
         
     ᫨     ணࠬ,  ᮡ ணࠬ,
  ࠭  ࠧ 䠩,    -
  ६,             ६  -
  ࠧ 楫.  Perl   ⮣  -
 ⮢ (packages).  ⭮,    -
  ணࠬ,    .   -
 ᪮쪮 ணࠬ ᮢ⭮ ᯮ  -  ᯥ-
᪨ ,      ॡ 쭮 -
 ,      ࠧ            .
ᯮ ,   㯯஢    
࠭⢠  (name-spaces),   ।  
६  , . . . ᬮਬ ਢ -
 ⮩ ਬ,  ஬  ணࠬ (室騥  ࠧ-
 䠩) ᯮ ,   㠫  ࠭⢠
.

#    䠩 one.pl
sub sub_one
        {
                package demo_one;
                $some_data = 10;
        }

#  *  *  *  *  *  *  * *

#    䠩 two.pl
sub sub_one
        {
                package demo_two;
                $some_data = 20;
        }

       ,  ࢠ ணࠬ ᯮ  
demo_one,  ணࠬ ᯮ   demo_two. 
ணࠬ    ⠭    ᯮ짮    ६
$some_data          㣮
묨 ६묨.
     ਯ <>  ,  । ண 室 -
६,    ࣠   ,  ᯮ   
⢥ 䨪   ६.  ᫥饬 ਬ  -
 package_one  package_two   ⢥  䨪
  ६ some_data:

&sub_one;
&sub_two;

print "६ 1 $package_one'some_data\n"
print "६ 2 $package_two'some_data\n"

       ᯮ  몠 Perl,   ᮧ 㭨-
쭮 ࠭⢮   । ⥪饣 䠩 室  -
 ⥬ 饭 樨 package  砫 䠩,   -
 :

package some_package_name

$some_data = 1;

sub some_sub
        {
                return $some_data;
        }

       砥 ६ $some_data    ⮫쪮  
  ⮬ 饭  ४⭮ 㯠.   ᯮ짮-
 , ⠪ ࠧ,  ᯥ稢     -
,     몥 ணࠬ஢ ,    -
  ᢮    䠩 室 ,  
஬  .   맮 ணࠬ  㣮  䠩
ਯ⮢ 室 ᯮ짮  :

require 'some_package.pl';
print &some_package_name'some_sub;

      
      । ਬ  稫 ஥ ப  -
ࠫ,  ᯮ ௮ ६.   ⠪  稫
믮 ᮥ ப ࠫ  ப  ६.
 ⮬ ࠧ  ,   Perl ।⠢  让  
㭪権,    ਯ  㫨஢ ப.

      CHOP
     㭪 chop 㤠 ᫥ ᨬ ப.   ᫥-
騩 ଠ:

$character = chop(Str);

     㭪 chop 頥 㤠 ᨬ. ਯ 몠 Perl
ப ᯮ chop  㤠  ᨬ  室    
ப  ᨬ  ப.

      INDEX
     㭪 index ⢫   ப   -
.   ᫥騩 ଠ:

        $location = index(Str, SubStr[, Offset]);

     㭪 index 頥  ࢮ 宦  ப
(SubStr)  ப (Str).  ⨢    ᤢ 
砫 (Offset), ᫥ ண 稭 .  ᫨ ப
 ,  頥 祭 -1.   ᫥饬 ਬ  -
 index  宦 ப '' ᫥ 쥣 ᨬ 
ப 'banana':

print index('banana','na',3);   # 뢥 4.
                                                                                                          i -
      RINDEX
     㭪 rindex  ᫥,  ᠬ ࠢ 宦  -
ப  ப  頥  祭  樨  ࢮ  ᨬ
ப. 㭪  ᫥騩 ଠ:

        $location = rindex(Str, SubStr);

      㭪 筠 㭪樨 index,   ᪫祭  ⮣,
  頥 ᫥ 宦,   ࢮ. ਬ,  
᫥饬 ਬ 㭪  rindex  ᯮ    ।
᫥ 宦 ப 'na'  ப 'banana':

print rindex('banana','na');    # 뢥 4

      LENGTH
     㭪 length 頥 ᫮ ᨬ  ப.  
᫥騩 ଠ:

        $len = length(Str);

      ᫥饬 ਬ 㭪 length ᯮ    뢮
᫠ ᨬ  ப:

print length('banana'); # 뢥 6

      SUBSTR
     㭪 substr ᯮ  㤠  ப.   
 ᫥騩 ଠ:

        $substring = substr(Str, Offset[,Len]);

