      
                                                                 
                           UNIX                       
                                                                 
      

      
                                                                 
                        FreeBSD                   
                                                                 
      


      UNIX-⥬    p᪨    䠩  ⥬
(file system), p  p⠢  ᮡ  p樮  pp
pp   p ⠫   p ᯥ樠 -    
pp p. ᫨    p樥 䠩  ⥬
 MS DOS,   ⠭ ⭮  祬  p.

      䠩 p    ⠫    pp  (directory).
_p ⠫_ (root directory) ᥩ  䠩  ⥬    p
(rrot)   "/"    쨬- ⠫.

      ⫨稨  DOS-⥬,  p 㪠   䠩  ᯮ-
  "" - "\",   UNIX-⥬      ⢨  -
 p "" - "/". pp,   䠩 "ls", pᯮ-
  ⠫ "stand" 㤥 룫拉 ⠪:

                           Ŀ
                             /stand/ls  
                           

     p 㪠   䠩 p  ⠪  ⨥  "  p",
..   䠩 㪠뢠  p ⠫.

     ⨬ p ⢮ ᪮쪨  䠩  ⥬,
   ⥫ (⪮ ᪥), ⠪   p.

      饥 p   p    p  䠩묨
⥬, p  p饭  ⠫:

                              Ŀ
                                /     
                                /usr  
                                /dos  
                              

      
                                                                 
                              "LS"                        
                                                                 
      

     ᫥  祭 pp 䠩 ⥬, ᠬ p -
p,  ⠫  䠩    襬  pᯮp殮.  
     "ls".  뤠 p p  䠩-
  ⠫ (  DIR  DOS-⥬).

       設⢮ , "ls"   p㬥  樨,
p    ⢨.  樨 ᫥    -
   p (p p)     "" (-) 
 㪢, p p p㥬 ⢨.  樨   
뢠 "䫠".

     p    "cd /"  p ⠫   ᬮp
 ᮤp. ᫨ 樨  㪠  뢮 pp 
䠢  䠩  ⠫.

           Ŀ
             $ ls                                     
                                                      
             dev       dos     etc     kernel     mnt 
             stand     tmp     tools   usr            
           

      ᮦ   祭 ⭮,    ⠫,    
䠩.   ⮬  ᫥ , p  뤠  p-
  pp p, p ᮤp 訩 ꥬ  p樨  
 䠩 (p 㯠, pp,  ᫥ 䨪樨  ..):

   Ŀ
      $ ls -l     - 뤠 p  pp p           
                                                                      
      total 1870                                                      
      drwxr-xr-x  2 0  0    6656 Jan 17 12:09 dev                     
      drwxr-xr-x  1 0  0   16384 Feb 16 13:48 dos                     
      drwxr-xr-x  2 0  0     512 Jan 17 12:19 etc                     
      -rwxr-xr-x  1 0  0  913277 Jan 17 12:09 kernel                  
      drwxr-xr-x  2 0  0     512 Jan 17 12:08 mnt                     
      drwxr-xr-x  3 0  0    1536 Jan 17 13:16 stand                   
      drwxr-xr-x  2 0  0     512 Jan 17 12:28 tmp                     
      drwxr-xr-x  2 0  0     512 Jan 17 13:02 tools                   
      drwxr-xr-x  5 0  0     512 Jan 17 12:46 usr                     
      ^^_______^          ^____^ ^__________^ ^                       
      `    `                 `         `      `---  䠩       
        `    `                 `         `          ⠫          
         `    `                 `         `--------  䨪樨  
          `    `                 `----------------- pp            
           `    `---------------------------------- p 㯠     
            `-------------------------------------- ⨯ 䠩         
                                                        (d) - ⠫ 
   

      ⨯ 䠩  p 㯠 p  .

