      
                                                                 
                           UNIX                       
                                                                 
      

      
                                                                 
                                                  
                                                                 
      



       㧪   ࠭ 㤥 뤠 ⠭⭮  ᮮ-
  砫 㧪  FreeBSD:

               Ŀ
                >> FreeBSD BOOT ................... 
                ................................... 
                ................................... 
                Boot:                               
               

     ᫨    Enter,  ந 㧪 ⥬   -
짮  ⥬ 'kernel', ᯮ  ୥ ⠫.

      砥 ०  ⢨ ⮣ 䠩 ⥬ 뤠 -
०:
                        Ŀ
                         Can't find kernel 
                        

     ᫨  㧨 筮  (ਬ,  ᫥  ⠭
- ன⢠)   믮 㧪  ᯮ짮 ⠭-
⭮  - kernel.GENERIC. ⮬     砥
__  ࠩ  䠩.

     -   ࠭ ᪮쪮 拉    砨    
䨣樨 襣 .  ᬮ ᮤন ୥  -
⠫  ⢥  ਣ襭 'Boot:'         ᨬ
᪫⥫쭮  - '?'.  ⢥   ⥬  뤠  ᮤন
p ⠫:

                   Ŀ
                    . .. dev usr var stand etc 
                    kernel.GENERIC kernel      
                   

     ᫥ ⮣     , ஥    ᯮ짮-
. ਬ, kernel.GENERIC.

       㧪 㤥 ஢   ன   -
祩 ᮮ⢥ ᮮ饭, ᬮ஢ 䠩 ⥬  -
 १ pp - "" (daemons).

      砭 㧪 㤥 뤠 ਣ襭  室  ⥬.

     :  ࢮ 㧪 ᫥ ⠭  ⥬    
                㯭 4 ନ (ttyv0, ttyv1, ttyv2  ttyv3). ..
                    ⥬   ࠧ묨   -
                묨 . ४  ନ  
                  権  Alt+F1, Alt+F2    ..  
                ࠡ  ⥬ ४ ᯮ짮 ⥬ -
                稭  ttyv2 (Alt+F3), ⠪      ନ  -
                   뢮  ࠧ  ⥬  ᮮ饭,
                pp,  室  ⥬ 짮⥫.



      
                                                                 
                                                     
                                                                 
      



     ४  ନ ttyv3 (Alt+F3). ⥬ 뤠 ⠢ 
p襭   襣  (Login:):

                               Ŀ
                                Login: _  
                               

      p Login:   짮⥫᪮   (Username)  
root (.. ⥬ pp). ᫨   p  ᨬ,
㤠      <- (Backspace),     -
権  Ctrl+H     'Delete' ()..

 1:    짮⥫  ⥬      室  
              (Username)  p (Password), p     
              pp ⥬.

 2:  p ⥬     ᯥ樠  ⥢
              室.   ⮬  砥    ᯮ짮  室    
              anonimous  guest.

     ᫥ ⮣  p ⥬:

                            Ŀ
                             Password: _  
                            
  p.

 1: p  p ᮡ ᮡ ⥫쭮. ,
              ⥬ p砥 pp (  p孨)  ᨬ
              p. ᫨  訡,  㤠 p쭮  -
              ᨬ    <- (Backspace)      㤠-
             . ⥬   殢 ᮮ   p쭮 -
              p.

 2: ᫨     p (pp,  ⥬  뫠  ⮫쪮
              ⠫p),      ⠭    -
               'passwd'.

      砥, ᫨  p쭮  p, ⥬ 뤠 ᮮ饭

                          Ŀ
                           Login incorrect 
                          

 뤠 p㣮 p襭 'Login:'.

     ᫨   p쭮   (username), ⥬ ᯮ  
 pp, 뤠 p襭 'Password:'   ᫥  p-
 뤠 ᮮ饭  訡,  ᮮ     p⭮  砥,
  -⠪ 뫮 p쭮 , Login  Password.  ᤥ-
  楫   ᠭ樮p 㯠  ⥬.