     㭪 頥 ப, . .  ப,   -
ன  ॢ蠥 稭,   䠪⨢  ࠬ஬
Len. 頥 ப ப str 稭  ᨬ  -
樨,  ᤢ Offset. ᫨ ࠬ Len 饭,  -
頥 ப ᮤন ᨬ    ப  ⥫쭮.
᫨ ࠬ Offset ⥫,   ᤢ   -
 ப.  ,  ਯ  ᯮ짮 substr  lvalue
 믮 樨 ᢠ. 騩 ࠣ  -
 ᯮ짮 㭪樨 substr.

print substr('orange',3);       #뢥 'nge'
print substr('orange',-2);      # 뢥 'ge'
print substr('orange',2,2);     # 뢥 'an'
$str = 'apple';
substr($str,-3) = 'ricot';
print $str;                     # 뢥 'apricot'

ਬ砭:  ᯮ짮 ஢ 몠 Perl    ॣ-
 ࠦ 뢠    䥪⨢,    祬  㭪樨
substr.  ࠦ 㦤    .

      JOIN
     㭪 join ᮥ ᯨ᮪ ⮢  ப,   ࠧ
   ᨬ.   ᫥騩 ଠ:

$new_string = join(Str,List);

     㭪 join    ᯨ᪠   ப  
ᮥ ப.  騩 ࠣ   ᯮ짮-
 㭪樨 join:

$str = join(',', 0..4,10,20);   # ᮪ 㤥 '0,1,2,3,4,10,20'
$strn = join ("\t", $a, $b, $c);# 蠥 ᯨ᪨

      SPLIT
     㭪 split ࠧ ᮤন ப  ᯨ᮪  -
⮢.   ᫥騩 ଠ:

        split(Delimeter, Str[,Limit]);

     㬥 Delimeter । ᨬ,    ஬  -
⢫ ࠧ, ਬ, ஡, ᫮,  ᨬ ⠡樨 
.  .  ⨢ ࠬ Limit   ᨬ쭮  ᫮
⮢,  ஥  ᮤঠ ᯨ᮪.  騩 ਬ -
 ᯮ짮 㭪樨 split.

        
      ᬮ७ ࠭  ⮩   ਬ    -
  ⥬,   ᮧ ᯨ᮪,  ࠭   ⢥ -
 ६,  ࣠ 樨  ᥬ ⠬ ᯨ᪠ 
   㠫쭮  ᯨ᪠.   ⮬ ࠧ-
     ᪮쪨 㭪ﬨ,    -
  ⥩  ࠡ  ᯨ᪠.

      REVERSE
     㭪 reverse ॢ  ᯨ᪠.    ᫥-
騩 ଠ:

   @new_list = reverse(@List);

     㭪 reverse ॢ ᯨ᮪   頥    -
騩 ᯨ᮪.  騩 ਬ  ᯮ짮
㭪樨 reverse:

        @list = reverse(1..5);  #  5,4,3,2,1
        @list = reverse(@list); #  1,2,3,4,5

      SORT
     㭪 sort   ᯨ᪠.    ᫥騩
ଠ:

@new_list = sort(@List);



@new_list = sort(Subroutine @List);



@new_list = sort(BlockStatement @List);

     㭪 sort ࠧ頥   ᯨ᪥,  㯮冷稢  
ᮮ⢥⢨  浪묨 ࠬ ᨬ  ⠡  ASCII--
.     㭪 reverse,  㭪 sort 頥  -
⢥ 祭  ᯨ᮪      室  ᯨ-
᮪. 騩 ਬ  ᯮ짮 㭪樨 sort:

@list = sort (1,5,2,3,4);               #  1,2,3,4,5
@list = sort(1,2,10);                   # 1,10,2 ஢  ASCII

      ணࠬ       㯮冷祭,    
ᮮ⢥⢨   믮 ஢.  騩  ਬ
 ᯮ짮 㭪樨 sort.

@list = sort({$a <=> $b} (2,1,10));             # @list 1,2,10
@list = sort({$b <=> $a}) (2,1,10);             # @list 10,2,1

sub mycomp
        {
                $b <=> $a
        }

@list = sort(mycomp (2,1,10));          # @list 10,2,1

        
      ⭮,  ᨢ ।⠢ ᮡ    ,
ᮤঠ   ᪮쪮 祭 稭  ⨯,  -
ਬ,  100  㤥⮢.  Perl ᮤন  ᪮쪮  ஥
㭪権,    ࠡ  ⠬ ᨢ.   ᫥-
 ࠧ ᬠਢ ᪮쪮  ᭮  㭪権  
ࠡ⪨ ᨢ.