     ᫨  ⢥ p 㪠  䠩  "ls" 뤠  ଠ-
 ⮫쪮  ⮬ 䠩:

         Ŀ
          $ ls -l kernel  - p  䠩 "kernel"  
                                                         
          -rwxr-xr-x  1 0  0  913277 Jan 17 12:09 kernel 
         

     ᫨ ⢥ p 㪠  ⠫,   㤥  뤠  -
p ⮣ ⠫, ..  䠩  ⮬ ⠫:

    Ŀ
     $ ls -l etc    - p  ᮤp ⠫ "etc" 
                                                             
     total 18                                                
     -rw-r--r--  1 0  0   200 Jan 17 12:09 fstab             
     -rw-r--r--  1 0  0  1091 Jan 17 12:19 protocols         
     -rw-r--r--  1 0  0  5513 Jan 17 12:19 services          
    

     ᫨  㪠 - p, 㤥 뤠 ᮤp  ⥪-
饣 ⠫.  砥, ᫨ 㪠 ᪮쪮 p, ᭠砫 뢮-
 p  䠩,  ⮬  ⠫. 뢮 p室  -
⭮ p浪.

      ᯮ짮 ᫥騥 樨:

     -C     뢮   ᮤp   ⠫      ᪮쪮   ⮫殢.
            p  㬮砭 p 뢮  p.

           Ŀ
             $ ls -C                                  
                                                      
             dev       dos     etc     kernel     mnt 
             stand     tmp     tools   usr            
           

     -F       ""  (/)    ⠫,   (*)  
             ᯮ 䠩,  (@)     ᨬ᪮
            裡.

             Ŀ
              $ ls -F                                     
                                                          
              dev/     dos/     etc/     kernel*     mnt/ 
              stand/   tmp/     tools/   usr/             
             

     -R     pᨢ 室 p⨢ ⠫.  
              ᮧ ᯨ᪠  䠩 ⥬.

     -T     뢥  ଠ  ६   ᮧ 䠩,
             , , , , ᥪ㭤  .

      Ŀ
       $ ls -lT                                               
                                                              
       total 1882                                             
       drwxr-xr-x  2 0  0    6656 Jan 17 12:09:55 1995 dev    
       drwxr-xr-x  1 0  0   16384 Feb 16 13:58:23 1995 dos    
       -rwxr-xr-x  1 0  0  913277 Jan 17 12:09:42 1995 kernel 
      

     -c     뢮 pp  p ᫥ 䨪樨 䠩.

     -d     뢮 ⮫쪮  ⠫ (  ᮤp).

            Ŀ
             $ ls -ld stand                              
                                                         
             drwxr-xr-x  3 0  0  1536 Jan 17 13:16 stand 
            

     -f     뢮  , ..  p冷  뢮  ᮮ⢥
            p浪 䠩  ⠫.

          Ŀ
            $ ls -lf                                    
                                                        
            total 1890                                  
            drwxr-xr-x  5 0  0     512 Jan 17 12:46 usr 
            drwxr-xr-x  2 0  0     512 Jan 17 12:19 etc 
            drwxr-xr-x  2 0  0    6656 Jan 17 12:09 dev 
          

     -i       䠩 뢮 ᫮    pp
            (᫥⥫ p 䠩).

      Ŀ
        $ ls -li                                            
                                                            
        total 1892                                          
        1920 drwxr-xr-x  2 0  0    6656 Jan 17 12:09 dev    
           1 drwxr-xr-x  1 0  0   16384 Feb 16 14:03 dos    
        1280 drwxr-xr-x  2 0  0     512 Jan 17 12:19 etc    
           3 -rwxr-xr-x  1 0  0  913277 Jan 17 12:09 kernel 
        ^__^                                                
          `----- ᫮  pp               
      

     -r      p浪 pp  p ( 䠢 
             p ᫥ ᯮ짮).

     -s     뢥  ⢮    䠩  ⥬  䠪᪨
            ᯮ㥬  䠩,    512 ⮢  1,
               ᮮ⢥⢨      ⠭  祭  ⥬
            p BLOCKSIZE.