      ⥬ 뤠 p  ⨯ p:

                   Ŀ
                    Terminal type ? [cons25]: _ 
                   

     ᫨   ⠢ ⨯ p "cons25",   p  
<Enter>.  㪠 p㣮 ⨯ p,  pp:  ibmpc3,  vt100  
.. ᫨  室  UNIX-⥬ p   p㥬  
ᯮ p pp ⨯ Term95, Telix,  TeleMate,    
p pp  ⠪    ⨯  p.  -
  ᤥ, ᫨ p  p ᪠.

     UNIX p  ᭮ ⨯ p, p  ᠭ  
䠩 /usr/share/misc/termcap.

     ᫥ 室  ⥬  p 㤥 뤠 p襭    
 - $  #.

        SET   pp ⨯ 襣 p:

                           Ŀ
                            $ set       
                           Ĵ
                            TERM=cons25 
                                     
                            term cons25 
                           


      
                                                                 
                                                   
                                                                 
      


     ᫥ 砭 p  ⥬  室    .  
 室 室  ⥬, ᫨  ⠢ ᢮  p  
- p  pᬮp, ᮡ, ᫨  p⠫     -
⥬ pp 'root'. ,  -  p  ᬮ  -
짮 訬 p 㯠.

      室  ⥬ ᯮ  ᨬ  ⨯  
pp  'exit'  'logout'      'Ctrl+D'.
᫥ 室  ⥬  p 㤥 뤠 p襭  室 
⥬ 'Login:'.

: ᫨  ᮡp pp㧨  몫  設,  -
           ⠭ ppp  ⥬     p
           (. ᫥騩 㭪).


      
                                                                 
                                                
                                                                 
      



      UNIX-⥬ p p쭮 p襭.    -
砭 p p 몫 ⠭      Reset  (᫨
筮 設 p⢮  ᫠,  砥 _p_ p  ⫨-
稨  DOS, Windows  ..).

     p p⮬ 몫祭 ⠭ 䠩 ⥬     p-
p,   p   p.  p p㧪 -
⥬   p  ⠥  ⠭,  ᥣ  
p  ᯥ. ⮬  p頥 pp㦠  -
 p⢮ 몫祭 ⠭,     RESET      -
 樨  Ctrl+Alt+Del.

      p襭 ⥬ ⥬ pp 室  믮-
 ᪮쪮 pp⥫ ⢨.

     ᫨  ⥬ p ᪮쪮 짮⥫,   室  
  p襭 ⥬    p    .  ᫨  
p⠥ ,  p 饭  pp  멤  -
⥬   p  p.

      p襭 ⥬  ⠢襬 p 믮  ᫥
:
                         Ŀ
                          $ shutdown now 
                         

     ᫥ ⮣ p  p p ttyv0  (Alt+F1)    -
 뢮  p ᫥饣 ᮮ饭:

            Ŀ
             Enter path name of shell or RETURN for sh: _ 
            

      'Enter'   ⢥  p襭 믮 ᫥ -
:
                              Ŀ
                               $ halt 
                              

     ᫥  ᮮ饭:

                  Ŀ
                   The operating system has halted. 
                   Please press any key to reboot.  
                  

  ᯮ ᮢ 몫 ⠭ p.

      
                                                                 
                                 
                                                                 
      


      ⫨稨  DOS-⥬  ⥬ UNIX  p  p
᪮쪮 짮⥫. p 砫 p     p-
pp  ⥬. 쪮 ᫥ ⮣         p-
pᠬ ⥬.

      pp樨  ⥬  짮⥫    㪠  ᢮  
(Username)  p (Password), p     p-
p ⥬.  p⠢  ᮡ    室  䨪p,  
"login-id". (  ᠬ  ⥬ pᯮ      ,  -
p 뢠 䨪p 짮⥫ "uid").

