var                                              
    $ ls -l                                                
   Ĵ
    total 15                                               
    drwxr-xr-x  2 bin    bin    512 Nov 22 10:44 account   
    drwxr-xr-x  4 root   wheel  512 Nov 22 10:44 at        
    drwxr-x---  2 root   wheel  512 Nov 22 10:44 backups   
    drwxr-x---  2 root   wheel  512 Mar 31 14:16 crash     
    drwxr-x---  3 root   wheel  512 Mar 31 14:16 cron      
    drwxr-xr-x  2 bin    bin    512 Mar 31 14:16 db        
    drwxr-xr-x  4 games  bin    512 Mar 31 14:16 games     
    drwxr-xr-x  2 bin    bin    512 Mar 31 14:16 log       
    drwxr-xr-x  2 bin    bin    512 Nov 22 10:44 mail      
    drwxr-xr-x  2 bin    bin    512 Nov 22 10:44 msgs      
    drwxr-xr-x  2 bin    bin    512 Nov 22 10:44 preserve  
    drwxr-xr-x  2 bin    bin    512 Apr 10 09:29 run       
    drwxr-xr-x  2 bin    bin    512 Nov 22 10:44 rwho      
    drwxr-xr-x  8 bin    bin    512 Nov 22 10:44 spool     
    drwxrwxrwt  2 bin    bin    512 Apr  4 15:39 tmp       
   

/var/games      p  p祭.

/var/log        ⠫ ⥬ p.

/var/mail       ⠫ ⮢ 騪 짮⥫.

/var/spool      稩 ⠫ pp UUCP.


     㥬 p  p      ᮤp
 p  ⠫, ᮡ ⠫ "/usr".   -
 ,  p 䠩 ⥬    砥  室  
ᬮ p ,    㦭.

         ᯥpp. 権,   ⢨-
⥫쭮 -  ᯮp,  ᠬ   祭      -
p p  쭥襬    .


      
                                                                 
                             "MKDIR"                      
                                                                 
      


      p ᢮ ⥬  室 㤥 ᮧ ᢮  ᮡ-
⢥ pp ⠫. ᫥ ⠭ ⥬, ⠫    
쭮       p㤭 p 稭饬  짮-
⥫.  p pp 䠩 ⥬    p  ﭭ
ᮧ   㭨⮦ p ⠫,  ⮬  pᬮp,  
   ᤥ.

       ⠫  쭮  .    ⮣    
"mkdir" (     DOS ⥬).  ⢥ pp  -
 㪠  ᮧ ⠫:

                        Ŀ
                         mkdir _⠫ 
                        

      㬮砭 ᮧ ⠫ 㤥  ᫥騥 p 㯠:

                             Ŀ
                              drwxr-xr-x 
                             

       p     "umask".

     ⠭  "dot"(.)  ᠬ ⠫   "dot  dot"(..)
  த⥫᪮ ⠫ ᮧ ⮬᪨.

      "mkdir"   ᯮ짮   ᮧ  
⠫ p⢥  ⥪饣 ⠫    㪠  
  .  ⮬ 砥  㪠   ⠫  ⢮-
   㯭.

      ⪥ ᮧ 㦥 騩 ⠫ 㤥 뤠  ᮮ⢥-
饥 ।०:

                        Ŀ
                         $ mkdir etc             
                         $ mkdir etc             
                         mkdir: etc: File exists 
                        

      믮  "mkdir" 짮⥫     ࠧ-
    த⥫᪨ ⠫.

      砫 믮 ᪮쪮 pp.  p    ᮧ
⠫ /dos,  p  㤥 ᬮp 䠩  ⥬  DOS.
᫥ ⮣  㤥    FreeBSD  ᥬ DOS-䠩.


 1:     ⠫ /dos



$ cd /        p  p ⠫.
$ mkdir dos    ⠫ /dos.
$ ls -l          ⠫ ?

total 1834
drwxr-xr-x  2 0  0    6656 Mar 29 14:13 dev
drwxr-xr-x  2 0  0     512 Mar 30 12:50 dos
drwxr-xr-x  2 0  0     512 Mar 29 14:13 etc
-rwxr-xr-x  1 0  0  913277 Mar 29 14:13 kernel
drwxr-xr-x  2 0  0     512 Mar 29 14:11 mnt
drwxr-xr-x  3 0  0    1536 Mar 29 14:17 stand

$ cd  dos     p  ᮧ ⠫.
$ pwd           ⠫  室 ?