          Ŀ
            $ ls -ls                                            
                                                                
            total 1904  - 饥                                 
                                                                
              14 drwxr-xr-x  2 0  0    6656 Jan 17 12:09 dev    
              32 drwxr-xr-x  1 0  0   16384 Feb 16 14:05 dos    
               2 drwxr-xr-x  2 0  0     512 Jan 17 12:19 etc    
            1808 -rwxr-xr-x  1 0  0  913277 Jan 17 12:09 kernel 
          

     -t     p      p   ᫥  䨪樨  䠩
            (᫥ p 뢮 p).

     -u     pp  ६ ᫥ 㯠  䠩.

     -1     뢮            p. p 
            㬮砭 p 뢮   ନ.


      
                                                                 
                              "CAT"                       
                                                                 
      

     ᬮp   , p    p  p
 䠩.   "cat" (  TYPE  DOS-⥬).

      "cat"  ᫥騩 p:

                Ŀ
                 cat [-benstuv] [-] [file ...] 
                

       p ⠥ 㪠,  p㬥 䠩   뢮  
ᮤp  ⠭p⭮ p⢮ 뢮.

      䠩  䠩 뢮 ᫥⥫쭮   p-
  p⪮. ᫨ 䠩 筮 ,     p⠭-
 뢮   樨  "Ctrl+S".  p  뢮
   (p RESET).

     ࠭ ࠡ뢠  浪  p饭   ப.
᫨  㪠   䠩  㪠  (-),   ⠥  -
  ⠭p⭮ p⢠ .

       ᯮ짮 ᫥騥 樨:

     -n        㬥p p 稭  1.

     -b        ࠧ㬥  "-n",   㬥p  p.

     -e        ࠧ㬥  "-v"  ⮡ࠦ    ($)
                  ப  (㠫  ᨬ  p
               p).

     -s        p 稨  p  p 뢮  ⮫쪮
               .

     -t        ࠧ㬥   "-v". 뢮  c  ⠡樨
                ^I.

     -u        뢮  ਧ,   ᨬ  室 䠩
               뢠   ⠭p  뢮    p,  
               ⮫쪮      뫨   p⠭.     㬮砭  뢮
               p,    ᨬ      
               p筮 p.

     -v        ⮡ࠦ   ᨬ.  p騥  ᨬ
               뢮   ^X  (CRTL+X), ᨬ DEL (쬥筮
               0177)  ^?.    室騥  ⠭p ASCII-
               p (pp, ᨬ  pp    p p
               pp冷)  뢮   "M-x",    x - p塞
               訬 ᥬ ⠬ ᨬ.


:


     1.  "file" 뢮  ன⢮ ⠭⭮ 뢮:

                             Ŀ
                              cat file 
                             

     2. 楯 (᫨ﭨ) 䠩 "file1"  "file2", ᫥ 祣  -
  䠩 "file3":

                     Ŀ
                      cat file1 file2 > file3 
                     

     3. pᮥ 䠩 "file1"   䠩 "file2":

                        Ŀ
                         cat file1 >> file2 
                        


     4. 뢮 ᮤp 䠩  㬥p樥  p,      㬥p樨
 p:
                            Ŀ
                             cat -b file1 
                            --------------
                             1  Number 1  
                             2  Number 2  
                             3  Number 3  
                             4  Number 4  
                                          
                             5  Number 5  
                            

     5.   $    p:

                            Ŀ
                             cat -e file1 
                            Ĵ
                               Number 1$  
                               Number 2$  
                               Number 3$  
                            

     6. 㬥p  p:

                            Ŀ
                             cat -n file1 
                            Ĵ
                                          
                             1  Number 1  
                             2  Number 2  
                             3  Number 3  
                             4  Number 4  
                             5            
                             6            
                             7  Number 5  
                            

     7. p 稨  p  p 뢮 ⮫쪮 .

                            Ŀ
                             cat -s file1 
                            

     8. 뢮 ᨬ ⠡樨,  ^I:

                            Ŀ
                             cat -t file1 
                            Ĵ
                              Number 1    
                              ^INumber 2  
                              ^INumber 3  
                            

      
                                                                 
                              "RM"                        
                                                                 
      

      p p  ⥬  쭮      室-
 㤠 䠩.  ⮣   "rm", p -
 㤠  䠩, ⠪  ⠫. 짮  㦭   让
p, ⠪  UNIX-⥬   p窨,  ⫨稨   NC,
pp訢 짮⥫ p 㤠 䠩,    p 
ᥣ.