     p  "uid",  짮⥫           䨪p    p㯯
("group-id"). p㯯 짮⥫ ᠭ    䠩  '/etc/group',  -
p p   p㯯 ⭮    짮⥫:

                        Ŀ
                         $ cat /etc/group  
                        Ĵ
                         wheel:*:0:root    
                         sys:*:3:root      
                         operator:*:5:root 
                         bin:*:7:          
                         guest:*:31:root   
                        

      ᨬ  "uid"  "group-id" ⥬ p,  p-
 㯠 㤥  짮⥫.

      p  짮⥫  饬  砥  室    䠩
p '/etc/passwd'.  ᮤp  室  p,  易-
  室 짮⥫  ⥬.   ⥪⮢ 䠩:

   Ŀ
    $ cat /etc/passwd                                               
   Ĵ
    root:*:0:0:Charlie &:/root:/bin/csh                             
    operator:*:2:20:System &:/usr/guest/operator:/bin/csh           
    bin:*:3:7:Binaries Commands and Source,,,:/:/nonexistent        
   

       䠩 p 稥.  p  䠩  ᮤp
᫥ p:

 Ŀ
  root:*:0:0:Charlie &:/root:/bin/csh                                   
  ^__^   ^ ^ ^_______^ ^___^ ^______^                                   
    ^     ` `    ^       ^       ^                                      
     `     ` `    `       `       `--  pp, ᪠        
      `     ` `    `       `          p 室  ⥬               
       `     ` `    `       `--------   筮                
        `     ` `    `                ⠫ 짮⥫             
         `     ` `    `--------------   짮⥫        
                                      p㣠 -   (⥫䮭  ..) 
          `     ` `------------------ 䨪p p㯯              
           `     `                    짮⥫           (group-id) 
            `     `------------------ 䨪p 짮⥫  (uid) 
             `-----------------------  짮⥫       (login-id) 
                                                                        
 

     ᫨ ᫥   ⮥,      㬮砭  ᪠  ⠭-
p ppp '/bin/sh'.

      ᠬ   䠩 '/etc/passwd'  p 짮⥫.  
p  䠩 '/etc/master.passwd'  p . p  -
 䠩  祭 p 䠩 'passwd':

   Ŀ
    $ cat /etc/master.passwd                                      
   Ĵ
    root::0:0::0:0:Charlie &:/root:/bin/csh                       
    operator:*:2:20::0:0:System &:/usr/guest/operator:/bin/csh    
    bin:*:3:7::0:0:Binaries Commands and Source,,,:/:/nonexistent 
   


        Ŀ
         root::0:0::0:0:Charlie &:/root:/bin/csh             
              ^                                              
               `--------  p  짮⥫ root  
        


      
                                                                 
                                      
                                                                 
      



      p 짮⥫ ( ᮧ )     -
 'passwd'. ⥫쭮 p ᬥ p   祭  -
- p, pp,  p p   .    p  
ᬮ p p   ⥬  .


     p ᬥ p 㤥 ᤥ p   ண ஫ (-
 ⠪ ),   ⥬  室  㤥      p
(). p p p  ᨬ  p  ⮡p.

              Ŀ
               $ passwd                          
               Changing local password for root. 
               New password: _                   
               Retype new password: _            
              

     ᫨ p p  p  ᤥ 訡, ⥬  뤠
 ⮬ ᮮ饭:

               Ŀ
                Mismatch; try again, EOF to quit 
               

      ⮬ 砥  室  p    p.

     ᫨   p  ᯮ짮 ⮫쪮 ᨬ    p-
p, ⥬ 뤠 pp饥 ᮮ饭:

 Ŀ
  Please don't use an all-lower case password.                       
  Unusual capitalization, control characters or digits are suggested.
 

     쪮       (login-id)    ਢ஢
짮⥫ (root)   ஫;   p ⮬ 㪠-
 p p.