/dos

$ cd ..       p  p⥫᪨ ⠫, ..  p.
$ pwd         p㫨    p ⠫ ?
/             .



 2:     ⠫ /usr/local, /usr/local/bin



$ cd /usr                            p  ⠫ /usr
$ mkdir /usr/local /usr/local/bin     ⠫ /usr/local 
                                                      /usr/local/bin.
$ pwd
/                                        p ⫮.

$ ls -R /usr                         pᨢ pᬮp ⠫
                                     /usr, ..  ⠫.


local

/usr/local:
bin

/usr/local/bin:


      
                                                                 
                             "RMDIR"                      
                                                                 
      


     ᫥ ᮧ pp ⠫, p p p  
  ⢥  㤠 p  .  ⮬  
   "rmdir".  p ⠪ p,   p p-
饩  "mkdir":

                      Ŀ
                       rmdir _⠫ ... 
                      

      "rmdir" 㤠 ⠫,  p  㪠    ⢥
ࠬ. 塞 ⠫   ,   p  㭨-
⮦   㤠  室騥   䠩. p᪨  
p室  祭 p, ⠪    ⨬ p  ᯥ譮
p  "rm", p 㤥 pᬮp .

       ⠫ ࠡ뢠  p浪.  p  p-
 㤠 ⠫   ⠫, ⠫    㤠-
 p.

     㤥 ,            㤠
୥ ⠫  䠩 ⥬. ᫨   ⠪  ⠪  
 (   뢠),     ⠪ ᮮ饭:

                   Ŀ
                    $ rmdir /                
                    rmdir: /: Is a directory 
                   

     ⥫쭮 ?


pp 1.  ⠫, 㤠 ⠫


$ cd /                                p  p ⠫.
$ mkdir test                            ⠫  "test".
$ cd test                             p  .
$ > 0                                  䠩
$ > 1                                 0  1.
$ ls -l                               pp.

total 0
-rw-r--r--  1 0  0  0 Mar 30 13:22 0
-rw-r--r--  1 0  0  0 Mar 30 13:22 1

$ cd ..                               p  p ⠫.
$ rmdir test                          ⪠ 㤠 ⠫ "test".

rmdir: test: Directory not empty      "訡.  ⠫  䠩."

$ rm test/*                             䠩  ⠫ "test".
$ rmdir test                           ᠬ ⠫.



pp 2.  ⠫  ⠫


$ cd /                       p  p ⠫.
$ mkdir test test/test_in     ⠫ "test"  ⠫ "test_in".
$ rm test/test_in test        ⠫  ⠫.

      
                                                                 
                              "RM"                        
                                                                 
      


      ⠫  ⠫  ⠪    "rm".

:   裡    ⥬,      UNIX-⥬    p
                pp ⠭ 㤠 ⠫, p  -
                㬠 p  㤠.

      "rm"  ᫥騩 p:

                Ŀ
                 rm [-f | -i ] [-dRr ] _⠫ 
                

       ᯮ ᫥騥 樨:

     -d       ⠫.

     -r        䠩  ⠫  ⠫,  ᫥
             ⮣ 㤠    ᠬ  ⠫.

     ᫨  ⠥ (   ⮣ 멤 ?) 㤠   -
⠫. ..,  㤥 뤠 ᮮ饭  訡:

         Ŀ
          $ rm . ..               ⠥ 㤠 .  .. 
                                                            
          rm: "." and ".." may not be removed               
         

pp 1.   ⠫, 㤠 ⠫



$ cd /            p  p ⠫.
$ mkdir test       ⠫ /test.
$ ls -l           pp.

total 1834
drwxr-xr-x  2 0  0    6656 Mar 29 14:13 dev
drwxr-xr-x  2 0  0     512 Mar 29 14:13 etc
drwxr-xr-x  2 0  0     512 Mar 30 13:13 test

$ rm test                  p㥬 㤠 ⠫.

rm: test: is directory      .

$ rm -d test                㤠 ⠫ ᯮ㥬  -d.
$ ls -l                    pp.

total 1834
drwxr-xr-x  2 0  0    6656 Mar 29 14:13 dev
drwxr-xr-x  2 0  0     512 Mar 29 14:13 etc


pp 2: pᨢ 㤠 䠩  ⠫


$ cd /test               p  ⠫ /test.
$ mkdir test_in             ⠫ test_in.
$ cd test_in             p  .
$ > 0                      ⠫ /test/test_in
$ > 1                     䠩 - 0  1.
$ cd /                   p  p ⠫.
$ rm -r test              ⠫ /test  ᥬ 䠩
                          ⠫.