      PUSH  POP
     ਯ 몠 Perl ᯮ 䨪樨 push   pop    ⮣,
⮡   㤠    ᨢ.  묨 ᫮-
,  㭪樨 push  pop  ਯ⠬ 믮 樨  
⥪  ਭ樯: ᫥ 襫,   襫.  㭪 push
 ᫥騩 ଠ:

push(@ARRAY, LIST);

騩 ࠣ  ᯮ짮 㭪樨 push:

@list = ();
push(@list,10,20);              # @list ⥯ (10,20)
push(@list,1..3);               # @list ⥯ (10,20,1,2,3)

      ⨢ ⮬ 㭪 pop 㤠 , -
  ⠢  ⥪ ᫥    頥  祭  ⮣
. 㭪 pop  ᫥騩 ଠ:

$value = pop(@ARRAY);

     騩 ࠣ ணࠬ  ᯮ짮 -
樨 pop:

#  @list  ।饣 ਬ

        print pop(@list);                       # 뢥 3
        print pop(@list);                       # 뢥 2

        #  @list (10,20)


      SHIFT
     㭪 shift 㤠  頥   砫  -
.  㭪 筠 㭪樨 pop  ⥬ ⮫쪮 ⫨稥, 
ࠡ⠥  砫 ᨢ  ਭ樯 FIFO (< 襫,  -
 襫>). 㭪 shift  ᫥騩 ଠ:

$value = shift(@ARRAY);

     騩 ࠣ ணࠬ  ᯮ짮 -
樨 shift:

#  @list  ।饣 ਬ

print shift(@list);             # 뢥 10
print shift(@list);             # 뢥 20

        #  @list ()

      UNSHIFT
     㭪 unshift     ⮢   -
 ᨢ.   ᫥騩 :

unshift(@Array, List);

     騩 ࠣ ணࠬ  ᯮ짮 -
樨 unshift:

# @list  = ()
unshift(@list,5,10,20);         # @list (5,10,20)
unshift(@list, 1..3);                   # @list (1,2,3,5,10,20)

      SPLICE
     ਯ 몠 Perl ᯮ 㭪 splice  ⮣,  -
    ᯨ᪠,     ⠬  㣮
ᯨ᪠.   ᫥騩 ଠ:

splice(@Array, Offset[, Count[, List]]);

     㭪 splice  㪠 ᫮  ⮢  {Count)
 ᨢ (@rra), 稭  ,   㪠뢠 -
稭 ᤢ (Offset),      ⠬  㣮
ᯨ᪠ (List).  ᫨  맮 㭪樨  㪠  ࠬ  Count,
㭪    ᠬ  ᨢ.  ᫨  맮-
 㭪樨  㪠 ᯨ᮪,  ⠬ ண   -
室 ,  㭪    ⮢  -
砫쭮 ᯨ. 饥 ࠦ  ᯮ짮-
 㭪樨 splice:

@list = 1..10;
splice(@list,1,8,5,6);          # @list = (1,5,6,10)

      SCALAR
     㭪 scalar । ᫮ ⮢    ᯨ᪥.    
 ᫥騩 ଠ:

Rsult = scalar(List);

     筮 ਯ 몠 Perl  㦤  ᯮ짮  -
樨 scalar ਬ⥫쭮  ᨢ, ⮬   ਯ -
頥  ᨢ,  뢠   ᪠୮ ⥪,    
砥  ⢥ 頥 稭 ᫮ ⮢  -
.    ,  ਯ  ᯮ짮 㭪  scalar  
,  ⥪    ᫨ ᯨ᮪ 
 ᨢ.  饥 ࠦ   ᯮ짮-
 㭪樨 scalar.

@list = 1..10;
print scalar(@list);                    # 뢥 ࠧ @list

      GREP
     㭪 grep 䨫  ᯨ᪠,     -
 ࠦ ਭ 祭 <>.       ᫥騩
ଠ:

@list = grep(Expression, List);

     㭪 grep ᬠਢ  ᯨ᪠,  ⠢  
⢥ 㬥   ࠦ.  㭪  grep  ᢠ-
 ⥪饥 ࠦ  ᯨ᪠ ६ $_   
 ࠦ.  ᫨ 祭 ࠦ  ⨭,
 㭪 grep     १饬  ᯨ.
騩 ࠣ ணࠬ   ᯮ짮  㭪樨
grep:

@list = grep($_ & 1, 1..10);            # @list (1,3,5,7,9)
@list = ('a', '' 'b');                  # @list ('a',' ','b')
@list = grep($_ eq '', @list);          # @list ('a','b')

ਬ砭: ᫨ ࠦ,  ६.  $_,   -
室 ᯨ᮪ ⠪ 㤥 ஢.