     ⥬ pp  ᠬ⥫쭮  p  -
 짮⥫.  ⮣ 㦭    㪠  :

                        Ŀ
                         $ passwd nick 
                        

     ᬮp,  p諮 ᫥ ⮣ 짮⥫  "root"  
p:

     Ŀ
      $ cat /etc/master.passwd                                
     Ĵ
      root:$1$fVE38YU1$GLEG:0:0::0:0:Charlie &:/root:/bin/csh 
           ^______________^                                   
                   ^                                          
                    `---------- p p          
                                짮⥫ "root"           
     

     ,   p   p ,    p-
 .  p樯 䠩 p  p    짮⥫,
⮬ p p   .    p p -
  ⥬,  p,   p  p    p
p. ᫨  ᮢ,   pp襭     ⥬.  믮-
  p⭮ pp 筮 p㤭.


:   'passwd'  室   ⠫  "/usr/bin".   
             ᫥騥 p 㯠:

      Ŀ
       $ ls -l /usr/bin/passwd                                
                                                              
       total 11612                                            
       -r-sr-xr-x  1 root  bin      12288 Nov 22 12:23 passwd 
      

     p 㯠  䠩 뢠,  믮     -
 짮⥫,     ⮫쪮  -  "root".  㪢
"s"  "x"   p 믮   䠩 砥, 
p 믮   p⠢ p, ᮮ⢥騥  p
 䠩, .. p "root".

     p頥    ,     pp    
㪠  p 㯠,    p "root"   
p    䠩,   ᬮ p   짮⥫
    p.

        襩 ⥬ ⥫쭮  p    
ᠭ   䠩  (/etc/group,  /etc/passwd,  /etc/master.passwd).
ᮡ  ᠥ  짮⥫, p  ⭮    p㯯
⥬ pp "root". ⮬ 室  p -
㯠  ⨬ 䠩    "chmod":

  Ŀ
   $ chmod 400  /etc/passwd /etc/master.passwd                    
   $ chmod 444  /etc/group                                        
                                                                  
   $ cd /etc                                                      
   $ ls -l                                                        
                                                                  
   total 239                                                      
   -r--r--r--  1 root  wheel       237 Nov 22 12:29 group         
   -r--------  1 root  wheel       664 Apr 11 10:58 master.passwd 
   -r--------  1 root  wheel       576 Apr 11 10:58 passwd        
  


              p p樨  롮p p
              

      p     6-8 ᨬ, ⠪     -
⪨ ஫   㣠   ⥬ p.

     ⥫쭮 p  p ᯮ짮    ⮫쪮  㪢,    
p (  p騥 ᨬ).  , ᫨ p  p-
  㤥  p ᨬ  ᯮ짮 p孥  p-
p (pp, Def970osI).

     ⢥, p       pp  p  (pp,
abc123)  123456. ⥫쭮 ⠪ ᯮ짮    ⢥  p
 襣 p  譨 p,     ⠪  ᢥ,  -
p    p㣨 짮⥫ ⥬.

     p 짮⥫ ᯮ  ⢥ p  p᪨  ᫮
p -⨭᪨ (pp, "p室" - parohod)  p᪨ ᫮,
p  p  ⨭᪨ 㪢 ("p室" - gfhj[jl).    
⮬ 砥 p ⠪ p   ᯮ짮  ⠭p⭮  ᫮-
p 㤥 筮 p㤭,   蠥  砥   ⥬
ᯮ짮 "堪p"  p᪨ ᫮p.

      ⢥ p  ⠪ ᯮ짮 p  p-
ᨬ   p ᨬ, pp:

                              Ŀ
                               VadnoraS 
                              

      p      p⠢  ᮡ  -
᫮  -  易   楬.    p -
砩 ᫥⥫쭮 㪢  p, p  p pp.  
 p窠 p ᨬ  襬 p  ⮡   
-  p.

      p   ⠪ p (^S - Ctrl+S):

                            Ŀ
                             960^SdtY12 
                            