:   裡    ⥬,      UNIX-⥬    p
                pp ⠭ 㤠 䠩,  p  -
                 p ⥬,  - 㤠.

      "rm"  ᫥騩 p:

                Ŀ
                 rm [-f | -i ] [-dRr ] _䠩... 
                

            㤠  䠩,    p
㪠  ⢥ pp. ᫨ 䠩 饭       ⠭-
 ன⢮    ନ, 짮⥫ 㤥  -
 p  ⢥p 㤠 䠩.

     p ⪥ 㤠 ⠫   ⮩   㤥  뤠
ᮮ饭  訡.

       ᯮ짮 ᫥騥 樨:

     -d      ᫨ 㤠塞 䠩  ⠫,  ⠪ 
             㤠.

     -f       饭     䠩     ⢥p.
             ᫨  䠩  ,   뢮  ᮮ饭
               ⢨.  -f ⬥ ।  -i.

     -i      p訢   ⢥ত    㤠    䠩,
             ᨬ   ⮣,      p  ⠭p
             p⢮   .  -i  ⬥  ।
              -f.

     -r        䠩  ⠫  ⠫,  ᫥
             ⮣ 㤠    ᠬ  ⠫.    -R  ࠧ㬥
              -d. ᫨ ⠪ 㪠   -i,    짮⥫
             뤠  p    ⢥p  㤠   䠩   
             ⠫.

     ᫨  ⠥ (   ⮣ 멤 ?) 㤠   -
⠫. ..,  㤥 뤠 ᮮ饭  訡:

         Ŀ
          $ rm . ..               ⠥ 㤠 .  .. 
                                                            
          rm: "." and ".." may not be removed               
         

pp 1.   ⠫, 㤠 ⠫



$ cd /            p  p ⠫.
$ mkdir test       ⠫ /test.
$ ls -l           pp.

total 1834
drwxr-xr-x  2 0  0    6656 Mar 29 14:13 dev
drwxr-xr-x  2 0  0     512 Mar 29 14:13 etc
drwxr-xr-x  2 0  0     512 Mar 30 13:13 test

$ rm test                  p㥬 㤠 ⠫.

rm: test: is directory      .

$ rm -d test                㤠 ⠫ ᯮ㥬  -d.
$ ls -l                    pp.

total 1834
drwxr-xr-x  2 0  0    6656 Mar 29 14:13 dev
drwxr-xr-x  2 0  0     512 Mar 29 14:13 etc


pp 2. ⪠ 㤠 饣 䠩


$ rm test                         䠩 "test".

rm: No such file or directory    " 䠩  ⠫ ."

$ rm -f test                      뤠 pp 
                                 ⢨ 䠩.
$


pp 3.  䠩  ⢥p


$ mkdir test              ⠫ "test".
$ cd test                p  .
$ > 0                    
$ > 1                    䠩
$ > 2                    0, 1, 2.
$ ls - l                 pp.

total 0
-rw-r--r--  1 0  0  0 Mar 30 13:22 0
-rw-r--r--  1 0  0  0 Mar 30 13:22 1
-rw-r--r--  1 0  0  0 Mar 30 13:22 2

$ rm -i *                 䠩  ⢥p.

remove 0? y <Enter>      " 䠩 0 ?"   Y <>
remove 1? y              ...
remove 2? y              ...

$ ls -l                  pp.
$                          ⠫ .


pp 4: pᨢ 㤠 䠩  ⠫


$ cd /test               p  ⠫ /test.
$ mkdir test_in             ⠫ test_in.
$ cd test_in             p  .
$ > 0                      ⠫ /test/test_in
$ > 1                     䠩 - 0  1.
$ cd /                   p  p ⠫.
$ rm -r test              ⠫ /test  ᥬ 䠩
                          ⠫.