        
      ⭮,  樠⨢ ᨢ -  ⠪ ᨢ,  
 ᮬ   ᫮ 稭, , ਬ, .
 몥 Perl  ᪮쪮 ஥ 㭪権,   -
 ࠡ ਯ⠬ 樠⨢ ᨢ.

      KEYS
     㭪 keys 頥 祭 祩,     ⢥
樠⨢ ᨢ.   ᫥騩 ଠ:

@key_list = keys(%Array);

     㭪 keys 頥 ᨢ  祩      ॣ୮
ᯨ᪠.  騩 ࠣ ணࠬ   ᯮ짮
㭪樨 keys:

$ages{'Bob'} = 25;
$ages{'Mary'} = 30;
$ages{'Zack'} = 15;
@list = keys(%ages);     # @list 㤥 'Zack', 'Bob', 'Mary'
@list = sort keys %ages  # @ list 'Bob', 'Mary', 'Zack'

for $key        (sort keys %ages)
        {
                print "$key is $ages{$key}\n"
        }

      VALUES
     㭪 values 頥  ᨢ,  騩  -
祭 樠⨢ ᨢ.   ᫥騩 ଠ:

@value_list = values(%Array)

     㭪 values  頥  ᨢ  祭  樠⨢
ᨢ   ॣ୮ ᯨ᪠.  騩 ࠣ  ணࠬ
 ᯮ짮 㭪樨 values:

        # ᯮ㥬 祭  ।饣 ਬ
        %ages = ('Bob', 25, 'Mary', 30, 'Zack', 15);

        @list = sort values %ages;              # @list  (15, 25, 30)

        @list =  %ages;                 # @list ('Zack', 15, 'Bob',  25, 'Mary', 30)

      EACH
     㭪 each ⢫ 樨 ⮢    樠⨢-
 ᨢ.   ᫥騩 ଠ:

        @key_values = each(%Array);

     直 ࠧ,  ਯ 뢠 㭪 each,   -
頥 ᯨ᮪   ,   ᮤঠ  --
.  㭪 ⨣  ᯨ᪠,   頥 ⮩
ᯨ᮪.   ᫥饬 맮 㭪樨   樨  筥
᭠砫.  騩 ࠣ ணࠬ  ᯮ짮
㭪樨 each:

# ᯮ㥬 祭  ।饣 ਬ
%ages = ('Bob', 25, 'Mary', 30, 'Zack', 15);

while (($name, $age) = each %ages)
        {
                # 뢥 ages
                print "$key is $ages{$key}\n";
        }


      DELETE
     㭪 delete 㤠  樠⨢ ᨢ.  
 ᫥騩 ଠ:

Delete $Array{Key}

       ᯮ  㭪  delete    ⮣,
⮡ 㤠 ,  ⢥騩   Bob    樠⨢
ᨢ $Employees:

        Delete $Employees{'Bob'}

       
     ਯ⠬  몥 Perl        㬥⠬
 ப. 直 ࠧ,  ᪠ ਯ,  Perl -
頥 㬥  ப ਯ  ᯨ  ६
@ARGV.  騩 ࠣ ணࠬ 㦨  뢮 㬥⮢
 ப  ᯫ:

while ($arg = shift @ARGV)
        {
                print "$arg\n";
        }

        
       ६ 㦥 ⢫   ਯ  
몥 Perl ⠪ 祭 .  直 ࠧ    ᪥  ਯ
Perl 頥  ६ 㦥  樠⨢ ᨢ 
 %ENV.   ᫥饩 樨 ᨢ %ENV ᯮ 
뢮 ⥪饣 ⠫:

print "$ENV{PATH}\n";           # 뢥 ⥪騩 ⠫

     ஬ 祭 祭  ᨢ %ENV,  ਯ ⠪ -
   ᨢ.   ᨢ %ENV -
 ⠭ ६ 㦥  类  -⮬,
ᮧ ਯ⮬. ਬ,  ᫥  ᯮ
ᨢ %ENV   ⥪饣 :

$ENV{PATH} = 'c:\\myexec;'.$ENV{PATH};

ਬ砭: ,   ਯ   ᨢ %ENV,  
  室 ६ 㦥.  묨 ᫮,  ᫥
砭 ࠡ ਯ ६ 㦥 ⥬  -
.
                 A*.FRM                                        *.MAC                                                          <       